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IN  MEMORIAM 
BERNARD  MOSES 


MAKQ.UETTE  SAILING  DOWN  THE  MISSISSIPPI 

"  On  the  17th  of  June  (1673),  they  saw  on  their  right  the  broad  meadows,  bounded  in 
the  distance  by  rugged  hills,  where  now  stands  the  town  of  Prairie  du  Chien.  Before 
them,  a  wild  and  rapid  current  coursed  athwart  their  way,  by  the  foot  of  lofty  heights 
wrapped  thick  in  forests.  They  had  found  what  they  sought,  and  •  with  a  joy,'  writes 
Marquette,  'which  I  cannot  express,1  they  steered  forth  their  canoes  on  the  eddies  of 
the  Mississippi."— PARKMAN. 


A  JUNIOR  CLASS  HISTORY 
OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 


TO  WHICH  ARE  ADDED  THE  DECLARATION  OF 
INDEPENDENCE,  AND  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES,  WITH  QUESTIONS,  EXERCISES, 
COPIOUS  NOTES,  ETC.  FULLY  ILLUSTRATED  WITH 
MAPS,  PORTRAITS,  VIEWS,  ETC. 


BY 

JOHN  J.  ANDERSON,  PH.D. 

Author  of  Anderson's  Historical  Series 


NEW  EDITION,  1899 


NEW  YORK 

MAYNAKD,  MEKRILL,  &   CO, 

1901 


COPYRIGHT,  1874. 1899,  BY 
JOHN    J.    ANDERSON 

HOSE* 


PEEFACE 

THIS  work  is  designed,  as  its  title  indicates,  for  elemen 
tary  classes.  The  narrative  is  brief  and  simple.  Expres 
sions  not  easily  intelligible  by  pupils  of  a  grade  sufficiently 
advanced  to  commence  the  study  of  history  have  been 
carefully  avoided ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  no  attempt  has 
been  made  to  lower  the  style  to  the  grade  of  a  book  for  the 
nursery. 

All  the  important  facts  in  the  history  of  our  country 
have  been  included  in  the  text.  Additional  statements, 
referring  to  certain  matters  of  detail — interesting  incidents, 
anecdotes,  biographical  sketches,  etc.  —  are  supplied  by 
notes.  These,  when  read  in  connection  with  the  text, 
cannot  fail  to  make  the  study  of  the  history  more  enter 
taining  to  the  young  pupil,  and  will  aid  in  durably  im 
pressing  upon  his  memory  the  main  facts  of  the  history. 

The  arrangement  is  adapted  to  the  topical  method  of 
recitation — the  best  for  history,  since  this  branch  of  study 
should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  made  the  means  of  training 
the  pupil  so  that  he  may  acquire  the  habit  of  full,  ready, 
and  accurate  expression.  Hence,  verbatim  repetition  should 
be  discouraged,  and  the  general  topical  headings  at  the 
commencement  of  the  paragraphs  used  as  much  as  possible 
at  first,  the  questions  at  the  foot  of  the  page  being  employed, 

887314 


6  PREFACE 

when  necessary,   to  bring  out  a  fuller   statement  by  the 
pupil. 

The  manner  in  which  the  dates  have  been  inserted  will 
commend  itself  to  the  good  sense  of  the  teacher.  Only 
those  of  importance  are  given,  and  not  generally  so  as  to 
form  an  essential  part  of  the  narrative. 

The  maps  and  map  questions  will  prove  a  very  valuable 
aid  in  explaining  the  text  where  places  are  referred  to  ; 
since  no  clear  knowledge  of  historical  facts  can  be  obtained 
without  a  distinct  acquaintance  with  the  location  of  the 
places  with  which  they  are  connected.  The  plan,  in  this 
respect,  pursued  by  the  Author  in  his  previously-published 
works,  has  been  carefully  adhered  to  in  this. 

The  illustrations  will,  it  is  believed,  not  only  serve  to 
render  this  work  attractive  to  young  minds,  but  will  aid 
very  greatly  in  deepening  the  impression  made  by  the 
narrative. 

As  a  supplement  to  the  series  of  School  Histories  previ 
ously  presented  by  the  Author  to  the  public,  it  is  hoped 
that  this  book  may  supply  the  demand,  now  so  urgent,  for 
a  brief  and  simple,  yet  complete,  manual  of -United  States 
History. 


CONTENTS 

PERIOD  I 
DISCOVERIES  AND  SETTLEMENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

I.  DISCOVERY  OP  AMERICA 

II.  OTHER  DISCOVERIES  BY  THE  SPANISH 

III.  DISCOVERIES  BY  THE  FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH 

IV.  VIRGINIA 

V.  NEW  ENGLAND    .... 

VI.  NEW  YORK  AND  NEW  JERSEY    . 
VII.  PENNSYLVANIA  AND  DELAWARE  . 
VIII.  MARYLAND,  THE  CAROLINAS,  AND  GEORGIA 
IX.  FRENCH  COLONIES  AND  WARS     . 

X.  CIVIL  PROGRESS  AND  SOCIAL  CONDITION  OF  THE  COLONIES  117 
CHRONOLOGICAL  SUMMARY  .        .  •  125 

TOPICS  FOR  REVIEW  .  ......  127 


PERIOD  II 

FROM  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR  TO 
THE  ADOPTION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  CONSTITUTION 

XI.  CAUSES  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION      ....  128 

XII.  THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 135 

XIII.  EVENTS  TO  THE  ADOPTION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  .  177 

TOPICS  FOR  REVIEW »        .18? 


CONTENTS 

PERIOD  III 

FROM  THE  INAUGURATION  OF  WASHINGTON  TO  THE 
PRESENT  TIME 

CUApTEK  PAGE 

XIV.  WASHINGTON'S  ADMINISTRATION 184 

XV.  ADMINISTRATIONS  OF  ADAMS  AND  JEFFERSON     .         .         .  190 

XVI.  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION         ...  199 

XVII.  ADMINISTRATIONS  FROM  MADISON  TO  POLK         .         .         .210 

XVIII.  ADMINISTRATIONS  FROM  TYLER  TO  LINCOLN        .        .         .  223 

XIX.  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION.     THE  GREAT  CIVIL  WAR       .  240 

XX.  LATER  ADMINISTRATIONS     ...  276 

XXI.  CIVIL  PROGRESS  OF  THE  NATION         .         .  .  294 

XXII.  RECENT  ADMINISTRATIONS  .......  302 

CHRONOLOGICAL  SUMMARY 314 

TOPICS  FOR  REVIEW    ....  .  317 


APPENDIX 

DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE      ...  1 

CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES     .  5 
EARLY  CLAIMS  OF  EUROPEAN  NATIONS    ......     31 

BATTLES  OF  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR  .....  31 

PRINCIPAL  BATTLES  OF  THE  REVOLUTION        ....  32 

PRINCIPAL  BATTLES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1812 33 

PRESIDENTS  AND  VICE-PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  .  .     34 

SETTLEMENT  AND  ADMISSION  OF  THE  STATES  ....  35 

TERRITORIAL  ACQUISITIONS       ....  36 

PRINCIPAL  BATTLES  OF  THE  WAR  AVITH  MEXICO     .         .         .  .37 

SPECIAL  REVIEW      ....  39 

INDEX 47 


HOW  TO  TEACH  HISTORY 

Lessons  should  be  assigned  and  recitations  heard,  not  so  much  in  con 
formity  with  rules  as  in  accordance  with  circumstances. 

ASSIGNING   THE   LESSON 

1.  "  Give  out  "  a  short  lesson,  at  the  same  time  designating  a  map 
to  be  drawn  by  the  pupils,  on  paper  or  slate,  the  map  to  show,  among 
other  things,  the  location  of  the  important  places  mentioned  in  the 
lesson,     dp  Let  it  be  understood  that  no  lesson  is  learned  by  a  pupil 
until  he  has  learned  where  every  place  mentioned  in  it  is  located. 

2.  Let  the  lesson  be  read  by  the  class,  care  being  taken  to  have 
all  the  proper  names  correctly  pronounced.     Endeavor,  also,  to  give 
interest  to  the  lesson  by  enlarging  upon  the  facts,  throwing  in  historical 
incidents,  and  referring  to  authors. 

RECITATION 

3.  Let  the  maps  be  examined  and  criticised.     In  this  duty  the 
teacher  may  be  aided  very  much  by  a  system  of  examinations  carried 
out  by  the  pupils  themselves,  who  will  derive  benefit  in  many  respects 
by  the  exercise. 

4.  Bring  out  the  facts  of  the  lesson  with  clearness,  particularly 
the  relation  of  causes  to  results.     If  any  question  is  not  fully  answered, 
put  others  to  elicit  what  has  been  omitted.     Then  ask  the  first  question 
again,  requiring  it  to  be  properly  answered.     Of  course  the  teacher 
should  in  all  cases  aim  to  have  his  questions  answered  with  intelligence. 
Use  outline  wall-maps,  and  question  freely  on  the  geography.     Occa 
sionally  have  the  maps  drawn  on  the  blackboard. 

(flgip  Permit  no  answer  to  pass  if  it  is  not  clear  that  the  pupil  is 
acquainted  with  the  location  of  the  places  referred  to  in  it. 

REVIEWS 

5.  Review  by  topics.     Besides  the  oral  method,  the  composition 
plan,  by  written  diagrams,  or  brief  sketches,  should  occasionally  be 
used.     The  "Topics  for  Review,"  at  different  places  in  the  book,  will 
furnish  an  exhaustive  supply  of  subjects  for  these  brief  composition 
exercises,  as  well  as  for  off-hand  oral  narratives. 

6.  Do  not  require  dates  too  freely, — the  month  and  the  day  of  the 
month  in  no  case,  unless  there  is  a  special  reason  for  it.     Take  the 
date  of  an  important  event  as  a  turning  point  ;  and,  when  it  is  well 
fixed  in  the  mind,  arrange  on  the  one  side  the  train  of  events  as  causes, 
and  on  the  other  the  train  of  results. 


DISCOVERIES 

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HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


PEEIOD  I 
DISCOVERIES  AND  SETTLEMENTS 

CHAPTER  I 

The  Discovery  of  America 


COLUMBUS   EMBARKING  AT  PALOS,   SPAIN,   FOR  HIS  VOYAGE  OF  DISCOVERY,    1492 

i.  The  Continents. — Most  pupils,  before  they  commence 
the  study  of  this  book,  will  have  seen  a  map  of  the  Eastern 
and  the  Western  Hemisphere.  These,  they  know,  represent 
the  two  halves  of  the  surface  of  the  earth,  which  is  round 

Map  Questions.— (See  map,  page  10.)  Where  are  the  Bahama  Islands  ?  The  West 
Indies  ?  Where  is  Guanahani,  called  by  Columbus  San  Salvador  ?  The  island  of  His- 
paniola,  St.  Domingo,  or  Hayti  ? 


12  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

like  a  ball.  They  have  also  learned  that  each  hemisphere 
contains  a  large  extent  of  land,  one  being  called  the  Eastern 
Continent  and  the  other  the  Western  Continent. 

2.  The  Western  Continent.— Now,  although  we  know 
of  events  that  happened  in  the  Eastern  Continent  thousands 
of  years  ago,  scarcely  anything  Avas  known  of  the  Western 
Continent,,  or  of  its  inhabitants,  until  about  four  hundred 
years  ago.  Previous  to  that  time,  people  knew  only  of 
parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  and  of  the  latter  chiefly 
those  parts  that  lie  on  or  near  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

3.  The  Northmen,  or  Normans. — In  the  northern 
part  of  Europe,  in  a  country  called  Norway,  there  lived 
about  a  thousand  years  ago,  a  very  bold  and  hardy  race  of 
people,  who  built  small  ships  in  which  they  sallied  forth  and 
made  voyages  to  distant  countries.  They  were  fierce  war 
riors  as  well  as  seamen.  No  dangers,  either -of  the  land  or 
the  ocean,  could  daunt  them.  As  they  lived  in  the  north, 
they  were  called  Northmen,  Norsemen,  or  Normans. 

4.  Discovery  of  Greenland — Some  of  these  people, 
between  eight  and  nine  centuries  ago,  venturing  a  long  way 
out  on  the  ocean,  came  to  the  island  of  Iceland,  and  after 
wards  discovered  that  part  of  America  which  is  called 
Greenland,  where  they  made  settlements.  But  these,  after 
flourishing  more  than  a  hundred  years,  perished,  and  were 
almost  entirely  forgotten.  It  is  certain,  also,  that  the 
Northmen  visited  Labrador,  Newfoundland,  and,  perhaps, 

Text  Questions — 1.  What  are  the  Continents  ?  2.  When  did  the  Western  Conti 
nent  become  known  ?  What  was  known  of  the  Eastern  Continent  ?  What  of  Africa  ? 
3.  Who  were  the  Northmen  ?  What  was  their  character  ?  Why  were  they  called 
Northmen,  or  Normans  ?  4.  How  were  Iceland  and  Greenland  discovered  ?  When 
were  settlements  made  ?  What  other  places  did  the  Northmen  visit  ?  What  country 
did  they  call  Vineland  ? 


DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA  13 

New  England,  and  that  the  last  named  they  called  Vine- 
land,  from  the  abundance  of  grapes  which  they  found 
there.* 

5.  Progress  of  Geography — But  there  came  a  time, 
long  after  the  voyages  of  these  daring  Northmen,  when 
people  began  to  desire  to  know  what  was  on  the  other  side 
of  the  great  ocean  which  washed  the  shores  of  their  coun 
tries.     Bold  navigators  arose  who  studied  geography,  made 
maps  and  charts  of  the  seas  over  which  they  had  sailed, 
and  tried  to  find  a  way  by  which  they  might  learn  more  of 
the  surface  of  the  globe  on  which  they  lived.     In  these 
efforts  they  were  greatly  aided  by  the  mariner's  compass, 
which  had  recently  come  into  use. 

6.  The  Shape  of  the   Earth. — Most  people  would  not 
believe  that  the  earth  was  a  globe.     They  thought  it  was 
flat,  and  that  if  any  one  should  sail  across  the  ocean,  he 
might  come  to  the  end  of  the  earth,  and  would  be  in  danger 
of  falling  off.     The  men  of  science,  however,  were  of  a  dif 
ferent  opinion  :  they  believed  the  earth  to  be  round,  and 
they  wished  to  learn  more  about  its  surface  ;  but  these  men 
were  comparatively  very  few. 

7.  Columbus. — One  of   the   boldest  and   wisest  among 

*  "  They  called  the  land  Vineland  (or  Vinland),  by  reason  of  the  grapes  and  a  kind 
land.  The  story  goes  that  Lief,  the  Fortunate,  almost  as  soon  as  he  landed,  missed  a 
little  old  German  servant  of  his  father,  Tyrker  by  name,  and  was  vexed  thereat :  during 
the  night  he  seeks  him,  and  meets  him  coming  back  with  smacking  lips,  and  talking 
highly  excited  in  his  old  native  German  tongue  ;  and  when  they  got  him  to  talk  Norse, 
he  said,  '  I  have  news  for  you.  I  found  vines  and  grapes  for  you.'  '  Is  this  true,  foster 
father  ? '  '  It  is,'  says  the  German, l  for  I  was  brought  up  where  there  was  never  a  lack 
of  grapes  ! '  ''''—Charles  Kingsley. 

5.  How  was  progress  made  in  Geography  ?  By  what  were  navigators  aided  ? 
6.  What  was  thought  of  the  shape  of  the  earth  ?  What  did  the  men  of  science  be 
lieve  ?  7.  Who  was  Christopher  Columbus  ?  His  studies  and  voyages  ?  His  project 
to  sail  westward  ?  Its  object  ? 


1-1 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


them  was  Christopher  Columbus,  a  native  of  Genoa  (jeri-o- 
ah),  in  Italy.  He  had  studied  the  subject  for  years,  and 

had  made  himself  fa 
miliar  with  all  that  was 
then  known  of  the 
science  of  geography,  of 
which  he  was  very  fond. 
He  had  also  made  many 
voyages.  This  great 
man  formed  the  bold 
project  of  sailing  west 
ward  across  the  vast 
ocean,  where  no  ships 
had  ever  before  been 
known  to  go.  The  ob 
ject  of  this  undertaking 

was  to  find  a  short  way  to  a  certain  rich  country  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Asia  and  the  islands  near  it,  called 
India,  or  the  Indies. 

8.  The  Indies — the  route  to  it. — Many  persons  had 
already  gone  to  this  country  and  these  islands,  and  had 
brought  back  very  exciting  accounts  of  the  riches  to  be 
found  there,  as  well  as  of  the  singular  character  of  the 
people,  the  animals,  the  plants,  etc.*  A  considerable  com- 

*  The  first  and  most  extensive  traveler  among  the  eastern  nations  was  Marco  Polo,  a 
Venetian,  who  passed  seventeen  years  in  the  service  of  the  Khan  of  Tartary,  during 
which  he  visited  the  chief  countries  and  cities  of  Eastern  Asia,  among  them  Japan,  the 
existence  of  which  was  not  previously  known.  He  returned  to  Venice  in  1295  ;  and 
subsequently  a  very  interesting  account  of  his  travels  was  written,  which  had  a  wonder- 
ful  effect  in  encouraging  geographical  research.  It  led  to  the  two  great  discoveries:  of 
America,  by  Columbus  ;  and  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  by  the  Portuguese. 

8.  What  is  said  of  the  Indies  ?    The  route  thither  2 


C'HKISTOl'lIER   COLUMBUS 


DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA  15 

merce  was  carried  on  with  these  countries  ;  and  rich  silks, 
precious  stones,  spices,  and  other  valuable  products  were 
brought  thence  ;  but  the  journey  to  and  from  the  Indies 
was  long  and  dangerous.  Vessels  sailed  through  the  Medi 
terranean  Sea  to  the  northeastern  part  of  Africa,  where 
they  were  unladen,  and  the  goods  were  carried  on  the  backs 
of  camels  across  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  and  thence  again  by 
ships  down  the  Ked  Sea,  and  through  the  Indian  Ocean  to 
the  Indies.  Sometimes  the  goods  were  carried  overland 
through  Asia,  with  great  labor,  difficulty,  and  expense. 

9.  Cities    made   rich  by  trade  with    India. — Venice, 
Florence,  and  Genoa,  cities  in  the  northern  part  of  Italy, 
actively  engaged  in  this  trade  with  the  East,  and  thus  be 
came  the  chief  marts  for  all  the  rich  merchandise.     They 
consequently  became  very  rich  and  prosperous,  and  excited 
the  envy  of  other  cities  and  nations,  who  greatly  desired,  to 
share  in  this  profitable  trade.     This  they  felt  they  would 
be  able  to  do,  if  another  Avay  to  reach  the  Indies  could  be 
found. 

10.  The  Portuguese  enterprises. — The  people  of  Por 
tugal  had  made  great  efforts  to  accomplish  this  by  sailing 
southwardly  along  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  hoping  to  be 
able,  if  they  could  sail  far  enough,  to  find  a  way  around  it, 
and  thus  render  the  passage  of  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  unnec 
essary.     The  foremost  in  encouraging  this  undertaking  was 
Prince  Henry  of  Portugal,  who  sent  out  many  vessels,  one 
after  the  other,  each  of  which  succeeded  in  going  farther 


9.  What  cities  engaged  in  the  trade  ?  What  did  other  cities  desire  ?  10.  What  had 
the  Portuguese  accomplished  ?  What  is  said  of  Prince  Henry  ?  When  was  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  first  passed  ? 


16  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

than  the  preceding  one.  It  was  not,  however,  until  after 
the  voyage  of  Columbus,  that  any  of  the  Portuguese  vessels 
succeeded  in  reaching  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  passing 
around  it  into  the  Indian  Ocean  (1497). 

11.  Ideas  and  plan  of  Columbus. — Columbus  believed 
that  the  shortest  way  was  to  cross  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  for, 
while  he  knew  that  the  earth  was  round,  he  did  not  know 
its  size,  and  therefore  had  the  idea  that  the  shores  of  Asia 
were  on  the  other  side  of  that  ocean,  being,  of  course,  igno 
rant  of  the  fact  that  a  great  continent  lay  between  Asia  and 
Europe.     He  felt  sure  he  was  right ;  and  that,  if  he  could 
obtain  the  aid  he"  required  in  order  to  supply  himself  with 
ships  and  other  necessary  things  for  a  long  voyage,  he  should 
make  great  discoveries. 

12.  How  his  plan   was   received — Most    of  those  to 
whom  he  spoke  of  his  plan,  laughed  at  it.     The  idea  that 
there  could  be  people  on  the  other  side  of  the  earth,  walking 
with  their  heads  downward,  seemed  to  them  absurd.     Some 
thought  that,  since  the  earth  is  round,  a  ship,  in  going  a 
long  way  across  the  ocean,  would  be  sailing  down  hill,  and 
that  it  could  never  return.     Others  spoke  of  terrific  monsters 
living  in  the  regions  beyond  the  great  sea.     Few  sailors 
could  be  persuaded  to  think  of  such  a  voyage. 

13.  Why  Columbus  was   confident.— But  Columbus 
was  too  wise  and  brave  to  have  any  such  notions  and  fears. 
He  was  confident  that  beyond  the  great  sea  there  existed 
lands  which  were  inhabited  by  human  beings.     Indeed,  he 


11.  What  did  Columbus  believe  was  the  best  way  to  reach  India  ?  Why?  12. 
How  was  his  plan  received  ?  What  was  thought  of  it?  13,  What  ma,de  Columbus 
feel  sure,  that  he,  was  right  ? 


18  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

knew  that  pieces  of  carved  wood,  and  even  human  bodies 
had  been  borne  by  westerly  winds  across  the  ocean,  and 
thrown  by  the  waves  upon  the  shores  of  the  islands  called 
the  Azores  (a-zors')t  the  most  westerly  land  then  known. 

14.  How   the   King   of  Portugal  treated  him. — The 
King  of  Portugal  was  the  first  monarch  from  whom  he  asked 
the  assistance  he  needed  ;  but  this  monarch  was  mean  and 
dishonest.     After  hearing  the  views  of  Columbus,  he  secretly 
sent  out  a  ship  to  make  the  discovery,  and  thus  obtain  all 
the  honor  and  profit  for  himself ;  but  the  Portuguese  cap 
tain,  after  sailing  some  time  without  seeing  any  glimpse  of 
land,  returned,  and  reported  that  Columbus  was  mistaken. 

15.  From    whom    he    obtained   aid — Columbus     had 
previously  made  proposals  to  his  native  city,   Genoa,  but 
without  success.       From  PortugaJ  he  went   to  Spain,  and 
petitioned  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who  reigned  over  that 
country,  to  undertake  the  enterprise.      For  a  long  time 
his  efforts  to  convince  them  of  the  truth  of  his  views  were 
unsuccessful ;  but  finally,  when  he  told  the  good  and  pious 
Queen  Isabella  of  all  the  lands  which  he  expected  to  discover, 
and  the  heathen  people  who  were  to  be  converted  to  Chris 
tianity,  she  became  deeply  interested  in  the  plan,  and  offered 
to  pawn  her  jewels  to  obtain  the  money  needed  to  procure  the 
ships,  men,  and  provisions,  required  to  carry  it  into  effect. 

16.  Sailing  of  Columbus.— At  last,  aided  by  Isabella, 
the  preparations  for  the  voyage  were  completed.     With  three 
small  ships  and  about  ninety  sailors,  Columbus  set  out  from 


14.  To  whom  did  he  first  apply  for  aid  ?  What  did  the  King  of  Portugal  do  ?  15. 
To  whom  did  he  next  apply  ?  What  induced  Isabella  to  offer  him  aid  ?  16.  How  and 
when  did  he  sail  ?  From  what  port  ?  What  appointment  had  he  received  ? 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


a  port  in  the  southern  part  of  Spain  called  Palos  (pah'-loce) 
(August  3,  1492),  after  he  had  spent  about  twenty  years  in 
arranging  his  plans  and  getting  the  aid  needed  to  carry 

them  into  effect.  He 
had  heen  appointed 
by  the  queen  admiral 
of  the  fleet,  and  was 
to  be  viceroy  of  all 
the  countries  which 
he  should  discover. 

17.  Incidents  of 
the  voyage.  —  For 
sixty  days  Columbus 
and  his  companions 
continued  to  sail  west 
ward,  but  without  dis 
covering  land.  They  saw  nothing  but  the  vast  ocean  all 
around  them.  Then  the  sailors  became  alarmed,  and  re 
solved  they  would  go  no  farther.  They  even  threatened  to 
throw  their  brave  admiral  into  the  sea.  But  Columbus  re 
mained  firm  ;  he  persuaded,  entreated,  and  threatened  by 
turns,  the  mutinous  men  ;  and  finally  told  them  that  if  in  a 
few  days  he  did  not  find  land,  he  would  return. 

18.  Discovery  of  land — Soon,  however,  the  signs  that 
they  were  approaching  land  became  very  numerous.  Birds 
were  seen,  fresh  branches  of  trees  floated  near  them,  and 
the  wind  wafted  the  fragrance  of  flowers  and  foliage  to  the 
ships.  At  length,  about  ten  o'clock  on  the  night  of  October 


THE  PINTA 

One  of  the  vessels  in  which  Columbus  crossed  the 
Atlantic  in  1492. 


17.  What  were  the  chief  incidents  of  the  voyage  ?    How  did  he  quiet  the  mutinous 
sailors  ?    18.  What  signs  of  land  became  visible  ?    When  was  land  discovered  ? 


DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA 


11,  Columbus  himself  saw  a  light,  and  the  next  morning 
land  was  plainly  in  view  (October  12,  1492).  The  heart  of 
Columbus  beat  with  joy. 

19.  The  island  and  its  people. — This  land  was  found 
to  be  a  beautiful  island,  and  very  soon  the  Spaniards  saw 
the  inhabitants  flocking  to  the  shore  to  see  the  strange 


ships — objects  un 
like  anything  they 
had  ever  seen  be 
fore.     These,  peo 
ple  were  without  clothing,  and  seemed  to  be  a  simple  and 
harmless   race.      Columbus  called   them   Indians,  for   he 
thought  he  had  reached  one  of  the  islands  of  the  Indies. 
20.  Landing  of  Columbus. — Soon  the  Spaniards  landed, 


19.  What  was  it  found  to  be  ?    Describe  the  natives  ?    What  were  they  called  by 
Columbus?    Why? 


22  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Columbus  leading  them,  clothed  in  a  gorgeous  dress  of 
scarlet,  and  bearing  the  royal  standard  in  his  hand.  They 
all  threw  themselves  on  their  knees,  kissed  the  ground,  and 
returned  thanks  to  God  for  their  preservation,  and  for  the 
great  discovery  they  had  made.  Columbus  drew  his  sword 
and  solemnly  took  possession  of  the  island  in  the  names  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  naming  it  San  Salvador,  which 
means  Holy  Saviour.* 

21.  Conduct  of  the  sailors  and  natives. — The  sailors 
who  had  been  so  mutinous  were  then  very  repentant.    They 
knelt  before  Columbus  and  begged  his  forgiveness,  promis 
ing  thereafter  to  obey  his  commands.     Indeed,  they  almost 
worshiped   him  as  a  superior   being.     As  for    the   simple 
natives,  it  may  be  imagined  with  what  awe  and  wonder 
they  gazed  on  this  scene.     At  first  they  fled  to  the  woods 
in  terror,  but  seeing  that  no  attempt  was  made  to  harm 
them,  they  returned  and  approached  their  strange  visitors. 

22.  Description  of  the  natives. — They  were  a  copper- 
colored  people,  having  straight,  coarse,  black  hair,  but  no 
beards  ;  and  their  faces  and  bodies  were  painted  with  vari 
ous  colors.     They  were  greatly  pleased  with  the  glass  beads 
and  other  trinkets  which  the   Spaniards  gave  them,  and 
freely  exchanged  for  these  such  provisions  as  they  had,  and 
the  little  ornaments  of  gold  which  they  wore,  f     The  latter 


*  This  island  is  one  of  a  large  group  of  islands,  called  the  Ba-ha'-mas.  The  natives 
called  it  Guanahani  (gwah-nah-hah'-ne). 

t  "  So  loving,  so  tractable,  so  peaceable  are  the  people,"  says  Columbus  in  his  jour 
nal,  "that  I  declare  to  your  Majesties  there  is  not  in  the  world  a  better  nation,  nor 


20.  Describe  the  landing  of  Columbus.  What  did  he  call  the  island  ?  21.  What 
was  the  conduct  of  the  sailors  ?  Of  the  natives  ?  22.  Character  of  the  natives  ? 
Their  gold  trinkets  ? 


DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA  23 

chiefly  caught  the  attention  of  the  Spaniards,  who  desired 
to  know  where  they  got  that  metal.  The  natives  pointed 
to  the  south  as  the  place  where  it  abounded. 

23.  Other  discoveries  of  Columbus. — After  staying  a 
few  days  at  San  Salvador,  Columbus  sailed  in  a  southerly 
direction,  and  soon  discovered  other  islands,  the  largest  of 
which  was  named  Cuba.     Another  large  island  he  called 
His-pan-i-o'-la  (Little  Spain).     On  all  these  islands  he  was 
treated  with  kindness  by  the  natives  ;  and  on  his  departure 
he  left  a  small  colony  at  Hispaniola.* 

24.  Return  of  Columbus— other  voyages. — On  his  re 
turn  to  Spain,   Columbus    was    received    with    very  great 
honor  ;  and  the  news  of  his  wonderful  discovery  produced 
great  interest  and  astonishment,  f    He  afterward  made  other 
voyages  ;  and,  in  1498,  succeeded  in  reaching  the  continent 

a  better  land.  They  love  their  neighbors  as  themselves  ;  and  their  discourse  is  ever 
eweet  and  gentle,  and  accompanied  with  a  smile  ;  and  though  it  is  true  that  they  are 
caked,  yet  their  manners  are  decorous  and  praiseworthy." — Irving's  Life  of  Columbus. 

*  Hispaniola  was  afterwards  called  San  Domingo.  The  name  of  Hayti  (ha'-tee)  was 
given  to  it  after  the  French  were  expelled  in  1803. 

t  "To  receive  him  with  suitable  pomp  and  distinction,  the  sovereigns  had  ordered 
their  throne  to  be  placed  in  public,  under  a  rich  canopy  of  brocade  of  gold,  in  a  vast 
and  splendid  saloon.  Here  the  king  and  queen  awaited  his  arrival,  seated  in  state, 
with  the  Prince  Juan  beside  them,  and  attended  by  the  dignitaries  of  their  court,  .  .  . 
all  impatient  to  behold  the  man  who  had  conferred  so  incalculable  a  benefit  upon  the 
nation.  At  length  Columbus  entered  the  hall,  surrounded  by  a  brilliant  crowd  of 
cavaliers,  among  wrhom,  says  Las  Casas,  he  was  conspicuous  for  his  stately  and  com 
manding  person,  which,  with  his  countenance,  rendered  venerable  by  his  gray  hair, 
gave  him  the  august  appearance  of  a  senator  of  Rome  ;  a  modest  smile  lighted  up  his 
features,  showing  that  he  enjoyed  the  state  and  glory  in  which  he  came.  As  Columbus 
approached,  the  sovereigns  arose,  as  if  receiving  a  person  of  the  highest  rank.  Bend 
ing  his  knees,  he  offered  to  kiss  their  hands  ;  but  there  was  some  hesitation  on  their 
part  to  permit  this  act  of  homage.  Raising  him  in  the  most  gracious  manner,  they 
ordered  him  to  seat  himself  in  their  presence,  a  rare  honor  in  this  proud  and  punctilious 
court.'1— Irving'1  s  Life  of  Columbus. 

23.  What  other  discoveries  did  Columbus  make  ?  Where  did  he  leave  a  small  col 
ony  ?  24.  How  was  Columbus  received  on  his  return  ?  What  other  voyage  did  he 
make  ?  When  did  he  discover  the  Continent  ?  What  did  he  suppose  it  to  be  ? 


24  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

of  South  America,  near  the  mouth  of  a  large  river,  called 
the  O-rin-o'-co.  He  was  not,  however,  aware  that  it  was 
a  continent,  still  supposing  the  lands  he  had  found  to  be 
islands  near  Asia. 

25.  Columbus  in    chains  — his  death.— In   his   third 
voyage,  the  Spaniards  rebelled  against  his  authority,  and 
sent  him  back  to  Spain  in  chains.     In  this  condition  he  ap 
peared  before  Isabella,  who  was  greatly  moved  at  the  sight, 
and  ordered  the  chains  to  be  taken  off.     The  king,  however, 
treated  him  with  base  ingratitude,  never  restoring  him  to 
his  office  as  viceroy,   which  had  been  promised  him.     He 
afterwards  rnade  a  fourth  voyage,  in  Avhich  he  explored  a 
part  of  the  coast  of  Da-ri-en'  (1502). 

26.  Columbus,    poor   and    neglected,    died    in    Spain   in 
1506,   being  about  seventy  years   of  age.     The   king,  who 
had  treated  him  so  ungratefully  while  he  lived,  gave  him  a 
pompous  funeral.*     It  is  sad  to  think  that  this  great  and 
good  man  should  not  have  received  the  rewards  to  which  he 
was  entitled  for  pointing  out  the  way  to  a  new  world.     The 
Spanish  courtiers,  too,  were  jealous  of  his  fame  and  of  the 
respect  with  which  the  good  queen  treated  him.f 

*  His  body  was  deposited  in  a  convent  at  Val-la-do-lid',  Spain,  but  was  afterward 
removed  to  Seville,  Spain.  Twenty-three  years  after,  it  was  taken  across  the  Atlantic 
to  Hispaniola,  and,  two  hundred  and  sixty  years  later,  was  carried  with  great  ceremony 
to  the  cathedral  at  Havana.  In  1898,  after  our  war  with  Spain,  it  was  carried  back  to 
Spain. 

t  "A  short  time  after  his  return  from  his  first  voyage,  the  Grand  Cardinal  of  Spain 
invited  Columbus  to  a  banquet,  where  he  assigned  him  the  most  honorable  place  at 
table.  A  shallow  courtier  present,  impatient  of  the  honors  paid  to  Columbus,  and 
meanly  jealous  of  him  as  a  foreigner,  abruptly  asked  him  whether  he  thought  that,  in 
case  he  had  i  •  t  discovered  the  Indies,  there  were  not  other  men  in  Spain  who  would 
have  been  capable  of  the  enterprise.  To  this,  Columbus  made  no  immediate  reply, 

25.  What  happened  in  his  third  voyage  ?  How  was  he  treated  by  the  queen  ?  By  the 
king?  His  fourth  voyage  ?  26.  When  and  how  did  he  die  ?  His  funeral  ? 


DISCOVERIES  AND  EXPLORATIONS  25 

27.  Origin  of  the  name  America. — The  success  of  Co 
lumbus  induced  many  other  navigators  to  make  voyages 
across  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  among 'them  Amerigo  Vespucci 
(ah-ma-re'-go  ves-poot' -chee) ,  an  Italian  (1499),  who,  on  his 
return,  wrote  an  interesting  account  of  the  country  dis 
covered.  This  account  was  published  some  time  after,  and 
thus  the  continent  came  to  be  called  after  him,  AMERICA.* 


CHAPTER  II 
Other  Discoveries  by  the  Spaniards 

i.  Discovery  of  the  Pacific  Ocean — For  some  time 
the  Spaniards  continued  to  explore  the  regions  in  the 
northern  part  of  South  America  ;  and  in  1513  one  of  the 
boldest,  named  Bal-bo'-a,  with  a  small  company,  crossed 
the  Isthmus  of  Darieu,  and  after  many  hardships  reached 

but,  taking  an  egg,  invited  the  company  to  make  it  stand  on  one  end.  Every  one  at 
tempted  it,  but  in  vain  ;  whereupon  he  struck  it  upon  the  table  so  as  to  break  the  end, 
and  left  it  standing  on  the  broken  part ;  illustrating  in  this  simple  manner  that  when 
he  had  once  shown  the  way  to  the  New  World,  nothing  was  easier  than  to  follow  it." — 
Irving's  Life  of  Columbus. 

*  "The  name  America  was  first  applied  to  the  New  World  in  a  work  written  by 
Martin  Waldseemuller,  under  an  assumed  name,  and  printed  in  Lor-raine',  Germany, 
in  1507.  This  has  been  clearly  proved  by  Humboldt.  .  .  .  The  Spaniards  carefully 
avoided  the  use  of  the  name  America  in  their  histories  and  official  documents,  in  not 
one  of  which,  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  can  the  word  be  found.1'— 
Greenhow's  Hist,  of  Oregon  and  California. 

A  copy  of  Waldseemuller's  book  is  among  the  "Literary  Curiosities,"  under  a  glass 
case  in  the  British  Museum.  Another  copy  was  procured  by  the  Hon.  Charles  Sumner, 
during  his  last  visit  to  Europe.  It  is  not  known  that  there  is  a  third  copy  in  existence. 
The  work  is  in  Latin. 


Map  Questions.— Where  is  Florida  ?  (Map,  p.  10.)  Mexico  ?  (Map,  p.  10.) 
Straits  of  Magellan  ?  (Map  of  S.  America.)  Philippine  Islands  ?  (Pacific  Ocean.) 

Text  Questions. — 27.  How  did  the  country  receive  the  name  of  America?  Who 
was  Amerigo  Vespucci  ?  1.  What  was  done  by  Balboa  ?  What  did  he  call  the  body 
of  water  he  discovered  ? 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  BY  BALBOA 


DISCOVERIES  AND  EXPLORATIONS  27 

the  shore  of  the  great  ocean  that  stretches  beyond.  Igno 
rant  of  the  extent  of  the  vast  body  of  water  that  he  saw 
spread  out  before  him  to  the  southward  of  the  Isthmus,  he 
called  it  the  South  Sea. 

2.  Magellan's  voyage. — Six   years   afterwards,   a   Por 
tuguese  navigator,  named  Ma-gel'-lan,  commanding  a  Span 
ish  squadron  consisting  of  five  ships,  sailed  from  Spain  to 
the  southwest  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  discovered  the 
strait  which  was  named. after  him.     Passing  through  this 
strait,  he  reached  the  ocean  previously  discovered  by  Bal 
boa,  and  sailed  across  it.     This  ocean  he  called  the  Pacific, 
that  is,  peaceful,  for  he  experienced  very  mild  weather  on 
entering  it,  and  for  several  days  after. 

3.  Voyage  round  the  world. — Unfortunately,  this  bold 
sailor  was  slain  in  a  battle  with  the  warlike  natives  of  one 
of  the  Phil-ip-pine'  Islands  ;  but  his  ship  kept  on  the  voyage 
westward,  passed  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  in  this  way 
reached  Spain,  thus  completing  the  first  voyage  ever  made 
around  the  world  (1519-22).    This  voyage,  of  course,  proved 
America  to  be  a  different  continent  from  the  Eastern  Con 
tinent,  and  it  was  therefore  called  the    Western  Continent, 
or  New  World.      The  islands  among  which  Columbus  had 
sailed  were  named  the  West  Indies. 

4.  Voyage  of  Pon-ce'  de  Le-on'. — Among  a  large  group 
of  these  islands,  called  the  Bahamas,  it  had  been  reported 
that  there  was  one  which  contained  a  very  wonderful  spring 
which  would  restore  to  youthful  health  and  vigor  any  one 

2.  Who  was  Magellan  ?  What  voyage  did  he  make  ?  What  did  he  discover  ?  What 
ocean  did  he  cross  ?  Why  was  it  called  the  Pacific  ?  3.  When  and  how  was  he  slain  ? 
How  far  did  one  of  his  ships  sail  ?  What  did  this  prove  ?  4.  What  report  existed  in 
regard  to  the  Bahamas  ?  What  did  this  prompt  ?  Who  was  Ponce  de  Leon  ? 


28  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

who  should  drink  of  it,  or  bathe  in  its  waters.  Hearing  of 
this  report,  a  soldier  of  distinction,,  named  De  Leon  (da 
Id-ori),  who  had  sailed  with  Columbus  in  some  of  his  voy 
ages,  determined  to  go  in  quest  of  it  (1512),  for  he  was  of 
advanced  age,  and  eagerly  desired  to  be  young  once  more. 

5.  Discovery  of  Florida — He   sailed  about  for   some 
time  among  these  islands,  but  the  fountain  of  perpetual 
youth   was  nowhere  to  be   found.     While   thus   engaged, 
however,  he  came  to  a  very  beautiful  country,  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  Florida,  or  the  Land  of  Flowers,  for  the 
trees  all  along  its  shores  were  covered  with  bright  and  fra 
grant  blossoms.     It  was  Easter  Sunday  when  this  land  was 
reached,  and  the   mariners   had   abundance  of   flowers  to 
celebrate  that  festival.     De  Leon,  a  few  years  afterward, 
returned  to  his  newly-found  land,  and  was  mortally  wounded 
in  a  battle  with  the  natives.* 

6.  Discovery  of  Mexico — the  inhabitants. — A  short 
time  after  the  discovery  of  Florida,  Mexico  was  discovered, 
and  the  Spaniards  were  very  much  surprised  to  find  that 
the  inhabitants  of  that  country,  instead  of  being  naked 
barbarians  like  the  Indians,  were  a  civilized  nation,  living 
in  cities  and  towns,   and    having  a  regular   government. 
Their  temples  and  palaces  were  spacious  and  magnificent ; 
and  the  people  were  dressed  in  garments  of  cloth,  and  wore 
ornaments  of  gold  and  silver.     Their  king,  who  was  named 


*  "  Wounded  by  an  arrow,  he  returned  to  Cuba  to  die.   .    .   .   The  discoverer  of  Flor 
ida  had  desired  immortality  on  earth,  and  gained  its  shadow."— Bancroft's  Hist.  U.  S. 


5.  What  land  did  he  reach  ?  Why  was  it  called  Florida  ?  How  did  the  death  of 
De  Leon  occur  ?  6.  What  was  the  character  of  the  Mexicans  ?  Their  king  ?  To 
what  race  did  they  belong  ? 


DISCOVERIES  AND  EXPLORATIONS  29 

Mon-te-zu'-ma,  it  was   said  was  very  rich.     These   people 
belonged  to  a  race  called  the  Aztecs. 

7.  Expedition  of  Cortez. — Cor'-tez,  a  brave  but  cruel 
soldier,   was   sent  with   about   six    hundred    men    to   take 
possession  of  this  country.     He  landed  with  his  small  army 
on  the  shores  of  Mexico  in  1519  ;  and,  in  order  to  compel 
his  men  to  think  only  of  conquest,  by  cutting  off  all  hope 
of   return,    he   destroyed    his    ships.       He    then    marched 
through   the   country  to    the  capital,    situated  about  two 
hundred   miles  from  the  place   of   his  landing,    although 
messengers   had    been   dispatched    by    Montezuma   to    the 
strangers,  bearing  rich  presents,  but  forbidding  them   to 
advance  into  the  country. 

8.  Death  of  Montezuma. — Nevertheless,  the  Spaniards 
were  treated  with  great  kindness  and  civility  by  Montezuma, 
on  their  arrival  at  the  capital  of  his  dominions  ;  but  the 
designs  of  the  strangers  were  soon  apparent  to  the  Mexi 
cans,  and  they  soon  began  to  give  tokens  of  hostility.     To 
check  this,  Cortez  artfully  made  a  prisoner  of  the  king,  and 
induced  him  to  counsel  his  people  to  submit.     At  this  they 
were  so  much  enraged,  that  they  hurled  stones  and  arrows 
at  their  monarch  ;    and  from  the  effects  of  the  injuries 
which  he  thus  sustained  he  soon  after  died. 

9.  Conquest  of  Mexico.— The  Mexicans  thereupon  rose 
upon  the  Spaniards,  drove  them  from  their  city,  and  pur 
sued  them  with  great  fury.     On  the  retreat,  Cortez,  finding 
that  he  must  give  battle  or  be  destroyed,  made  a  stand  against 


7.  Who  was  sent  to  conquer  them  ?  What  did  he  do  on  landing  ?  8.  How  were 
the  Spaniards  treated  by  Montezuma  ?  What  caused  the  king's  death  ?  9,  What  fol 
lowed  ?  How  was  Mexico  conquered  ? 


30  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

his  foes,  and  although  his  men  were  so  few,  he  gained  a  vic 
tory  ;  for  the  Spaniards  wore  armor  and  had  fire-arms,  against 
which  the  Mexicans  had  no  means  of  contending.  Aided 
by  native  tribes  who  had  become  dissatisfied  with  the  rule 
of  their  king,  Cortez  returned  to  the  city  and  made  an  entire 
conquest  of  the  country  (1521). 

10.  Cruelty  of  the  Spaniards. — It    was  the  desire  for 
gold  that  prompted  these  Spanish  chieftains  and  their  fol 
lowers  to  such  deeds  of  hardship  and  daring.     To  satisfy 
this  craving,  they  were  guilty  of  the  most  shocking  cruelties 
and  crimes.   Thus,  after  capturing  the  Mexican  King  Gua-ti- 
mo'-zin,  the  successor  of  Montezuma,  these  ruthless  soldiers 
laid  him  on  a  bed  of  burning  coals,  to  compel  him  to  disclose 
where  he  had  concealed  his  riches  ;  and  a  short  time  after 
wards,  Cortez   ordered  him  to  be  hanged.*     Thousands  of 
the  unfortunate  Mexicans  were  slain  by  this  relentless  chief 
and  his  soldiers,  in  completing  the  conquest  of  the  country. 

11.  Spaniards    in     Florida. — Having   found   so   much 
wealth  in  Mexico,  the  Spaniards   thought  they  should  be 
equally  successful  in  exploring  Florida ;  f  and  this  belief  was 

*  "  Gua-ti-mo'-zin  bore  whatever  the  refined  cruelty  of  his  tormentors  could  inflict, 
with  the  invincible  fortitude  of  an  American  warrior.  His  fellow-sufferer,  overcome 
by  the  violence  of  his  anguish,  turned  a  dejected  eye  towards  his  master,  which  seemed 
to  implore  his  permission  to  reveal  all  he  knew.  But  the  high-spirited  prince,  darting 
on  him  a  look  of  authority  mingled  with  scorn,  checked  his  weakness  by  asking,  'Am 
I  now  reposing  on  a  bed  of  flowers  ? '  Overawed  by  the  reproach,  the  favorite  perse 
vered  in  his  dutiful  silence,  and  expired.11 — Eobertsoii's  History  of  America. 

t  "  It  must  be  recollected  that  the  name  of  Florida  then  designated  a  vast  extent  of 
country,  stretching  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  northwestwardly,  towards  unknown 
regions.  The  division  of  the  country,  as  marked  upon  the  maps,  were  Florida  at  the 
south,  extending  to  the  north  of  Chesapeake,  and  meeting  New  France.1'— Fairbanks' s 
History  of  Florida. 

10.  What  was  the  motive  of  the  Spaniards  in  these  conquests  ?  What  cruelties  did 
they  commit  ?  Their  treatment  of  Guatimozin  ?  11.  What  ideas  were  entertained  in 
regard  to  Florida  ?  Whose  ambition  was  incited  by  reports  of  its  wealth  ?  Who  was 
De  Soto  ? 


DISCOVERIES  AND  EXPLORATIONS  31 

strengthened  by  the  reports  of  some  persons  who  had  wan 
dered  through  a  part  of  that  country.  These  statements 
particularly  incited  the  ambition 
and  avarice  of  a  rich  and  brave 
cavalier,  named  De  Soto,  who  had 
already  gained  wealth  and  distinc 
tion  in  the  conquest  of  Peru. 

12.  De  Soto's  Expedition. — He 
therefore  sought  and  obtained  per 
mission  from  the  king  of  Spain  to 
conquer  this  country,  at  his  own 
expense,  and   was  also   appointed 
governor  of  Cuba.     He  soon  suc 
ceeded  in  collecting  a  company  of  gay  cavaliers,  all  brave,  and 
thirsting  for  conquest  and  riches  like  himself,  and  caused  ten 
vessels  to  be  equipped  for  the  voyage.     With  these  and  his 
little  army  of  about  six  hundred  men,  he  set  sail  for  the 
New  World  in  1538.     After  stopping  at  Cuba  and~leaving 
his  wife  to  govern  that  island,  he  sailed  to  Florida,  and  in 
the  summer  of  1539,  commenced  his  march  towards  the 
fancied  land  of  gold. 

13.  Discovery  of  the   Mississippi. — For  nearly  three 
years,  he  and  his  companions  wandered  in  the  wilderness, 
suffering  dreadful  hardships  ;  for  the  natives  were  warlike 
and  hostile,  and  constantly  opposed  the  invaders'  march.     In 
1541,  they  reached  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  River,  which 
they  crossed,  and  penetrated  into  the  region  beyond.  *   Worn 

*  De  Soto  crossed  the  Mississippi  not  far  from  the  35th  parallel  of  latitude  ;  and  wan 
dered  over  the  region  probably  as  far  north  as  the  Missouri. 

12.  What  permission  and  appointment  did  he  obtain  ?    What  preparations  did  he 
make  ?    When  did  he  land  in  Florida  ? 


32  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

out  at  last  with  hardships,  care,  and  disappointment,  for  there 
were  no  signs  of  El  Dorado,  or  the  land  of  Gold,  which  he 
expected  to  find,  De  Soto  returned  to  the  Mississippi. 
There  he  was  stricken  with  disease,  and  death,  in  a  few 
days,  relieved  him  of  his  miseries. 

14.  End  of  the  Expedition.— His  followers  were  greatly 
troubled  by  his  death,  for  it  was  the  fear  of  the  great  white 
chief  that  prevented  the  Indians  from  making  an  attack 
upon  the  invaders.  The  Spaniards,  therefore,  endeavored 
to  conceal  De  Soto's  death  from  the  natives  by  sinking  his 
remains  in  the  waters  of  the  great  river  which  he  had  dis 
covered.  *  A  short  time  afterward,  they  succeeded  in  build 
ing  some  frail  boats,  in  which  they  sailed  down  the  Missis 
sippi  to  the  Gulf,  and  finally  reached  a  Spanish  settlement. 


CHAPTER  III 
Discoveries  by  the  French  and  English 

i.  First  Discoveries  by  the  English. — The  discoveries 
and  explorations  of  the  Spaniards  were  chiefly  confined  to 

*  "  Their  condition,  on  the  death  of  their  commander,  was  most  forlorn.  Few  of 
their  horses  remained  alive;  their  baggage  had  been  destroyed,  and  many  of  the  sol 
diers  were  without  armor  and  weapons.  In  place  of  the  gallant  array  which,  more 
than  three  years  before,  had  left  the  harbor  of  Espiritu  Santo,  a  company  of  sickly  and 
starving  men  were  laboring  among  the  swampy  forests  of  the  Mississippi,  some  clad 
in  skins,  and  some  in  mats  woven  from  a  kind  of  wild  vine.11 — Parkman. 


Map  Questions.— (Map,  p.  10.)  Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  The  St.  Lawrence 
River  ?  New  Brunswick  ?  Nova  Scotia  ?  Newfoundland  ?  Quebec  ?  Cape  Cod  ? 
Maine  ?  Lake  Champlain  ?  St.  Augustine  ?  Elizabeth  Islands  ?  What  part  of  the 
country  was  called  Carolina  ?  What,  Virginia  ? 

Text  Questions. — 13.  How  long  did  the  Spaniards  wander  in  the  wilderness  ? 
What  river  did  they  reach  and  cross  ?  Where  did  De  Soto  die  ?  14.  What  was  done 
with  De  Soto1s  remains  ?  Why  ?  How  did  his  followers  escape  ?  1 .  To  what  were 
the  discoveries  and  explorations  of  the  Spaniards  confined  ?  What  were  the  first  ex 
plorations  made  by  the  English  ? 


DISCO  VERIES  BY  THE  FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH     33 

the  regions  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Ca 
ribbean  Sea,  and  the  islands  of  the  West  Indies.  A  few 
years  after  the  first  voyage  of  Columbus,  the  English,  under 
an  Italian  navigator  named  John  Cab'-ot,  reached  Labrador  ; 
and  his  son  Sebastian,  the  following  year  (1498),  sailed 
along  the  coast  from  Labrador  to  Chesapeake  Bay. 

2.  Verrazzani's  Voyage. — The  French,  some  time  after 
this,  sent  out  ships  to  make  discoveries  in  the  New  World. 
Under    an    Italian    navigator,  named  Verrazzani  (ver-rat- 
tsah'-ne),  they  sailed  along  the  eastern  shore  of  North  Amer 
ica  from  Cape  Fear,  entered  the  harbors  of  New  York  and 
Newport,  and  continued  their  voyage  be 
yond  Nova  Scotia.      Verrazzani  called 

the  country    which  he  had  seen  New 
France.     His  voyage  was  made  in  1524. 

3.  Discovery  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
— A  few   years   after    this   (1534)    the 
French,      under      another     navigator, 
named   Cartier    (car-te-d ),    discovered 

the  great  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  tried  to  form  a  settlement 
on  its  banks,  but  they  were  not  successful.  Quebec,  the 
oldest  town  in  Canada,  was  not  founded  till  1608. 

4.  Settlements  of  the  French  Protestants. — But  long 
before    this,    the  French    Protestants,    aided    by    Coligny 
(ko-leen-ye1),  tried  to  find,  in  the  regions  farther  south,  a 
home  where  they  might  live  in  peace  and  worship  God  in 


2.  Give  an  account  of  Verrazzani's  voyage.  What  name  did  he  give  to  the  coun 
try  ?  3.  When  and  by  whom  was  the  St.  Lawrence  River  discovered  ?  When  was 
Quebec  founded  ?  4.  Where,  before  this,  did  the  French  Protestants  try  to  settle  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  settlement  in  Carolina  ?  In  Florida  ?  What  town  was  settled  by 
the  Spaniards  in  1565  ? 

3 


34  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

freedom.  They  made  a  settlement  in  Carolina  (1562),  but 
this  was  soon  after  abandoned  ;  *  and  then  they  attempted 
another  in  Florida  (1564),  but  the  settlers  were  killed  by 
the  Spaniards,  under  Melendez  (md-len'-detJi),  as  all  that 
region  was  claimed  by  Spain.  In  1565,  Melendez  founded 
St.  Augustine,  now  the  oldest  town  in  the  United  States. 
Two  years  after  this,  the  French,  under  a  leader  named  De 
Gourgues  (yoorg),  surprised  the  forts  on  the  St.  John,  and 
hung  two  hundred  of  the  Spanish  captives  upon  the  trees. 

5.  Acadia  and   Port    Royal. — Many   years    afterward 
(1605),  Protestants  from  France  settled  in  a  region  called 
by  them  Acadia.,  which  included  the  present  provinces  of 
New  Brunswick  and  Nova   Scotia.     Their  first  town  was 
named  Port  Royal,  for  it  had  a  magnificent  harbor. 

6.  Champlain. — An  expedition,  under  a  leader   named 
Champlain,  entered  the  St.  Lawrence  in  1608  ;f   and  the 
next  year,  with  an  Indian  war-party,  Champlain  sailed  up 
the  lake  which  now  bears  his  name,  being  the  first  European 
to  gaze  upon  its  expansive  waters  and  picturesque  shores 
(1609). 

*  This  was  on  the  departure  of  Rihaut  (re-bo'),  the  chief  of  the  expedition. 
"  Twenty-six  men  remained  to  keep  possession  of  the  continent."  There,  after  wait 
ing  in  vain  several  months  for  the  return  of  Ribaut,  they  put  to  sea  in  a  small  vessel 
which  they  had  constructed.  The  sufferings  which  they  endured  on  the  voyage,  be 
cause  of  their  want  of  food,  were  frightful,  but  a  remnant  of  their  number  at  length 
reached  France.  "  One  day  they  cast  lots  for  the  life  of  one  of  their  number,  who 
was  sacrificed,  and  his  flesh  divided  equally.11 — Fairbanks^  History  of  Florida. 

t  "  Five  years  before,  he  had  explored  the  St.  Lawrence  as  far  as  the  rapids  above 
Montreal.  On  its  banks,  as  he  thought,  was  the  true  site  for  a  settlement,  a  fortified 
post,  whence,  as  from  a  secure  basis,  the  waters  of  the  vast  interior  might  be  traced 
back  to  their  sources,  and  a  western  route  discovered  to  China  and  the  East.  Fain, 
too,  would  he  unveil  the  mystery  of  that  boundless  wilderness,  and  plant  the  Catholic 
faith  and  the  power  of  France  amid  its  ancient  barbarism.1' — Parkman. 

5.  When  and  by  whom  was  Acadia  settled  ?  What  did  it  include  ?  What  was  the 
first  settlement  ?  6.  What  is  said  of  Champlain's  expedition  ?  What  lake  did  he  dis 
cover  ? 


DISCOVERIES  BY  THE  FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH     35 

7.  Drake's  Voyage.— During  the  reign  of  the  famous 
Queen  Elizabeth,  a  very  remarkable  voyage  was  made  by 
Francis  Drake,  a  noted  English  captain.     After  cruising 
about  for  several  months,  he  passed  through  the  strait  of 
Magellan,  and  entered  the  Pacific  Ocean,  for  the  purpose  of 
plundering  the  Spanish  settlements  on  the  coast  of  South 
America.     Sailing   north   as  far  as    the   42d    parallel,   he 
stopped  at  one  of   the    harbors — probably   San   Francisco 
Bay — to  refit  (1579)  ;  and  thence  steered  across  the  Pacific, 
returning  by  that  route  to  England  (1580).     This  was  the 
first  voyage  round  the  world  after  that  of  Magellan.* 

8.  Gilbert's    Voyage. — During    the    same    reign,    the 
English  made  several  attempts  to  form  settlements  in  the 
New  World.     Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  tried  to  plant  a  colony 
on  the  island  of  Newfoundland  (1583),  but  failed,  and  on 
his  return,  his  vessel  foundered,  and  all  on  board  perished. f 

*  The  western  coast  of  North  America  was  first  explored  by  the  Spaniards.  Expedi 
tions,  sent  by  Cortez,  examined  the  California  peninsula.  Alarcon  (ah-lar'-&ori),  sent 
by  the  governor  of  Mexico  in  1540,  ascended  the  Colorado  River  beyond  the  Gila 
(he'-lah)  ;  and  Coronado  (ko-ro-nah'-do),  also  sent  at  the  same  time,  wandered  for  three 
years  over  the  regions  now  known  as  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Ne 
vada  (1540-1543).  In  1542,  Cabrillo  (cab-reel1 '-yo),  commanding  two  vessels,  sent  by  the 
Mexican  governor,  examined  the  coast  as  far  as  the  northern  limits  of  San  Francisco 
Bay  ;  but,  dying,  his  pilot,  Fer-re'-lo,  next  year  continued  the  exploration  as  far  north, 
probably,  as  the  latitude  of  43  degrees. 

t  "  Gilbert  had  sailed  in  the  Squirrel,  a  bark  of  ten  tons  only,  and,  therefore,  con 
venient  for  entering  harbors,  and  approaching  the  coast.  On  the  homeward  voyage, 
the  brave  admiral  would  not  forsake  his  little  company,  with  whom  he  had  encountered 
so  many  storms  and  perils.  A  desperate  resolution  !  The  weather  was  extremely 
rough  ;  the  oldest  mariner  had  never  seen  'more  outrageous  seas.'  The  little  frigate, 
not  more  than  twice  as  large  as  the  long-boat  of  a  merchantman,  '  too  small  a  bark  to 
pass  through  the  ocean  sea  at  that  season  of  the  year,1  was  nearly  wrecked.  The  gen 
eral,  sitting  abaft  with  a  book  in  his  hand,  cried  out  to  those  in  the  hind,  '  We  are  as 
near  to  heaven  by  sea  as  by  land.'  That  same  night,  the  lights  of  the  Squirrel  suddenly 
disappeared ;  and  neither  vessel,  nor  any  of  its  crew,  was  ever  seen  again."- 
Bancroft. . 

7.  What  remarkable  voyage  was  made  during  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign  ?  What  route 
did  Drake  take  ?  In  what  year  did  he  reach  England  ?  8.  What  was  done  during 
Queen  Elizabeth's  reign  ?  Give  an  account  of  Gilbert's  voyage. 


36  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

g.  Raleigh's  Expedition — Virginia. — The  next  year, 
the  celebrated  courtier,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  (raw'-le),  sent 
out  two  vessels,  with  a  similar  purpose.  These  sailed  to 

the  coast  of  Carolina.,  and  the 
voyagers  landed  on  Roanoke 
Island.  They  found  the  region 
very  delightful  ;  and,  on  their 
return,  told  the  queen  of  its 
beauty  and  fertility,  who,  there 
fore,  said  it  should  be  called  Vir 
ginia,  for  it  had  been  discov 
ered  during  the  reign  of  the 

SIR   WALTER    RALEIGH 

virgin  queen. 

10.  Other  Expeditions  by  the  English. — Other  expe 
ditions  were  sent  out  by  Raleigh,*  but  they  did  not  succeed 
in  making  a  permanent  settlement.  Bartholomew  Gos- 
nold,  a  noted  captain,  who  discovered  Cape  Cod  f  in  1602, 
also  tried  to  plant  a  colony,  selecting  for  its  site  one  of  the 
Elizabeth  Islands,  which  he  had  discovered  and  named  ;  J 


*  The  tobacco  plant  was  first  carried  to  England  by  some  of  Raleigh's  returning 
colonists,  and  he  introduced  the  habit  of  smoking  it.  "  It  is  related  that  when  his  ser 
vant  entered  his  room  with  a  tankard  of  ale,  and  for  the  first  time  saw  the  smoke 
issuing  from  his  master's  mouth  and  nostrils,  he  cast  the  liquor  in  his  face.  Terribly 
frightened  he  alarmed  the  household  with  the  intelligence  that  Sir  Walter  was  on 
fire." 

t  Cape  Cod  was  the  first  spot  in  New  England  ever  trod  by  Englishmen. 

%  "  The  westernmost  of  the  islands  was  named  Elizabeth,  from  the  queen— a  name 
which  has  been  transferred  to  the  whole  group.  There  is  on  the  island  a  pond,  and 
within  it  lies  a  rocky  islet.  This  waa  the  position  which  the  adventurers  selected  for 
their  residence.  Here  they  built  their  storehouse  and  their  fort :  and  here  the  founda 
tions  of  the  first  New  England  colony  were  to  be  laid." — Bancroft. 


9.  Give  an  account  of  the  expedition  sent  out  by  Raleigh.  Why  was  the  country 
called  Virginia  ?  10.  What  other  expeditions  were  sent  out  by  the  English  ?  Who 
discovered  Cape  Cod  ?  Where  did  Gosnold  attempt  a  settlement  ?  With  what  result  ? 
What  exploration  was  made  in  1603  ? 


1602]  VIRGINIA  37 

but  the  settlers  became  alarmed  at  the  Indians,  and,  dis 
couraged  by  the  want  of  supplies,  soon  returned  to  Eng 
land.  The  southern  shores  of  Maine  were  also  explored  by 
the  English  about  this  time  (1603). 

CHAPTER  IV 
Virginia 

i.  ALTHOUGH  the  English  had  failed,  in  the  expeditions 
they  had  sent  out,  to  make  settlements  in  the  newly-discov 
ered  regions  beyond  the  ocean, 
they  were  not  discouraged.  Ra 
leigh  could  send  no  more  ships  to 
America  :  he  was  kept  in  prison 
by  King  James,  the  successor  of 
the  great  queen  ;  for  he  had  been 
condemned  on  a  charge  of  trea 
son.*  But  the  accounts  given  of 
the  fertility,  delightful  climate, 

and  wealth  of  Virginia,  made  many  desire  to  go  there,  to 
bring  back  some  of  its  rich  products,  or  to  find  a  home  in 
which  they  might  live  in  ease  and  idleness. 

*  During  his  imprisonment  he  wrote  a  History  of  England.  Being  released,  in  order 
that  he  might  point  out  a  gold  mine  which  he  said  existed  in  the  northern  part  of  South 
America,  and  having  failed  in  the  expedition,  he  was,  on  his  return,  beheaded,  under 
the  sentence  which  for  several  years  had  been  forgotten  (1618).  "  He  met  death  with 
the  most  heroic  indifference.  Before  he  laid  his  head  upon  the  block  he  felt  the  edge 
of  the  ax,  and  said,  with  a  smile  upon  his  face,  that  it  was  a  sharp  medicine,  but  would 
cure  the  worst  disease.  When  he  was  bent  down,  ready  for  death,  he  said  to  the  exe 
cutioner,  finding  that  he  hesitated,  «  What  dost  thou  fear  ?  Strike,  man  ! '  So  the  ax 
came  down  and  struck  his  head  off,  in  the  sixty-sixth  year  of  his  age."—Dickens's 
England. 

Text  Questions.— 1.  What  induced  further  attempts  to  settle  Virginia  ? 


38 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


Map  Questiona.-Name  five  rivers  that  flow  into  Chesapeake  Bav.  What  two 
P?v  trn^i  ^  e"tranc«  of  the  bay  ?  To  what  large  body  of  water  is  Chesapeake 
Sfvt  h  H  7  /l"*.-^  ^«^»«c  Ocean.  How  was  Jamestown  situated  *  Into 
marll  4^fn?9W  wer  <1(.)e^ther  Vllo""a»  River  fl°w  ?  What  other  river  flows  into  Albe- 
marle  bound  t  How  is  the  Island  of  Roanoke  situated  ? 


1607]  VIRGINIA  39 

2.  London  Company. — A  number  of  rich  men,  noble 
men,  merchants,  and  others,  formed  a  company  called  the 
London  Company,  and  obtained  from  the  king  a  grant 
of  land  lying  between  the  thirty-fourth  and  thirty-eighth 
parallels,  which  they  were  empowered  to  settle  and  govern. 
This  company  provided  three  small  ships,  provisions,  tools, 
etc.,  and  sent  out  a  colony  consisting  of  one  hundred  and 
five  men,  who  were  to  make  a  settlement  in  Virginia.  The 
command  was  given  to  Captain  Christopher  Newport. 


THE   FIRST   ENGLISH   SETTLERS  LANDING  IN   VIRGINIA,    1607 

3.  Settlement  at  Jamestown — They  were  directed  to 
settle  on  Roanoke  Island,  but  were  driven  by  adverse  winds 
northward  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  discovered   a  river, 
which  they  named  James  River,   in  honor   of   the  king. 
They  found  the  country  very  delightful,  and  sailing  up  this 
stream  about  fifty  miles,  they  selected  a  place  for  a  settle 
ment,  and  called  it  Jamestown  (1607). 

4.  Character  of  the  Colonists. — The  men  sent  out  were 

2.  What  was  the  London  Company  ?  What  grant  was  made  to  it  ?  What  expedi 
tion  was  sent  out  ?  3.  Where  was  a  settlement  made  ?  4.  What  was  the  character  of 
the  settlers  ? 


40  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [160? 

but  poorly  fitted  to  settle  in  a  wild  country.  Of  the  one 
hundred  and  five,  only  twelve  were  laborers,  and  there  were 
but  few  mechanics;  of  the  latter  only  four  were  carpenters. 
The  greater  number  were  poor  gentlemen,  bankrupt  trades 
men,  and  idle  adventurers — men  who,  having  wasted  their 
fortunes  in  dissipation,  were  eager  to  repair  them  in  order 
to  renew  their  former  life  of  slothful  enjoyment.  Such 
men  were  of  little  use  in  cutting  down  trees  and  building 
huts  ;  and  hence  the  work  went  on  slowly. 

5.  Dissensions    among   the    Colonists. — Even  before 
they  landed,  quarrels  had  broken  out  among  the  emigrants, 
and  these  became  more  bitter  as  they  were  compelled  to 
endure  the  labor  and  hardships  of  a  life  in  the  wilderness. 
They  selected  for  their  president  a  man  named  Wing'-field  ; 
but  he  was  mean  and  selfish  ;  and  as  their  troubles  increased 
from  want  and  sickness,  it  was  found  that  he  had  arranged 
to  desert  them,  taking  away  their  provisions  and  their  only 
vessel.     They  accordingly  deposed  him,  and  appointed  in  his 
place  one  Rat'-cliffe.    He,  however,  proved  entirely  incapable 
of  the  task  of  governing  the  colony  (1607). 

6.  John  Smith.— But   there  was   one  man  among  the 
emigrants  who  was  equal  to  the  task.     This  was  the  famous 
Captain  John  Smith.*     Jealous  of  his  fame  and  his  great 


*  Smith  had  traveled  through  a  large  part  of  Europe,  and  had  passed  a  very  adventur 
ous  life.  He  had  fought  against  the  Turks  ;  had  been  captured  in  battle,  and  made  a 
slave  ;  had  been  rescued  from  slavery  through  the  compassion  of  his  Turkish  mistress, 
and  had  been  sent  by  her  to  Russia,  where  he  was  treated  as  a  serf.  Rising  against  his 
task-master,  he  slew  him,  and  fled  from  the  country.  Thence,  in  search  of  new  adven 
tures  and  dangers,  he  went  to  Morocco  ;  and  at  length  returned  to  England  in  time  to 
embark  in  the  enterprise  of  settling  the  New  World.  (See  page  51,  T  2.) 


5.  What  troubles  arose  ?    Who  was  made  president  ?    His  character  and  conduct  ? 
His  successor  '/    6.  What  is  said  of  John  Smith  ? 


1608] 


VIRG1NTA 


41 


abilities,  the  leaders  of  the  expedition  had  quarreled  with 
him  on  board  of  the  ship,  and  had  placed  him  in  confine 
ment,    but,    011    landing,    he 
had  been  released.     Finding 
that  he  was  not  allowed  to  be 
of  use  in  the  settlement,  he 
had  busied  himself  in  explor 
ing    the    country,    and    had 
some  wild  and  romantic  ad 
ventures  with  the  Indians. 

7.  Smith   and   Pocahon 
tas. — Once,  as   he  narrated, 
he  was  captured  by  the  sav 
ages,   and   conducted  to   the 
great  chief  Pow-ha-tan',  who, 

after  considerable  deliberation,  condemned  him  to  death. 
Smith  was  accordingly  bound,  and  his  head  placed  on  a 
block,  while  the  Indian  warrior  stood  ready  to  despatch 
him  with  his  club,  when  Pocahontas,  the  young  daughter 
of  Powhatan,  rushed  between  the  captain  and  his  foe,  and 
begged  her  father  to  spare  him.  The  stern  savage  was 
moved  by  the  appeal,  and  ordered  that  the  prisoner 
should  be  released.* 

8.  Conduct  of  the  Indians. — At  first,  the  Indians  had 
been  friendly  to  the  settlers  ;  but  the  dissolute  and  unruly 

*  Smith's  own  words  are  :  "  Pocahontas,  the  king's  dearest  daughter,  got  his  head  in 
her  armes,  and  laid  her  owne  upon  his  to  save  him  from  death."  This  story  is  not 
now  believed.  It  is  thought  that  when  Smith  wrote  the  account  (in  1622),  he  did  so 
for  the  purpose  of  drawing  attention  to  his  adventures. 


JOHN   SMITH 


7.  What  story  did  Smith  narrate  of  Pocahontas  ?    8.  What  was  the  conduct  of  the 
Indians  ? 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


[1608 


characters  among  the  latter  often  treated  the  natives  with 
insult,  and  robbed  them  of  their  corn.  This  produced 
hostilities  which  caused  great  suffering  and  distress  in  the 
colony.  Pocahontas,  however,  was  very  friendly,  and  she 
and  her  companions  often  came  to  the  fort  to  supply  the 
English  with  corn. 

9.  Administration  of  Smith. — Owing  to  the  inefficiency 


THE   ATTEMPT   AT   DESERTION   FRUSTRATED 

of  Ratcliffe,  the  colonists  felt  compelled  to  rely  upon  Smith 
to  conduct  their  affairs.  By  his  prudence  and  vigor  he 
saved  the  colony  ;  for,  on  his  return  from  his  Indian  ex 
pedition,  he  found  only  forty  of  the  settlers  remaining,  and 

9.  What  was  done  by  Smith  ? 


1610]  VIRGINIA  43 

the  strongest  of  these  were  preparing  to  escape  with  the  pin 
nace  ;  but  Smith  turned  the  guns  of  the  fort  upon  them, 
and  compelled  them  to  return.  Smith/a  few  months  later, 
was  made  president  of  the  council  (1608). 

10.  The  Gold  Excitement. — Before  this,  one  hundred 
and   twenty  new  settlers    had   arrived,  chiefly  "  vagabond 
gentlemen  and  goldsmiths  ;  "  and  finding  a  kind  of  glitter 
ing  earth,  which   they  thought  was   gold,  there  was  for  a 
time  "  no  talk,  no  hope,  no  work,  but  dig  gold,  wash  gold, 
refine  gold,  load  gold."     Captain  Newport,  indeed,  returned 
to  England  with  his  vessel  freighted  with  this  worthless 
stuff.     Meanwhile,  Smith,  disgusted  with   the  folly  of  the 
settlers,  employed  himself  in  exploring  Chesapeake  Bay  and 
its  tributary  rivers,  of  which  he  made  a  map  (1608). 

11.  New  Arrivals. — Seventy  other  settlers  arrived,  of 
whom  two  were  females  ;  and  the  Company  sent  out  a  de 
mand  that  the  colonists  should  send  back  a  "  large  lump  of 
gold,"  or  should    discover    how    the   South    Sea  might  be 
reached.     They  had  become  disappointed  at  the  failure  to 
realize  any  wealth  from  the  expeditions,  and  threatened  the 
settlers  that  they  should  be  ^left  in  Virginia  as  banished 
men,"  if  they  did  not  pay  the  costs  of  the  expedition. 

12.  Starving  Time. — Smith   continued  to  manage  the 
affairs  of  the  colony  with  vigor  and  success  ;  but  having  been 
injured  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder,  he  was  compelled  to 
return  to  England  to  obtain  surgical  aid.     There  were  nearly 
five  hundred  men  in  the  colony  when  he  left;  but  so  idle  and 

10.  What  addition  was  made  to  the  settlement  ?  Describe  the  gold  excitement. 
How  did  Smith  employ  himself?  11.  What  further  addition  to  the  settlement  was 
made  ?  What  did  the  London  Company  demand  ?  12.  Why  did  Smith  leave  the 
colony  ?  What  hardships  were  suffered  ?  What  is  this  period  called  ? 


44  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1610 

helpless  were  they,  that  in  a  few  months  famine  and  disease, 
and  the  hostilities  of  the  Indians  had  reduced  their  number 
to  sixty.  This  dreadful  period,  extending  over  the  first  half 
of  1610,  was  long  remembered  as  the  "starving  time." 

13.  New   Charter. — In  the  meantime,  another  charter 
had  been  obtained  by  the  London  Company,  according  to 
which  Lord  Delaware  had  been  appointed  governor  of  the 
colony  (1609).     Captain  Newport,  with  Sir  Thomas  Gates 
and  Sir  George  Som'-ers,  was  sent  to  Virginia  with  a  fleet 
of  nine  vessels,  and  more  than  five  hundred  emigrants,  in 
advance  of   the  governor.     A  severe  storm  scattered   the 
fleet,  and   the    vessel  containing  the   three  commissioners 
was  wrecked  on  the   Somers,  or  Ber-mu'-da  Islands.     One 
of  the  other  vessels  foundered,   so  that  only  seven  reached 
the  James  River.     (See  Map,  p.  10.) 

14.  Arrival   of    Gates    and   his    Associates. — Those 
who  had  been  wrecked  on  the  Bermudas  succeeded  at  last 
in  constructing  two  small  vessels,  in  which  they  reached 
Jamestown,    expecting   to  find  a  flourishing  colony ;    but 
instead  of  that  there  was  a  dreadful   scene  of  famine   and 
death.     The  few  that  remained  alive  had  resolved  to  leave 
the    settlement,    and    sail   to  Newfoundland,    where    they 
hoped,  by  begging  food  from  the  fishermen,  to  be  enabled 
to  return  to  England.     They  were  prevented  from  burning 
the  fort  and  town  only  by  the  energy  of  Sir  Thomas  Gates, 
who,  in   the   absence  of   the   governor,  ruled    the    colony 
(1610). 

13.  What  change  occurred  ?  Who  was  appointed  governor  ?  Who  were  sent  in 
advance  ?  What  disaster  happened  ?  Where  are  the  Bermuda  Islands  ?  (See  Map, 
p.  10.)  14.  How  did  Gates  and  his  party  reach  Jamestown  ?  How  did  they  find  the 
colony  ?  What  followed  ? 


1613]  VIRGINIA  45 

15.  Lord    Delaware's    Administration. — They    were 
sailing  down  the  river  when  they  met   the  vessels  of  the 
new  governor,  Lord  Delaware,  who  had  arrived  with  more 
emigrants   and    supplies.     This  inspired    them  with  fresh 
hope  and  courage,  and  they  returned.     Under  Lord  Dela 
ware,    who    was   a   prudent    and    kind-hearted   man,    the 
colony  prospered.     The  idle  and  reckless  settlers  had  died, 
and  those  who  remained  seemed  disposed  to  work  and  be 
industrious.*     Unfortunately,    Lord    Delaware    was    soon 
compelled  by  ill-health  to  return  to  England,  leaving  the 
colony  to  be  ruled  by  a  deputy  (1610). 

16.  Marriage   of  Pocahontas — her   Death. — In    1613 
Pocahontas  was   married   to   a  young   Englishman  named 
John  Rolfe  (rolf).     This  event  had  the  effect  of  confirm 
ing   friendly  relations  with    Powhatan    and    his   tribe,  as 
well  as  with  some  of    the   neighboring  tribes  of  Indians. 
Three  years   after  her  marriage,  Pocahontas  was  taken  to 
England  by  her  husband,  where  she  was  received  as  a  prin 
cess,  being  presented  at    court,  and  treated  with   marked 
attention   by  all    classes.     When   about   to  return   to    her 
native   country,   she   suddenly  died,    leaving   a   son    from 
whom  are  descended  many  well-known  families  of  Virginia. 

17.  Cultivation  of  Tobacco. — At  first  the  settlers  cul- 

*  u  At  the  beginning  of  the  day,  they  assembled  in  the  little  church,  which  was  kept 
neatly  trimmed  with  the  wild  flowers  of  the  country  ;  next,  they  returned  to  their 
houses  to  receive  their  allowance  of  food.  The  settled  hours  of  labor  were  from  six  in 
the  morning  till  ten,  and  from  two  in  the  afternoon  till  four.  The  houses  were  warm 
and  secure,  covered  above  with  strong  boards,  and  matted  on  the  inside  after  the 
fashion  of  the  Indian  wigwams.1' — Bancroft. 


15.  Where  did  they  meet  the  fleet  of  Lord  Delaware  ?  What  followed  ?  What  is 
said  of  Delaware  ?  16.  To  whom  was  Pocahontas  married  ?  The  effect  of  the  mar 
riage  on  the  Indians  ?  Her  visit  to  England  ?  Her  death  ?  Her  descendants  ?  17» 
What  is  said  of  the  cultivation  of  tobacco  ? 


46  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1619 

tivated  the  land  in  common  ;  but  this  did  not  promote  in 
dustry,  and  it  was  found  best  to  give  each  man  a  few  acres 
to  till  for  himself.  The  cultivation  of  tobacco  commenced 
in  1615,  and  soon  became  the  general  pursuit.  There  were 
no  more  gold-seekers  ;  "  the  fields,  the  gardens,  the  public 
squares,  and  even  the  streets  of  Jamestown  were  planted 
with  tobacco,"  which  became  not  only  the  staple  product, 
but  served  as  money  for  the  colonists. 

18.  Legislative    Assembly. — The    real    prosperity    of 
Virginia  dates  from  the  arrival   of   Sir    George  Yeardley 
(yard'-le),  in  1619.     He  put  an  end   to  the  cruel  martial 
law,  by  which  the  colony  had  been  ruled,  and  established 
the  principles  of  free  government  by  permitting  the  colo 
nists  to  elect  their  own  legislature.     In  July,  1619,  dele 
gates  from  each  of  the  eleven  plantations  met  at  James 
town.     This  was  the  first  legislative  assembly  in  the  New 
World. 

19.  Introduction  of  Slavery — Slavery  was  introduced 
into  the  English  colonies  in  1619.     In  that  year  a  Dutch 
trading  vessel  from  Africa  sailed  up  the  James  River,  and 
landed  twenty  negroes,  who  were  sold  as  slaves  to  the  colo 
nists.*     The   cultivation   of    cotton    was   commenced    two 
years  after  (1621). 

*  "  These  negroes  the  planters  purchased  on  trial,  and  the  bargain  was  found  to  be 
so  good  that  in  a  short  time  negroes  came  to  be  in  great  demand  in  Virginia.  Nor 
were  the  planters  long  indebted  to  the  chance  visits  of  the  Dutch  ships  for  a  supply  of 
negro  laborers  ;  for  the  English  merchants  embarked  in  the  traffic,  and  instructed  the 
captains  of  their  vessels  visiting  the  African  coast  to  barter  for  negroes  as  well  as  for 
wax  and  elephants'  teeth.  .  .  .  Before  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  all 
Europe  was  implicated  in  the  buying  and  selling  of  negroes.11— Robert  Chambers. 


18.  Who  arrived  in  1619  ?    His  measures  ?    First  legislative  assembly  ?    19.  What 
was  introduced  in  1619  ?    In  what  way  ? 


1622]  VIRGINIA  47 

20.  Importation    of    "Wives — As   yet   there  were   but 
few  families  in  the  colony,  and  the  men  worked  only  with 
the  intention  of  amassing  enough  wealth  to  enable  them 
to  return  home.     In  1620,  the  treasurer  of  the  Company 
induced    one  hundred   and    fifty   young   women    of    good 
reputation   to   embark  for  Virginia.     The  young   planters 
eagerly  paid  one  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco  each  in  order 
to  obtain  a  wife,  that  being  at  first  the  expense  of  each 
woman's  passage.     Afterwards,  the  price  was  raised  to  one 
hundred  and  fifty  pounds.     Domestic  ties  soon  bound  the 
settlers  to  their  new  homes,  and  the  idea  of  returning  to 
England  was  abandoned. 

21.  Indian     Massacre. — About    this   time     Powhatan, 
the  father  of  Pocahontas,  died.     This  was  an  unfortunate 
event  for  the  colonists  ;   for  his  successor,  jealous  of  the 
increasing   numbers   of    the   white   settlers,  commenced  a 
war  against  them,  during  which,  in  one  day,  the  Indians 
massacred   about  three   hundred    and    fifty   men,   women, 
and  children  (March  22,  1622).     The  settlers,  in  return, 
slaughtered  great  numbers  of  the  savages,  and  drove  the 
rest  into  the  wilderness.     The  numbers  of  the  settlers  were 
greatly  reduced,    but   peace    was   secured   for    more    than 
twenty  years. 

22.  Virginia  a  Royal  Province. — The   London   Com 
pany  had  spent  vast  sums  of  money  in  the  settlement  of 
Virginia,  and  as  yet  had  received  but  very  slight  returns. 
The  king,  however,  becoming  displeased  with  the  manner 


20.  What  were  imported  in  1020  ?  How  paid  for  ?  What  effect  had  this  upon  the 
prosperity  of  the  colony  ?  21.  What  led  to  an  Indian  war  ?  Its  result  ?  22.  When 
and  how  did  Virginia  become  a  royal  province  ? 


48  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1624 

in  which  they  discussed  their  affairs  at  the  public  meetings, 
took  away  their  charter  ;  and  Virginia  thus  became  a  royal 
province  (1624). 

23.  Growth  of  the  Colony. — From  this  time  the  colony 
continued  to  prosper.     The  people  raised  large  quantities 
of  tobacco,  cotton,  and  corn,  which  they  exchanged  for  such 
goods  as  they  needed  from  England  and  other  countries. 
The  soil  was  very  fruitful,  and  the  climate  delightful  ;  so 
that  Virginia  was  said  to  be  "  the  best  poor  man's  country 
in  the  world."     In  1648,  the  population  amounted  to  20,000, 
notwithstanding  a  second    massacre  by  the   Indians  four 
years  before. 

24.  Virginia  during  the  English  Civil  War. — During 
the  great  civil  war  in  England  between  King  Charles  I. 
and  the  Parliament,  the  people  of  Virginia  were  generally 
on  the  side  of  the  king  ;  but  when  the  war  was  over,  and 
the   king  was   defeated  and   beheaded,   they  submitted  to 
the  forces  sent  by  Cromwell,  who  was  at  the  head  of  the 
English  government.     On  the  return  of  Charles  II.  to  the 
throne,  in   1660,  they  gladly  acknowledged  him.     On  ac 
count  of  their  faithfulness  to  the  royal  authority,  Virginia 
was  often  spoken  of  as  the  "  Old  Dominion/' 

25.  Oppressive  Measures  of  England. — The  colonists 
were  obliged  to  submit  to  many  oppressive  measures  on  the 
part  of  the  mother  country.     By  a  law  called  the  Naviga 
tion  Act,   they  were  forbidden  to   export  or  import  any 
goods  except  in  British  vessels,  and  they  were  not  allowed 

23.  Describe  the  growth  of  the  colony.  What  is  said  of  the  country  ?  What  was 
its  population  in  1648  ?  24.  What  happened  during  the  English  civil  war  ?  At  its 
close  ?  On  the  restoration  of  the  king  ?  What  was  Virginia  called  ?  25.  By  what 
measures  was  Virginia  oppressed  ?  To  what  did  they  lead  ? 


1670]  VIRGINIA  49 

to  ship  any  of  their  staple  products  to  any  country  except 
England.  This  law  caused  great  discontent  in  the  colony  ; 
and  was  the  means  of  exciting  a  rebellion  called  Bacon's 
Rebellion,  from  the  name  of  a  popular  leader,  Nathaniel 
Bacon. 

26.  Bacon's  Rebellion. — Sir  William  Berkeley  had  been 
governor  for  many  years,  and  had  been  quite  popular  ;  but 
the  people  became  dissatisfied  with  him  because,  he  carried 
out  so  strictly  the  oppressive  measures  of  England,  and  also 
because  he  took  no  sufficient  means  to  suppress  the  hostile 
attacks   of   the    Susquehanna   Indians.     In   1070,   a  large 
number  of  the  colonists  revolted  from  his  authority,  and 
set  up  a  government  under  Nathaniel  Bacon. 

27.  Death  of  Bacon. — During  the   civil  war  that  fol 
lowed,    Jamestown    was   burned,*   and    many    plantations 
were   laid   Avaste.     In   the   midst    of    it,    however,    Bacon 
died  ;   and    the  insurrection    immediately  ended,    his  fol 
lowers  laying  down  their  arms,  on  the  promise  of  a  general 
pardon.     Berkeley,  however,  was  very  severe  in  his  punish 
ment  of  the  rebels,  many  of  whom  were  executed  (1077). \ 

28.  Culpepper's  Administration. — In  1073,  Charles  II. 
granted  the  whole  of  Virginia  to  Lord  Culpepper  and  the 


*  "I  find  no  vestiges  of  the  ancient  town  (Jamestown),  except  the  ruins  of  a  church- 
steeple  and  a  disordered  group  of  old  tombstones.  The  ruin  of  the  steeple  is  about 
thirty  feet  high,  and  mantled  to  its  very  summit  with  ivy.1'—  Wm.  Wirt. 

t  "'More  blood  was  shed  than,  on  the  action  of  our  present  system,  would  be  shed 
for  political  offences  in  a  thousand  years.  'The  old  fool,'  said  the  kind-hearted 
Charles  II.,  alluding  to  Berkeley,  '  has  taken  away  more  lives  in  that  naked  country, 
than  I,  for  the  murder  of  my  father.1  ...  It  was  on  the  occasion  of  this  rebellion,  that 
English  troops  were  first  introduced  into  the  English  colonies  in  America." — Bancroft. 


26.  What  were  the  causes  of  Bacon's  Rebellion  ?  27.  What  occurred  during  the 
war  ?  How  did  it  end  ?  What  followed  ?  28.  To  whom  was  Virginia  granted  ?  How 
long  did  it  continue  under  Culpepper  ?  What  followed  ? 

4 


50  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1606 

Earl  of  Arlington,  two  of  his  favorites,  for  the  term  of 
thirty-one  years.  After  the  recall  of  Berkeley,  in  1677, 
Culpepper  assumed  the  government,  which  he  administered 
till  1684,  when  the  king  revoked  the  grant,  and  Virginia 
once  more  became  a  royal  province,  and  so  remained  till 
the  Revolution  in  1776. 


CHAPTER  V 
New  England 

I.  The  Plymouth  Company.  —  It  has  already  been 
stated  that  King  James,  in  1606,  granted  to  the  London 
Company  the  land  lying  between  the  thirty-fourth  and 
thirty-eighth  parallels,  called  South  Virginia,  this  being 
the  southern  part  of  the  territory  which  the  English 
claimed  on  account  of  the  discoveries  made  by  the  Cabots. 
The  northern  portion,  lying  between  the  forty-first  and  the 
forty-fifth  parallels,  he  granted  to  a  company  called  the 
Plymouth  Company.*  This  Company,  in  1607,  began  to 
form  a  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec  River, f 

*  "  This  patent  conveyed  a  grant  of  the  land  along  the  coast  for  fifty  miles,  on  each 
side  from  the  place  of  their  first  habitation,  and  extending  one  hundred  miles  into  the 
interior. ''"'—Edward  Everett. 

t  "Captain  George  Popham  was  their  president.  They  went  to  work  building  a 
fort,  storehouse,  dwellings,  and  even  a  vessel.  .  .  .  She  was  called  the 'Virginia,' and 
her  size  was  thirty  tons.  Her  first  voyage  was  made  the  next  year  to  Virginia,  and 
thence  to  England.  Therefore  the  Kennebec  River,  which  has  since  sent  out  so  many 
vessels,  has  the  honor  of  producing  the  first  vessel  built  by  English  hands  in  America.'" 
—  Varneifs  Hist,  of  Maine. 

"  The  first  decked  vessel  (having  a  full  deck)  built  within  the  limits  of  the  old  United 

Map  Questions.— (Map,  p.  53.)  Where  is  Cape  Cod  ?  Cnpe  Cod  Bay  ?  Plymouth? 
Salem  ?  Boston  ?  Little  Harbor  ?  Dover  ?  Merrimac  River  ?  Piscataqua  River  ? 
Providence  ? 

Text  Questions.— 1.  What  grant  was  made  to  the  Plymouth  Company  ?  What 
settlement  did  they  attempt  ? 


1614]  NEW  ENGLAND  51 

but  misfortunes  discouraged  the  settlers,  the  most  of  whom 
returned  to  England,  and  the  others  went  to  Jamestown, 
Virginia. 

2.  Smith's  Exploration. — After  this,  nothing  was  done 
till  1614,  when  Captain  John  Smith,  having  recovered  from 
the  injuries  which  he  had  received  in  Virginia,  went  on  a 
voyage  of  trade  and  discovery  to  the  region  near  Cape  Cod. 
He  explored  the  coast  from  the  cape  as  far  as  the  Penobscot 
Kiver,  and  called  the  whole  region  New  England* 

3.  The  Puritans.— There  were  at  that  time  in  England  a 
large  number  of  people  who  did  not  believe  that  it  was  right 
to  worship  God  in  the  manner  required  by  the  laws  of  the 
country,  and  as  they  were  very  strict  in  their  religious  no 
tions  and  mode  of  living,  they  were  nicknamed  Puritans. 
But  King  James  was  determined  that  all  should  attend  the 
parish  churches  as  provided  by  law,  and  would   not  allow 
any  of  the  people  to  choose  their  own  ministers  and  places 
of  worship,  as  many  thought  they  had  a  right  to  do. 

4.  The   result  was,  these   people  were   obliged   to   meet 
secretly,  often  at  night,  to  worship  as  they  thought  right, 
and   when  discovered,   they  were  punished,  sometimes  by 
imprisonment.     At  length  some  of  them  left  their  homes 

States,  of  which  we  have  any  accounts,  was  constructed  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson, 
within  the  present  limits  of  New  York,  during  the  summer  of  1614."—  Cooper's  Naval 
Hist.  U.  S. 

*  Smith  published  a  "  Description  of  New  England,"  which  was  printed  in  1616. 
This  contains  a  very  curious  and  interesting  map  of  the  country  which  he  explored. 
On  this  map  was  the  name  of  Plymouth.  "On  his  return  to  England,  Smith  was 
permitted  to  present  a  copy  of  his  map  and  of  a  journal  of  his  voyage  to  the  king's 
second  son,  afterwards  King  Charles  I.,  who,  at  his  solicitation,  gave  names,  princi 
pally  of  English  towns,  to  some  thirty  points  upon  the  coast." — Palfreifs  History  of 
New  England. 

2.  Who  explored  the  coast  of  New  England  ?  Give  an  account  of  it.  3.  Who  were 
the  Puritans  ?  Why  persecuted  ?  4.  What  did  some  of  them  do  ?  What  induced  them 
to  leave  Holland  ? 


52 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1620 


in  England  with  their  pastor,  John  Robinson,  and  lived 
for  a  time  in  Holland  ;  but  hearing  of  the  newly-discovered 
lands  beyond  the  ocean,  and  thinking  that  in  such  a  coun- 


GERMAN 
O  C  BAN 


h,/  rfX 


try  they  could  live,  and  worship  God,   in  entire  freedom, 
they  resolved  to  go  there. 

5.  Sailing  of  the  Mayflower. — After  much  trouble,  they 
obtained  a  grant  from  the  London  Company  ;  and  leaving 
their  pastor,  as  many  as  could  be  provided  with  quarters  in 

5.  Tn  what  vessel  did  they  sail  from  Holland  ?  Whom  did  they  leave  in  Holland  ? 
What  port,  in  England,  did  they  reach  ?  With  how  many  and  what  vessels  did  they 
sail  from  Southampton?  Why.  did  they  not  continue  their  voyage  to  America  ?  To 
what  port  after  leavinir  Southampton  did  they  go  ?  (See  map  above.)  With  how  many 
vessels  t'.id  they  leave  Dartmouth  ?  With  how  many  and  what,  Plymouth  ? 


1G20] 


NEW  ENGLAND 


53 


the  ship  left  Holland  in  a  vessel  called  the  Speedwell,  and 
sailed  to  Southampton,  in  England.  There  they  were 
joined  by  some  other  Puritans,  in  a  vessel  called  the  May- 


MAP  OF  VICINITY  OF  MASSACHUSETTS  BAT 

flower  ;  and  the  two  ships  soon  set  sail,  but  had  not  gone 
far  when  the  Speedwell  was  found  to  need  repairs,  and 
they  were  compelled  to  return.  At  last,  after  putting  back 
a  second  time,  and  leaving  the  Speedwell  at  Plymouth, 
they  sailed  from  that  port  in  their  only  ship  the  Mayflower 
(Sept.  1C,  1620). 

6.   The  number  of  the  Pilgrims  *  was  about  one  hundred, 

*  The  Pilgrims,  or  Pilgrim  Fathers,  as  they  are  often  called,  belonged  to  a  sect  of 
the  Puritans  called  Independents,  who  believed  in  an  entire  separation  from  the  Church 
of  England.  Others  were  opposed  only  to  its  ceremonies,  mode  of  government,  and 
form  of  prayers. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


[1620 


men,,  women,  and  children.*  The  most  noted  among  them 
were  John  Carver,,  whom  they  afterward  chose  as  their  first 
governor;  "William  Brewster,  their  elder;  Miles  Standish, 
their  military  leader;  William  Bradford,  and  Edward  Wins- 
low.  After  a  voyage  of  about  two  months,  they  reached  the 
coast  near  Cape  Cod,  having  been  carried  considerably  north 
of  the  place  at  which  they  had  intended  to  land  (Nov.  19).  f 


ATTACKED   BY   THE   NATIVES 

7.    Exploration     of    the 

.     \sjst    ^      ^ 

Country — As  it  was  late  in 
the  season,  and  they  were  exhausted  by  their  long  voyage, 
they  determined  to  seek  a  landing  place  without  further 

*  One  died  during  the  voyage,  and  one  was  born.  "  So  there  were  just  one  hundred 
and  one  who  sailed  from  Plymouth  in  England,  and  just  as  many  arrived  in  Cape  Cod 
harbor."— Prince's  Hist,  of  New  England, 

t  "After  they  had  discovered  land,  they  were  altogether  ignorant  where  it  was." — 
HubbarcTs  Hist,  of  New  England. 

6.  How  many  sailed  ?    Who  were  the  leaders  ?    What  is  said  of  their  voyage  ? 


1620]  NEW  ENGLAND  .    55 

delay.  They  therefore  sailed  into  Cape  Cod  Bay,  and  sent 
out  a  party  in  a  small  boat  to  select  a  place  for  their  set 
tlement.  Some  of  these  were  sent  inland,  while  the  others 
cruised  along  the  shore.  It  was  a  dismal  country,  being 
covered  with  pine  forests ;  and  the  explorers  only  caught  a 
distant  glimpse  of  the  natives,  who  fled  from  them.  Once, 
however,  they  were  attacked,  but  they  soon  dispersed  the 
savages.*  It  was  only  after  a  month's  search  that  they 
found  a  fit  place  for  their  settlement. 

8.  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims. — They  selected  a  harbor 
which,  on  Smith's  map,  was  called  Plymouth  ;  and  they 
also  called  the  place  Plymouth. f  They  landed  on  the  21st 
of  December,  1G20,|  having  previously,  in  the  cabin  of  the 
Mayflower,  drawn  up  a  body  of  laws  which  they  made  a 
solemn  vow  to  obey.  The  character  of  the  Pilgrims  was 
well  suited  to  such  an  undertaking.  They  were  earnest 
and  devoted  men,  ready  to  brave  all  dangers  and  endure 
any  hardships  in  the  performance  of  their  duty  and  in 
defense  of  their  religion. 

*  "  The  following  morning,  at  daylight,  they  had  just  ended  their  prayers,  and  were 
preparing  breakfast  at  their  camp  on  the  beach,  when  they  heard  a  yell,  and  a  flight  of 
arrows  fell  among  them.  The  assailants  turned  out  to  be  thirty  or  forty  Indians,  who, 
being  fired  upon,  retired.  Neither  side  had  been  harmed.  A  number  of  the  arrows 
were  picked  up,  'some  whereof  were  headed  with  brass,  others  with  hart's  horn,  and 
others  with  eagle's  claws.'  " — Palfrey^s  History  of  Neiv  England. 

t  "All  landed  at  a  place  which  they  called  Plymouth,  in  grateful  remembrance  of 
the  last  town  they  left  in  their  native  country."— Hannah  Adams's  N.  E.  Hist.  (Pub 
lished  in  1799). 

It  is  by  no  means  certain  that  the  Pilgrims  had  ever  seen  Smith's  map. 

$  By  the  old  style  of  reckoning  it  was  Dec.  11.  When  the  practice  of  celebrating  the 
anniversary  of  Plymouth  began,  in  1769,  eleven,  instead  of  ten  days  were  erroneously 
added  to  the  recorded  date,  to  accommodate  it  to  the  corrected  calendar,  adopted  in 
England  in  1752.  This  led  to  the  custom  of  celebrating  the  anniversary  on  the  22d  day 
of  December. 


7.  What  exploration  was  made  ?    Describe  the  country.    8.  Where  did  the  Pilgrims 
land  ?    When  ?    What  is  said  of  their  character  ? 


56  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1620 

9.  Their  First  Winter — During  the  first  winter  their 
sufferings  were  dreadful.     With  no  houses  but  the  few  rude 
log-cabins  which  they  had  hastily  constructed,  and  which 
scarcely   protected    them   from   the   intense   cold,    with  a 
scanty  supply  of  food,  and  enduring  so  much  fatigue  and 
hardship,  it  is  no  wonder  that  many  should  have  perished. 
By  spring  only  about  one-half  of  their  number  were  living. 
Among  those  who  had  died  were  Governor  Carver  and  his 
wife.     Their  second  governor  was  William  Bradford. 

10.  Treaties  with  the  Indians. — At  first  they  were  in 
fear  of  the  Indians,  who  were  sometimes  seen  lurking  in  the 

woods,  but  fled  as  soon  as  the  English 
approached  them.  One  day,  however, 
an  Indian,  to  their  surprise,  boldly  en 
tered  the  settlement,  and  exclaimed, 
"Welcome,  Englishmen!"  This  was  a 
chief  named  Samoset,  who  had  picked 
up  a  little  knowledge  of  English  among 
the  fishermen  on  the  coast  of  Maine.  In 
AX  INDIAN  WARRIOR  a  few  ^yg  Massasoit  (mas-sa-soif),  the 
great  chief  of  the  Wam-pan-o'-ags,  came  with  a  number  of 
his  warriors  to  pay  the  strangers  a  friendly  visit.  The 
Pilgrims  made  a  treaty  with  the  chief,  and  afterward  with 
Ca-non'-i-cus,  the  chief  of  the  Nar-ra-gan'-setts.* 

*  At  first  Canonicus  was  inclined  to  be  hostile.  lie  sent  to  Plymouth  a  bundle  of 
arrows,  bound  with  a  rattlesnake's  skin,  this  being  the  Indian  mode  of  declaring  war. 
Governor  Bradford  filled  the  skin  with  powder  and  ball,  and  sent  it  back.  Canonicns 
took  it  for  a  fatal  charm  ;  and  the  superstitious  Indians  passed  it  from  village  to  vil 
lage,  till  it  came  back  to  Plymouth.  They  did  not  dare  to  touch  it. 

9.  Describe  their  sufferings  the  first  winter.  How  many  survived  ?  Who  were 
among  the  deceased  ?  Who  was  the  second  governor  ?  10.  What  was  the  conduct  cf 
the  Indians  ?  Describe  Samoset's  visit.  What  treaties  were  made  ? 


1629]  NEW  ENGLAND  57 

11.  Growth  of  the  Plymouth  Colony. — For  some  time 
the  settlers  suffered  greatly  for  the  want  of  provisions  ;  and 
it  was  not  until  the  lands  were  divided  among  the  settlers 
that  the  colony  commenced  to  prosper.*     Their  numbers 
did  not  increase  fast,  for  only  good  and  pious  men  were  de 
sired  to  join  them.     Ten  years  after  their  settlement  they 
obtained  a  grant  of  the  land  which  they  occupied,  from  the 
Council  of  Plymouth,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  powers  and 
rights  of  the  Plymouth   Company.     The  colony,   at  that 
time,  numbered  about  three  hundred  persons. 

12.  As  the  Puritans  were  still  persecuted  in  England, 
very  many  desired  to  seek*  freedom  in  the  wilds  of  New 
England.     Some  of  these  obtained   from  the   Council   of 
Plymouth  a  grant  of  land  lying  north  of  the   Plymouth 
Colony,  and  bordering  on  Massachusetts  Bay  ;  and  in  1628 
a  number  of  persons  came  out  under  John  En'-di-cott,  and 
settled  at  a  place  which  they  called  Salem.     Others  soon 
followed,   settling  at  Salem  and   Charlestown.     This  was 
the   commencement  of   the   Massachusetts   Bay   Colony,  a 
charter   being   granted   by   Charles  I.   the  following  year 
(1629). 

13.  Settlement  of  Boston. — Men  of  fortune  and  intel 
ligence  were  induced  to  emigrate  to  the  colony  by  obtaining 
the  right  to  manage   the  government  free  from   the  con 
trol    of   the  Company  in   England.     John  Winthrop  was 

*  "  In  August,  1623,  the  colony  of  New  Plymouth  remained  as  yet  very  feeble.  The 
best  dish  that  could  be  set  before  the  third  supply  of  colonists,  about  sixty  in  number, 
was  a  lobster,  a  piece  of  fish,  and  a  cup  of  '  fair  spring  water.'  As  to  bread,  there  was 
none  in  the  colony.11— Hildreth. 

11.  What  is  said  of  the  growth  of  the  colony  ?  What  grant  did  they  obtain  in  1C30  ? 
Their  numbers  then  ?  12.  What  led  to  the  settlement  of  Salem  ?  What  other  settle 
ments  were  made  ?  13.  Who  settled  Boston  ?  Why  so  called  ?  Its  Indian  name  ? 


lllSTOHY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1630 

chosen  the  first  governor  of  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  ; 
and  in  1630  he  came  out  with  about  three  hundred  fami 
lies,  intending  to  settle  at 
Charlestown  ;  but  as  the  place 
was  found  to  be  wanting  in 
good  water,  they  removed  to  a 
little  peninsula,  called  by  the 
Indians  Shawmut,*  but  which 
the  settlers  called  Boston,  in 
memory  of  Boston  in  England, 
from  which  many  of  them  had 
emigrated,  f 

14.  This  colony,  after  a 
short  time,  was  very  prosper 
ous.];  Dorchester,  Roxbury,§ 

Lynn,  and  other  places  near  Boston,  were  settled  in  1G30  ; 
and,  in  a  short  time,  the  whole  coast  region  lying  between 
Plymouth  Colony  and  the  Merrimac  was  dotted  with  thriv 
ing  settlements.  For  a  time  the  voters  of  the  colony  met 

*  This  word  signified  "living  fountains,"  from  the  excellent  water  found  at  the 
place.  The  English  called  it  Trimont  (now  Tremont),  from  its  three  principal  hills, 
afterwards  named  Copp'e,  Beacon,  and  Fort,  or,  as  some  suppose,  from  the  three 
peaks  of  Beacon  Hill.  The  first  settler  at  this  place  was  an  eccentric  person  named 
William  Blackstone. 

t  "  At  this  time  (1630),  there  was  a  feeble  colony  in  Virginia  ;  a  very  small  Dutch 
settlement  in  New  York  ;  a  population  of  about  three  hundred  at  Plymouth  ;  about  as 
many  more  English  inhabitants  divided  between  Salem  and  Charlestown  ;  a  few 
settlers  scattered  up  and  down  the  coast,  and  all  the  rest  a  vast  wilderness,  the  covert 
of  wild  beasts  and  savages.1"— Edward  Everett. 

%  During  1630,  at  least  fifteen  hundred  persons  came  from  England.  In  ten  years 
not  less  than  twenty  thousand  had  been  brought  over.  In  1674  there  were  at  least 
fifteen  hundred  families  in  the  town  of  Boston,  and  the  population  of  New  England 
was  probably  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand. 

§  Dorchester,  Roxbury,  and  Charlestown  are  now  parts  of  the  city  of  Boston. 

14.  What  other  places  were  settled  ?  Describe  their  mode  of  government.  What 
restrictive  law  was  made  ? 


JOHN  WINTHROP 


1635]  ##TP  ENGLAND  59 

at  Boston  and  selected  their  magistrates;  but  as  the  popu 
lation  increased,  they  chose  their  representatives  to  meet 
as  a  "General  Court"  for  the  purpose  of  making  laws, 
levying  taxes,  and  performing  other  acts  of  government. 
Among  the  laws  made,  was  one  which  confined  the  right 
to  vote  and  hold  office  to  those  who  belonged  to  some  Con 
gregational  Church. 

15.  Roger  Williams. — But   there  was  a  brave  and  elo 
quent  young  minister  who  resisted  this  law  as  unjust  and 
unwise.     He  maintained   that  all  should   enjoy  their  civil 
rights   as   citizens   and  freemen,  whatever  their  religious 
opinions  might  be,  and  that  the  government  had  no  right 
to  restrict  the  liberty  of  conscience.     Although  the  Puritans 
had  suffered  so  much  from  religious  persecution  in  England, 
they  could  not   assent  to  this  doctrine  ;  and  consequently 
Roger  Williams  was   banished  from  the  colony  (1635).     A 
Mrs.  Hutchinson,  who  persisted  in  holding  meetings  of  her 
own  sex,  and  asserting  similar  opinions,  was  also  banished. 
About  twenty  years  later,  the  Quakers,  who  attempted  to 
settle   in   this  colony,  were   expelled  for  a  similar  reason 
(1656).* 

16.  Harvard  College. — In  1636,  the  General  Court  at 
Boston  appropriated  about  two  thousand  dollars  to  found  a 
public  school  or  college  ;  and,  two  years  afterward,  the  Rev. 


*  "  Some  who  had  been  banished  came  a  second  time  ;  they  were  imprisoned, 
whipped,  and  once  more  sent  away."  Four  were  executed;  but  the  severity  of  the 
laws  produced  a  reaction  in  public  feeling,  and  the  Quakers  at  last  were  allowed  to 
enjoy  their  opinions  in  peace. 


15.  Who  was  Roger  Williams  ?  His  opinions?  What  punishment  was  inflicted 
upon  him  ?  Who  else  was  banished  ?  What  other  persecution  occurred  ?  16.  What 
led  to  the  foundation  of  Harvard  College  ?  Its  location  ? 


60 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


[1636 


John  Harvard  bequeathed  upwards  of  three  thousand  dollars 
to  the  institution,  which,  in  his  honor,  was  named  Harvard 
College.  It  is  located  at  Cambridge,  near  Boston. 

Rhode  Island 

17.  Settlement  of  Providence — Roger  Williams,  after 
his   banishment   from   Massachusetts,  sought  refuge  with 

the  Narragansett  Indians,  among 
whom  he  remained  for  several 
months.  lie  then  fixed  his  habi 
tation  at  a  spot  which  he  had 
purchased  from  the  Indians,  and 
which  he  named  Providence,*  in 
memory  of  "  God's  merciful  provi 
dence  to  him  in  his  distress.'' 
Numbers  nocked  there  to  make 

their  home  with  him,  for. he  proclaimed  entire  freedom  in 
civil  and  religious  rights.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the 
little  State  of  Rhode  Island  (1C3G). 

18.  Rhode  Island  Plantation.— In  1637,  William  Cod- 
dington  and  others  accepted  an  invitation  from  Williams 
to  settle  near  him  ;  for  they,  too,  were  dissatisfied  with  the 
religious  intolerance  at  Boston.     Coddington  and  his  com 
panions  bought  from  the  Indians  the  beautiful  island  called 

*  William  Blackstone,  the  first  settler  at  Shawmut,  who  had  pointed  out  to  Winthrop 
and  his  companions  the  advantages  of  that  place,  had,  before  the  settlement  of  Provi 
dence,  migrated  to  the  banks  of  the  river  now  called  after  him,  being  dissatisfied  with 
the  "  Lord's  brethren  "  in  Boston,  as  he  said.  There  Williams  found  him  engaged  in 
preaching  to  the  Indians,  and  the  two  men  often  held  communion  with  each  other. 
Blackstone  planted  the  first  apple  orchard  in  Rhode  Island. 


SEAL   OF   RHODE   ISLAND 


17.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  Providence.    Why  so  called  ?     18.  What 
other  colony  was  established  ?    What  purchase  was  made  from  the  Indians  ? 


1622]  NEW  ENGLAND  61 

Rhode  Island  (1638),*  for  forty  fathoms  of  white  wampum, 
worth  about  one  hundred  dollars.  Here  they  formed  settle 
ments  afterwards  known  as  the  Rhode  Island  Plantation ; 
while  those  of  Williams  were  called  the  Providence  Plan 
tation. 

19.  Union  of  the  Settlements. — This  whole  region  was 
afterwards  claimed  by  the  Plymouth  Colony  ;  but  Williams 
went  to  England  and  obtained  a  free  charter,  whereby  the 
two  settlements  of  Rhode  Island  were  united,  in  1044,  under 
one  government. 

New  Hampshire 

20.  First    Settlements.— The    Council    of     Plymouth, 
in    1022,  granted   to   Ferdinand 

Gorges  (gor-'jez)  and  John  Mason, 
two  of  its  members,  all  that  por 
tion  of  New  England  that  extends 
from  the  Merrimac  to  the  Ken- 
nebec,  "and  this  was  called  La-co'- 
nia."  The  next  year  emigrants, 
sent  out  by  them,  settled  at 
Little  Harbor,  near  the  present  SEAL  Or  NEW  HAMPSHIRE 
town  of  Portsmouth,  and  at 
Dover.  These  were  the  first  settlements  in  this  region. 

21.  Grant  of  New  Hampshire. — In  1029,  Mason  ob- 

*  "An  island  of  a  reddish  appearance  was  observed  lying  in  the  bay  ;  this  was 
known  to  the  Dutch  as  Rhode,  or  Red  Island.  Hence  the  name  of  the  island  and 
State  of  Rhode  Island.11 — firodheacT s  History  of  New  York. 

19.  When  and  how  were  the  two  settlements  united  ?  20.  What  grant  was  made 
in  1G22  ?  What  was  the  region  called?  What  settlements  were  made?  21.  What 
grant  was  made  to  Mason  ?  What  name  did  he  give  to  it  ?  Why  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  other  portion  of  Laconia  ? 


62 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1641 


PORTSMOUTH  AND  VICINITY 


tained  a  separate  grant  to  himself 
of  the  region  lying  between  the 
Merrimac  and  the  Pis-cat'-a-qua, 
and  extending  sixty  miles  into  the 
interior.  To  this  new  province 
was  given  the  name  of  New 
Hampshire,  after  the  county  in 
England  in  which  Mason  had 
lived.  Gorges  retained  his  right 

to  the  other  portion  of  the  original  tract,  which  received 

the  name  of  Maine.* 

22.  Subsequent  History. — A  number  of  fishing  settle 
ments  were  made  in  these   territories,  but  they  were   too 
scattered  to  form  any  general   government.     In  1641,  the 
people  of  the  different  settlements  placed  themselves  under 
the  government  and   protection  of  Massachusetts ;  but  in 
1680  the  two  colonies  were  separated  by  order  of  the  king, 
and   New    Hampshire   became  a  royal   province.      Twice, 
after  this,  it  was  united  to  Massachusetts  ;  but  from   1741 
to  the  Revolution  it  remained  an  independent  colony. 

Connecticut 

23.  First  Settlements.— The  valley  of  the  Connecticut 
River  was   soon   discovered   to   be  a  fertile    and    pleasant 

*  Authors  do  not  agree  as  to  how  and  when  Maine  received  its  name.  One  writer 
says  :  "  It  was  called  the  Main  land,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  islands  along  the  coast, 
which  were  valuable  for  fishing  purposes."  Varney,  in  his  History  of  Maine,  says  : 
"  In  1639,  Gorges  procured  a  royal  grant  of  land  extending  from  the  Piscataqua  to  the 
Kennebec.  The  name  of  the  territory  under  the  new  charter  was  changed  to  Maine, 
in  honor  of  the  Queen  (Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of  Charles  I.),  whose  patrimonial  estate, 
as  Princess  of  France,  was  the  French  province  of  Mayne." 

22.  What  is  said  of  the  settlements  in  these  lands  ?  How  were  they  governed  be 
tween  1641  and  1780  ?  Were  they  again  under  the  government  of  Massachusetts  ? 
When  finally  separated  ? 


1633]  NEW  ENGLAND  63 

region  ;  and  the  Dutch,,  who  had  established  trading-posts 

on  the  Hudson  River,,  eagerly  desired  to  take  possession  of 

it.     In    1633,    they    built    a    fort 

where    Hartford    now    stands,,    in 

order   to   trade   with    the   Indians 

for    their    furs.       This  post    they 

called  Good  Hope. 

24.  The  same  year,,  a  company 
from    Plymouth,     under    Captain 
Holmes,  sailed  up  the  river,  and 

passing    the    Dutch   fort,  built  a  SEAL  OF  CONNECTICUT 

trading-house    at   Windsor,  seven 

miles  above.  Two  years  after  this  (1635),  a  company  of 
sixty  men,  women,  and  children  journeyed  from  Massachu 
setts  through  the  wilderness  to  the  valley  of  the  Connecti 
cut,  and  settled  at  Windsor,  Hartford,  and  Wethersfield. 
The  next  year  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hooker  conducted  a  large 
company  of  emigrants  from  Newtown  (now  Cambridge), 
near  Boston,  and  settled  chiefly  at  Hartford.*  Springfield, 
in  Massachusetts,  on  the  Connecticut,  was  settled  by  a  few 
of  these  emigrants. 

25.  At  about  the  same  time,  a  colony  was  planted  at  the 

*  The  journey  was  made  in  June,  1636.  Guided  only  by  the  compass,  a  party  of 
one  hundred  men,  women,  and  children  toiled  through  the  wilderness,  where  there 
were  no  roads,  nor  for  hundreds  of  miles  a  single  house  at  which  they  might  obtain  a 
night's  shelter.  In  the  company  were  women  with  infants  in  their  arms,  and  little 
children  scarcely  able  to  walk.  Their  chief  food  was  the  milk  of  the  herds  and  flocks 
which  they  drove  before  them.  Hooker  was  an  English  clergyman,  very  earnest  and 
eloquent,  whom  Governor  Winthrop  had  persuaded  to  come  to  the  colonies.  An  old 
writer  said  of  him,  "He  is  the  one  rich  pearl  with  which  England  more  than  repaid 
America  for  the  treasures  from  her  coast." 


23.  What  is  said  of  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  ?  What  fort  was  built  by  the 
Dutch  ?  Its  name  ?  24.  Settlement  of  Windsor  ?  Describe  the  next  emigration. 
Describe  Hooker's  emigration.  What  settlements  were  made  ? 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1638 


mouth  of  the  Connecticut  River,  under  a  grant  obtained 
from  the  Council  of  Plymouth  by  Lord  Say-and-Seal  and 
Lord  Brooke,  and  was  named  in  their  honor  Saybrook.  A 
third  colony  was  established  in  Connecticut  in  1638,  called 


the  New  Haven  Colony.  This  was  founded  by  a  large 
body  of  emigrants  who  came  from  England  under  the 
guidance  of  Theophilus  Eaton,  a  man  of  large  fortune,  and 
John  Davenport,  a  distinguished  Puritan  minister.  They 
purchased  from  the  Indians  all  the  land  lying  between  the 

Map  Questions. — (Map,  p.  64.)  Into  what  body  of  water  docs  the  Connecticut 
River  flow  ?  Where  is  Hartford  ?  Windsor  ?  Wethersfield  ?  New  Haven  ?  Say- 
brook  ?  Long  Island  ?  (Map,  p.  53.)  Swanzey  ?  Mt.  Hope  ? 

Text  Questions.— 25.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  Saybrook.  When  and 
by  whom  was  the  New  Haven  Colony  established  ?  What  lands  did  they  purchase 
from  the  Indians  ?  Where  were  settlements  planted  ?  Who  was  the  governor  of  New 
Haven  ?  For  what  period  ? 


1637]  NEW  ENGLAND.  65 

Connecticut  Eiver  and  the  line  that  now  separates  New 
York  and  New  England,  and  planted  various  settlements 
not  only  in  this  territory,  but  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Sound,,  on  Long  Island.  For  twenty  successive  years 
Eaton  was  elected  governor  of  New  Haven. 

26.  Pequod   War. — These  settlers  had    come  to  a  de 
lightful  region,,  but  they  were  surrounded  by  perils.     Their 
neighbors,    the  Dutch,    were  unfriendly,  for  they  looked 
upon   them  as  intruders  ;    but  their   worst  foes  were  the 
nostile  tribe  of  Indians  called  the  Pe '-quods.     With  these, 
in  1637,  they  were  compelled  to  wage  a  fierce  war,  during 
which  they  endured  terrible   hardships;   but  Indian  cun 
ning  and  ferocity  were  no  match  for  European  courage  and 
skill,   and   the  tribe  was  destroyed.*     The  very  name  of 
Pequods  in  a  short  time  ceased  to  be  mentioned. f 

27.  Union  of  the  Connecticut  Colonies.  —  Three  col 
onies  at  first  occupied  the  territory  now  known   as  Con 
necticut  :    the    Connecticut    Colony,    embracing   Windsor, 
Hartford,  and  Wethersfield,  the  people  of  which  acknowl 
edged    the    authority    of    Massachusetts  ;     the    Saybrook 
Colony  ;  and  the  New  Haven  Colony.     In  1644,  Saybrook 
was  united  to  Connecticut.     Then  there  were  two  colonies, 

*  When  this  war  first  broke  out,  Roger  Williams,  hearing  that  the  Pequod  ambassa 
dors  were  urging  the  Narragansetts  to  join  them,  crossed  the  bay  in  a  small  canoe, 
and  hastened  to  the  Indian  camp  to  persuade  them  to  remain  friends  of  the  English. 
The  Narragansett  chiefs  greatly  esteemed  him,  and  heeded  his  wise  and  eloquent 
words. 

t  Sas'-sa-cus,  their  chief,  fled  to  the  Mohawks,  and  was  put  to  death  by  them. 
Those  who  were  taken  prisoners  were  made  slaves  or  dispersed  among  the  Narragan 
setts  and  Mohegans.  The  fate  of  the  Pequods  was  a  terrible  lesson  to  the  other  Indian 
tribes. 


26.  What  perils  encompassed  the  settlers  ?    With  whom  did  they  make  war  ?   What 
was  the  result  ?    27.  What  three  colonies  were  there  at  first  in  Connecticut  ?    Which 
were  united  in  1644  ?    Which  in  1665  ? 
5 


THE  DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  PEQ.UOD  VILLAGE 


1643]  NEW  ENGLAND  67 

Connecticut  and  New  Haven,  which,  in  1665,  were  formed 
into  one,  under  a  royal  charter  granted  by  Charles  II., 
King  of  England.  _  ^ 

Other  Events  in  New  England 

28.  Union  of  the  New  England  Colonies. — The  first 
union  of  any  of  the  American  colonies  took  place  in  1643. 
In  that  year,  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and 
New  Haven  agreed  to  unite  in  order  to  protect  themselves 
against  the  hostilities  of  the  Dutch  and  the  French,  and 
the  attacks  of  the  Indians.     Rhode  Island  being  claimed 
by  Plymouth  was  not  admitted  into  this  union.     It  lasted 
for  nearly  fifty  years. 

29.  The  New  England  colonies  prized  very  highly  the 
charters  which  they  had   received,  and  were   in  constant 
anxiety  lest  the  English   king   should   take   them   away. 
When  James  II.  came  to  the  throne,  he  took  measures  to 
bring  all  these  colonies  under  the  royal  authority.     With 
this  purpose,  he  appointed  Sir  Edmund  Andros  governor 
of  all  New  England,  and  afterward  of  New  York  and  New 
Jersey. 

30.  Andros  landed  in  Boston  in  1686,  bringing  with  him 
two  companies  of  English  soldiers, — the  first  sent  to  New 
England.     He  at  once  assumed  the  government  of  the  colo 
nies  and  annexed  Plymouth  and  Rhode  Island  to  Massa 
chusetts.     He  soon  afterward  appeared,   with   a  company 

28.  What  was  the  first  union  of  American  colonies  ?  What  was  its  object  ?  What 
colony  was  not  admitted  ?  Why  ?  How  long  did  the  union  last  ?  29.  What  caused 
anxiety  to  the  New  England  colonies  ?  What  did  James  II.  do  ?  What  appointment 
did  he  make  ?  30.  State  the  proceedings  of  Andros.  What  took  place,  at  Hartford  ? 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1687 


of  troops,  before  the  Connecticut  Assembly  at  Hartford, 
and  demanded  that  the  charter  of  the  colony  should  be 
given  up. 

31.  A  discussion  arose,  which  was  continued  to  nightfall, 

AV  hen  the 
charter  was 
brought  in  and 
laid  on  the 
table.  Andros 
stepped  for 
ward  to  take 
it,  when  in 
stantly  the 
lights  were  put 
out;  and  when 
the  candles 
were  relight 
ed,  the  charter 
had  disap 
peared.  It  had  been  carried  away  and  hidden  in  the 
hollow  of  a  large  oak  tree,  which  was  afterward  called  the 
Charter  Oak  (November  10,  1G87). 

32.  The  people  suffered  very  much  from  the  tyranny  of 
Andros  and  his  officers,  until  King  William  of  Orange 
came  to  the  throne  of  England,  when  they  seized  their 
hateful  governor  and  some  of  his  associates,  and  sent  them 
to  England  to  answer  for  their  misdeeds.  The  colonies 
then  resumed  their  former  modes  of  government ;  and  the 

31.  How  was  the  charter  taken  away  ?    Where  was  it  concealed  ?    32.  How  were 
the  people  released  from  the  government  of  Andros  ?    What  took  place  afterward  ? 


THE   CHARTER   OAK 


1687] 


ENGLAND 


69 


charter  of  Connecticut  was  taken  from  its  hiding-place  in 
the  hollow  oak. 

33.  King  Philip's  War. — About  forty  years  after  the 


V 


SETTLERS    ATTACKED    BY    INDIANS 


Pequod  War,  another  fierce  Indian  war  broke  out  in  New 
England,  known  as  King  Philip's  War.  King  Philip,  as 
he  was  called  by  the  English,  was  the  son  and  successor  of 
Massasoit,  who  had  been  the  fast  friend  of  the  colonists. 
But  the  whites  had  now  greatly  increased  in  number,  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1675 

whole  population  in  New  England  being  about  sixty  thou 
sand,  while  the  Indians  were  only  half  that  number.* 

34-  Between  Narragansett  Bay  and  Plymouth  were  the 
Wam-pa-no'-ags,  of  which  tribe  Philip  was  the  chief  ;  and 
the  farms  and  villages  of  the  whites  were  rapidly  encroach 
ing  upon  the  hunting-grounds  of  this  tribe.     Philip  had 
expressed  a  desire  to  check  this  ;  and  a  converted  Indian, 
who  had  lived  for  a  time  among  the  tribe,  told  the  col 
onists  of   his   hostile   designs.     This    man   was   afterward 

f  found  murdered,   and  three  of  Philip's  men  were  seized, 
and  hanged  for  the  crime. 

35-  Philip  and  his  men,  thirsting  for  revenge,  at  once 
commenced  the  war  (1675),  and  burned  Swanzey,  one  of 
the  Plymouth  towns.     The  alarm  was  given,  and  he  was 
pursued  by  a  force  from  Plymouth  and  Boston,  as  far  as 
his  home  at  Mount  Hope,  which  he  was  forced  to  abandon, 
seeking  safety  in  a  swamp.     The  savages  becoming  des 
perate,  then  burnt  village  after  village,  an.d  carried  death 
and  desolation  throughout  the  country. f 

*  The  Indians  were  much  more  to  be  feared  than  in  the  time  of  the  Pequods  ;  for 
many  of  them  had  guns  and  ammunition  instead  of  bows  and  arrows,  and  hatchets 
and  knives  of  steel  instead  of  the  rude  weapons  made  of  stone  or  bone  which  they 
formerly  used.  Many  of  them  had  become  skillful  marksmen. 

t  The  colonists  led  a  fearful  life  during  this  war.  No  house  was  safe  from  an 
attack,  and  no  person  could  walk  out  without  danger  of  being  murdered.  Often,  as 
the  farmer  opened  his  door  in  the  morning,  he  was  shot  dead  by  a  savage  lurking  be 
hind  the  fence  or  the  barn,  and  his  family  were  either  tomahawked  and  scalped,  or 
carried  away  captives  into  the  wilderness,  where  they  suffered  the  most  dreadful  hard 
ships.  Many  singular  stories  are  told  of  an  almost  miraculous  escape  from  massacre 
by  villages  and  households.  One  Sabbath  morning^  while  the  people  of  Hadley  were 
at  worship  in  the  village  church,  a  tall  and  venerable  man,  a  stranger  to  them,  ap 
peared,  and  told  them  that  the  savages  were  coming.  He  then  put  himself  at  the  head 

33.  When  did  another  Indian  war  break  out  ?  Its  cause  ?  What  was  the  popula 
tion  of  New  England  at  the  time  ?  34.  Where  did  the  Wampanoags  dwell  ?  What 
caused  ill-feeling  among  them  ?  What  brought  on  the  war  ?  35.  What  were  the  first 
events  of  the  war  ? 


1692]  NEW  ENGLAND  ?1 

36.  The  Narragansetts,  being  suspected  of  giving  aid  to 
the  hostile  tribe,  were  attacked,  and  almost  destroyed.     At 
last  King  Philip  was  tracked  to  his  hiding-place,  and  shot 
by  an  Indian  of  his  own  tribe.*      This  closed   the  war, 
after   it   had    continued   about  fourteen    months,    during 
which    more    than    six    hundred 

men  in  the  prime  of  life  had  fallen 
in  battle,  and  nearly  twenty  vil 
lages  had  been  burned,  f 

37.  The  Salem  Witchcraft.— 
In    1692,    in    the    little    town    of 
Salem,    two    young   girls,    in    the 
family  of    a  clergyman,   were   at 
tacked   with  a   Strange  illneSS,  and  SEAL  OP  MASSACHUSETTS 

the  physician,  not  being  able  to  ex 
plain  the  nature  of  their  disease,  said  they  were  bewitched  ; 
that  is,  that  some  one,  by  means  of  evil  spirits,  was  tor- 

of  the  men,  and  led  them  against  the  Indians.  The  savages  were  routed  and  fled  ; 
but  when  the  English  looked  round  for  their  preserver  he  had  fled,  and  they  for  some 
time  believed  they  had  been  rescued  by  an  angel ;  but  it  was  afterward  discovered  that 
it  was  General  Goffe,  one  of  the  judges  who  had  condemned  Charles  I.,  and  who  had 
been  hidden  in  Hadley,  from  the  king's  officers. 

*  One  of  Philip's  warriors  proposed  to  him  to  submit  to  the  .whites.  In  anger  and 
scorn,  he  instantly  shot  him  dead.  The  brother  of  this  man  deserted  to  the  English, 
and  guided  them  to  the  hiding-place  of  Philip ;  and  he  it  was  who,  to  avenge  his 
brother's  death,  shot  the  great  chief. 

t  "The  primitive  weapons  of  the  Indian,  the  bow  and  arrow,  had  been  exchanged 
for  guns  and  hatchets,  which  he  learned  to  use  too  well.  The  Dutch  on  one  side, 
or  the  French  on  another,  kept  him  supplied  with  powder  and  ball.  He  fought  for  his 
hunting-grounds,  now  parcelled  out  among  strangers.  He  fell  to  be  received  into  the 
Elysian  fields  of  the  great  Manitou.  We  cannot  forbear  our  tribute  of  pity  and  admi 
ration  for  Philip.  What  though  he  struck  the  war-post  and  chanted  the  death  song  to 
gather  his  dusky  warriors  for  one  mighty  effort  to  exterminate  our  ancestors,  his  cause 
was  the  same  that  has  ever  received  the  world's  applause.11— Drake's  ffistwic  Fields. 


36.  How  were  the  Narragansetts  involved  ?  What  was  the  result  ?  How  was  King 
Philip's  war  ended  ?  What  calamities  had  it  caused  ?  37.  What  led  to  the  witchcraft 
excitement  in  Salem  ? 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1692 

menting  them.  An  old  Indian  woman  was  accused  of 
being  the  witch  ;  and  she  was  so  cruelly  treated,  that  she 
at  last,  probably  to  escape  her  master's  whip,  said  she  was 
a  witch. 

38.  This  led  to  a  strange  excitement,  not  only  in  Salem 
but  other  towns  ;  and  numbers  of  persons  were  accused  of 
the  crime  of  witchcraft,  and,  to  escape  torture,  confessed 
their  guilt.     More  than  fifty  were  in  this  way  compelled  to 
make  such  a  confession  ;  and  twenty  persons  were  put  to 
death,  many  others  being  sent  to  prison.  * 

39.  This  dreadful  delusion  lasted  more  than  six  months ; 
and  it  was  not  until  some  of  the  magistrates  themselves, 
and  even  the  governor's  wife,  were  accused,  that  the  people 
began  to  see  how  much  they  had  been  deceived.     All  the 
accused  were  then  set  at  liberty,   and  some  of   the  most 
active   in   bringing   them    to   punishment,  confessed  that 
they  had  been  imposed  upon  or  had  sworn  falsely,  f 

"Many  devoted  sons  and  daughters  clung  to  their  parents,  visited  them  in  prison 
in  defiance  of  a  bloodthirsty  mob,  kept  by  their  side  on  the  way  to  execution  ;  ex 
pressed  their  love,  sympathy,  and  reverence  to  the  last ;  and  by  brave  and  perilous 
enterprises,  got  possession  of  their  remains  and  bore  them  back  under  the  cover  of 
midnight  to  their  own  thresholds,  and  to  graves  kept  consecrated  by  their  prayers  and 
tears.11—  Upham's  History  of  the  Salem  Witchcraft. 

t  The  belief  in  witches  was  not  confined  to  America  ;  indeed,  it  was  very  general  in 
Europe,  and  in  England  many  persons  were  condemned  to  death  for  this  supposed 


crime. 


38.  What  were  the  results  ?    39.  How  long  did  the  delusion  last  ?    What  ended  it  ? 
What  was  done  at  its  close  ? 


1609] 


NEW  YORK  AND  NEW  JERSEY 


73 


CHAPTER  VI 
New  York  and  New  Jersey 


NEW    AMSTERDAM 


i.  Hudson's  Voyage. — For  hundreds  of  years,  search 
was  made  for  a  northwest  passage  to  India  ;  for  the  way  by 
Cape  Horn  was  long  and  dangerous.  Among  the  navi 
gators  who  had  attempted  to  find  this  passage  was  Henry 
Hudson,  an  English  captain  ;  and  in  1609,  the  Dutch  mer 
chants,  who  at  that  time  were  very  enterprising  in  naviga 
tion  and  commerce,  engaged  him  to  make  another  voyage 
for  this  purpose,  and  sent  him  out  in  a  small  vessel  called 
the  Half-Moon. 

Map  Questions.— (Map,  p.  76.)  Where  is  the  city  of  New  York  ?  Hudson  ?  Al 
bany  ?  (Map,  p.  82.)  What  river  is  between  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  ?  Where 
is  Bergen  ?  Elizabeth  (formerly  Elizabethtown)  ?  (Map,  p.  64.)  What  waters  on  the 
north  and  south  of  Long  Island  ?  (Map  of  South  America.)  Where  is  Cape  Horn  ? 

Text  Questions.— 1.  What  passage  was  long  sought  for  ?  Who  was  Henry  Hud 
son  ?  What  voyage  was  he  sent  upon  ?  In  what  ship  ? 


M 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1609 


2.  Discovery    of  the    Hudson    River. — After   sailing 
some  distance  along  the  eastern  coast  of  North  America, 
he  entered  the  harbor  of  New  York,  and  discovered  the 
rnouth  of  a  great  river,   which  he  ascended   about  sixty 

miles.  This  river  was  called 
after  him,  the  Hudson  River  ; 
and  the  town  of  Hudson 
stands  at  the  place  where  the 
Half-Moon  came  to  anchor. 
Hudson  sent  out  a  boat, 
which  sailed  up  as  far  as 
Albany ;  but  finding  that  the 
farther  they  went  the  nar 
rower  the  river  became,  and 
that  the  water  was  fresh, 
the  explorers  returned  ;  and 

Hudson  was  convinced  that   here  was  no  passage  to  the 

Pacific.* 

3.  Their  Account  of  the  Country. — It  was  no  wonder 
that,   on   their  return  to  Holland,   Hudson  and  his  com 
panions  should   have   praised   the   country,   and   the  river 
which  they  had  seen.     They  spoke  of  the  pleasant  climate, 
the    rich    foliage,    the   fertile   soil,    and    the   magnificent 
scenery.      The  woods,   they  said,  were  full   of   game,  the 
great  river  abounded  in  fish,   and  the  natives  had  abun 
dance  of  furs  to  sell. 

*  Hudson  made  his  fourth  voyage  in  1610.  While  in  Hudson's  Bay,  a  mutiny  occur 
ring  among  his  men,  he,  with  eight  others,  who  remained  faithful  to  him,  were  put  into 
an  open  boat  and  abandoned.  Two  ships  were  afterward  sent  from  England  to  make 
search  for  him,  but  no  tidings  of  the  bold  navigator  could  ever  be  gained. 

2.  What  harbor  and  river  did  he  enter  ?  How  far  did  he  ascend  the  latter  ?  3. 
What  account  was  given  of  the  country  ? 


HKNRY   HUDSON 


1623] 


NEW   YORK  AND  NEW  JERSEY 


75 


THE   HALF-MOON   ASCENDING   THE   HUDSON 

4.  First  Settlements — The  Dutch,  therefore,  sent  out 
other  parties  to  occupy  the  country,  and  trade  with  the 
Indians  ;  and  for  this  purpose  they  established  posts  and 
built  forts.  One  of  these,  in  1614,  was  placed  at  the 
southern  part  of  Manhattan  Island,*  where  soon  afterward 
(1623)  there  was  commenced  a  thriving  settlement,  called 
New  Amsterdam.  They  built  Fort  Orange  on  the  present 
site  of  Albany,  and  also  forts  on  the  Delaware  and  Con 
necticut  Rivers.  Thus  they  partly  took  possession  of  the 
region  lying  between  these  two  rivers ;  but  their  claim 

*  In  1624,  the  Dutch  purchased  from  the  Indians  the  island  of  Manhattan,  for 
twenty-four  dollars.  It  is  said  that  Verrazzani,  just  one  hundred  years  before,  landed 
on  the  island,  and  gave  the  Indians  wine,  by  which  they  were  intoxicated  :  so  that  the 
island  was  afterward  called  by  them  Mannahata,  or  the  Man d  of  Drunkenness. 


4.  What  forts  were  built  ?    What  town  was  founded  ?    What  region  did  the  Dutch 
claim  ?    Its  name  ? 


76  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1623 

extended  as  far  as  Cape  Cod.*     This   region   they  called 
NEW  NETHERLANDS. 

5.  Growth  of  the  Colony — Troubles.— The  growth 
of  the  colony  was  not  rapid,  although  every  individual  who 
succeeded  in  forming  a  settlement  of  fifty  persons  had  a 


THE  STATE  OF 

NEW     YORK 


YORK 


large  tract  of  land  granted  to  him.  These  land-holders 
were  called  Patroons  ;  and  in  quite  recent  times  the  claims 
of  their  descendants  to  rent  led  to  the  anti-rent  troubles 
in  the  State  of  New  York.  During  the  first  few  years, 

*  In  1614,  a  Dutch  captain  named  Adrian  Block,  sailing  from  New  York  Bay  into 
Long  Island  Sound,  passed  around  that  island.  He  was  the  first  European  navigator 
that  sailed  through  the  dangerous  whirlpool  of  the  East  River,  called  Hurlgate  or 

Hellgate. 

5.  Growth  of  the  colony  ?  Who  were  the  patroons  ?  What  did  their  claims  to  rent 
cause  in  after  years  ?  What  troubled  the  colony  ? 


1643]  NEW  YORK  AND  NEW  JERSEY  77 

there  were  contests  with  the  English  on  the  Connecticut 
Kiver,  and  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware.  There  were  also 
troubles  with  the  Indians. 

6.  Governors. — New    Netherlands   had,   in    the    course 
of   time,    four   governors,    the   first   of    whom    was    Peter 
Min'-u-it,     who   was   succeeded   by   Van   Twil'-ler  ;   then 
came  Sir  William  Kieft  (keeft),  who  was  guilty  of  a  dread 
ful  act  of  treachery  toward  the  Indians.     Two  of  the  set 
tlers  having  been  killed  by  an  Indian  of  the  Hackensack 
tribe,  the  governor  demanded  that  the  murderer  should  be 
given  up.     This  was  refused.* 

7.  Indian  War. — Soon  after  this,  a  war  broke  out  be 
tween  the  Hackensacks  and  the  Mohawks,  and  the  former 
collected  in  large  numbers  on  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson, 
opposite    New   Amsterdam,  asking  aid  against  their  ene 
mies.     Here  they  were  stealthily  attacked  by  the  soldiers 
of   Kieft   during  the   night ;  and    nearly  a  hundred  men, 
women,  and  children  were  massacred.     This  brought  on  a 
war  with  the  Indians,  which  lasted  two  years  (1643-5).  f 
Kieft,  soon  after  its  close,  deprived  of  his  office,  started  to 

*  It  was  contrary  to  the  customs  of  the  Indians  to  deliver  up  the  murderer  ;  but 
they  offered,  as  reparation  to  the  widow,  two  hundred  fathoms  of  the  best  wampum. 
"You,  yourselves,"  they  said  to  the  Dutch  messengers,  "are  the  cause  of  this  evil ; 
you  ought  not  to  craze  the  young  Indians  with  brandy.  Your  own  people,  when 
drunk,  fight  with  knives,  and  do  foolish  things  ;  and  you  cannot  prevent  mischief  till 
you  cease  to  sell  strong  drink  to  the  Indian." 

t  "Every  Algonquin  tribe  round  Manhattan  burned  with  the  frenzy  of  revenge.  The 
swamps  were  their  hiding-places,  from  which  sudden  onsets  were  made  in  every  direc 
tion.  Villages  were  laid  waste,  the  farmer  murdered  in  the  field,  his  children  swept 
into  captivity.  From  the  shores  of  New  Jersey  to  the  borders  of  Connecticut,  not  a 
bowery  was  &&te"— Bancroft. 


6.  Who  was  the  first  governor  ?    The  second  ?    The  third  ?    7.  What  led  to  a  war 
with  the  Indians  ?    What  became  of  Kieft  ? 


78 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1655 


return  to  Europe  ;  but  his  ship  was  dashed  to  pieces  in  a 
storm,  and  the  guilty  man  perished  in  the  waters. 

8.  Governor     Stuyvesant.— The     prosperity     of     the 

colony  dates  from  the  arrival, 
in  1647,  of  Governor  Peter 
Stuyvesant  (sti'-ve-sant),  who 
was  a  very  energetic  and  reso 
lute  man.  He  made  a  treaty 
with  the  English,  preserved 
peace  with  the  Indians,  sub 
dued  the  Swedes  on  the  Dela 
ware  (1655),  and  tried  in  every 
way  to  encourage  trade  and  ag 
riculture,  as  well  as  to  induce 
people  to  join  the  settlement. 
Many  who  had  suffered  in  their 

own  countries  on  account  of  their  religion,  found  a  peace 
ful  asylum  in  New  Amsterdam.  * 

9.  Petition   of    the    People— English    Claim.— These 
people  brought  with  them  their  love  of  liberty,  and  eagerly 
desired   to  have   a  share   in    the    government ;    but    this, 
Stuyvesant,   who   was  something  of   a   tyrant,   would  not 
grant.     Meanwhile,  the  English  set  up  a  claim  to  the  ter 
ritory,    and  Charles  II.  granted   it  to  his  brother  James, 

*  "The  island  of  New  York  was  then  chiefly  divided  among  farmers  ;  the  large 
forests  which  covered  what  is  now  the  City  Hall  Park,  and  the  adjacent  region,  long 
remained  a  common  pasture,  where,  for  yet  a  quarter  of  a  century,  tanners  could  ob 
tain  bark,  and  boys  chestnuts.  The  soil  was  so  little  valued  that  Stuyvesant  thought 
it  no  wrong  to  his  employers  to  purchase  of  them  at  a  small  price  an  extensive  bowery 
(farm)  just  beyond  the  coppices,  among  which  browsed  the  goats  and  kine  from  the 
village."— Bancroft.  

8.  What  is  said  of  Governor  Stuyvesant  ?  The  settlers  ?  9.  What  did  they  ask  ? 
W.is  it  granted  ?  Who  claimed  the  territory  ?  Who  was  sent  to  take  it  ? 


PETER  STUYVESANT 


1683]  NEW   YORK  AND  NEW  JERSEY  79 

Duke  of  York.  A  fleet,  sent  out  by  the  latter  in  1664, 
appeared  before  New  Amsterdam,  and  demanded  that  the 
fort  and  town  should  be  given  up  to  English  authority. 

10.  Conquest  of  New  Netherlands. — Thereupon  the 
people,   hoping  to  enjoy  under  the  English  the  privileges 
refused   by    Stuyvesant,    determined    to   surrender.       The 
governor  was  very  angry  and    determined,   and  held  out 
until  the  place  was  actually  in  the  enemy's  hands.     Thus 
New  Amsterdam  became   an  English  town,  and   received 
the   name  of  New  York.     This  name   was  afterwards  ap 
plied  to  the  whole  territory  retained  by  the  Duke  ;  for  the 
portion  now  called    New  Jersey    he  sold   to  two  English 
noblemen,  named  Sir  George  Car-ter-et'  and  Lord  Berke'- 
ley.     Fort  Orange  was  called  Albany. 

11.  Reconquest   by    the    Dutch,    etc. — In    1673,    the 
Dutch,  being  at  war  with  the  English,  and  having  gained 
several  victories  over  them,  sent  a  fleet  to  regain  possession 
of  their  American  territories.     New  York  was  surrendered 
to  its  former  masters,  and  remained  in  their  possession  for 
about  fifteen    months,   when  it  was   again    taken  by  the 
English.      The  people  did    not    enjoy   the    privileges   for 
which  they  had  asked  until  1683,   when  permission   was 
granted  them  by  the  Duke  of  York  to  hold  a  free  Assem 
bly  in  which  they  might  make  laws  for  the  colony. 

12.  Captain  Kidd.— In  1698,  the  Earl  of  Bellamont  be 
came  governor.     As  commerce   was   greatly  disturbed   by 
pirates,  he  sent  out  a  bold  captain  named  Kidd  to  capture 

10.  How  did  the  people  act  ?  The  governor  ?  What  name  was  given  to  New 
Amsterdam  ?  To  Fort  Orange  ?  What  was  New  Netherlands  named  ?  11.  How  did 
the  Dutch  regain  the  colony  ?  When  was  it  again  surrendered  to  the  English  ?  What 
privilege  was  granted  to  the  people  ?  When  ?  12.  Account  of  Captain  Kidd  ? 


80  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1698 

their  vessels  ;  but  Kidd  was  a  bad  man,  and  knowing  that 

there  were  very  many  Spanish  ships  carrying  across  the 
ocean  gold,  silver,  and  other  treas 
ures  from  America,  he  determined 
to  turn  pirate  himself.  Kidd  con 
tinued  this  career  for  several 
years,  and  is  said  to  have  obtained 
immense  quantities  of  gold  and 
rich  treasures,  some  of  which  he 
is  reported  to  have  buried  on  Long 
SEAL  OF  NEW  YORK  Island  and  in  other  parts  of  the 

country.  At  last,  he  was  seized 

and  sent  to  England,  where  he  suffered  death  for  his  crimes. 

His  buried  treasures  have  been  sought  for  at  various  places. 

13.  Treaty  with  the  Indians.— In  1684,  an  important 
treaty  was    made   with   the   ''Five   Nations/'  as   the   five 
great  Indian  tribes  were  called.     These  included  the  On- 
on-da'-gas,    Ca-yu'-gas,    Mo'-hawks,    O-nei'-das,   and    Sen'- 
e-cas.     To  these,   some  years  afterward,  were  added   the 
Tus-ca-ro'-ras,  after  which  the  league  was  called  the  "  Six 
Nations."     The  treaty  made  in  1684  was  long  and  faith 
fully   kept,  and  was   of   great  advantage   to  the  English 
settlers. 

New  Jersey 

14.  Origin    of  the    Name — First   Settlements. — New 
Jersey  was  so  called  in  honor  of  Sir  George  Carteret,  who 
had  been  governor  of  the  island  of  Jersey,  near  England. 

13.  What  were  the  Five  Nations  ?  What  tribes  constituted  the  Six  Nations  ?  14. 
Why  was  New  Jersey  so  called  ?  What  settlement  was  made  by  the  Dutch  ?  By  the: 
English  ? 


1664]  NEW  YORK  AND  NEW  JERSEY  81 

The    Dutch   had  established  a  trading-post  at  Bergen  as 
early  as  1622  ;   but  no  considerable  settlement  was  made. 
In    1664,  emigrants  from   Long   Island   passed    over,   and 
made    a   settlement   called    Eliza- 
bethtown,  the  present  flourishing 
city  of  Elizabeth.     Philip  Carteret 
was  the  first  governor. 

15.  Change  in  the  Proprietors. 
—Berkeley  sold   his  share  of   the 
territory   to    an    English    Quaker, 
who  assigned   it  to  William  Penn 

and      two     other     Quakers,     Or  SEAL  OF  NEW  JERSET 

Friends.     The  territory  Avas  then 

divided  between  the  proprietors,  Carteret  taking  the  east 
ern,  and  the  Friends  the  western  half.  These  portions 
were  called  respectively  East  Jersey  and  West  Jersey.  In 
1682,  William  Penn  and  eleven  of  his  brethren  purchased 
the  eastern  part,  and  thus  New  Jersey  became  the  exclu 
sive  property  of  the  Friends. 

16.  Character   and   Condition   of  the   Settlers. — The 
settlers  consisted  of  emigrants  from  different  countries  and 
of  various  religious  sentiments.     In  East  Jersey  there  were 
many  New  England    Puritans,    also    Presbyterians    from 
Scotland  who  had  been  driven  out  by  the  persecutions  car 
ried  on  against  them  in  that  country.     All  lived  in  peace 
in  the  new  territory.     The  Friends   had  purchased  their 
lands  from  the  Indians,  and  thus  secured  the  friendship  of 
those  people. 

15.  How  did  Penn  and  the  Quakers  obtain  the  territory  ?     16.  Of  whom  did  the 
settlers  consist  ?    How  was  peace  secured  with  the  Indians  ? 
6 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1681 


17.  Further  Changes. — In  1702,  the  proprietors  gave 
up  their  rights  to  the  English  Crown,  and  Queen  Anne 
(an)  united  New  York  and  New  Jersey  under  one  gov 
ernor.  In  1736,,  they  Avere  again  separated,  and  New 
Jersey  continued  a  royal  province  until  the  Revolution. 


CHAPTER  VII 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware 

i.  Grant  to  William  Penn.— In  1681,  William  Penn, 
already  spoken  of  in  connection  with  the  history  of  New 
Jersey,  obtained  a  grant  from  Charles  II.,  king  of  Eng- 

17.  What  further  changes  occurred  ?    1.  What  grant  did  William  Penn  obtain  ?    The 
name  of  the  territory  ?    Why  was  the  grant  made  ?    Who  had  settled  there  previously  ? 


1681] 


PENNSYLVANIA   AND  DELAWARE 


83 


land,  of  the  country  lying  west  of  the  Delaware  River. 
This  grant  was  made  in  payment  of  a  debt  due  his  father. 
Admiral  Penn,  a  distinguished  naval  commander,,  and  a 
particular  friend  of  the  Duke  of  York.  The  territory  was 
called  by  the  king  Pennsylvania,  which  means  Penn's 
Woods.*  In  the  southeastern  part  of  it,  there  were 
already  settled  about  three 
thousand  people,  principally 
Swedes,  Finns,  and  Dutch. 

2.  Character  of  Penn. 
—Penn  was  a  good  man. 
Although  brought  up  in 
wealth  and  luxury,  he  had 
joined  the  new  sect  of  the 
Quakers,  or  Friends,  and 
had  suffered  much  ill-treat 
ment  on  that  account.  He 
was  opposed  to  war  and 

oppression  of  every  kind,  desiring  that  all  should  live 
together  in  "brotherly  love."  Hence,  when  he  received 
his  patent,  which  made  him  absolute  sovereign  of  the 
country,  he  sent  a  letter  to  his  new  subjects,  assuring  them 
of  his  kindly  intentions,  and  promising  that  they  should 

*  Penn  suggested  the  word  Sylvania,  to  which  the  king  prefixed  the  word  Penn, 
il  in  honor,"  the  king  said,  "  of  Admiral  Penn." 


WILLIAM   PENN 


Map  Questions.— (Map,  p.  82.)  Where  is  Philadelphia  ?  Trenton  ?  Tinicum 
Island  ?  (Map  of  Delaware.)  Cape  Henlopen  ?  Wilmington  (Delaware)  ?  Cape 
May  ?  Into  what  water  does  the  Delaware  River  flow  ?  The  Susquehanna  River  ? 
(Map,  p.  76.)  The  Chowan  River  ?  Cape  Fear  River  ?  Savannah  River  ?  Where  is 
Wilmington  ?  Savannah  ?  The  St.  Mary's  River  ?  (Map  of  Florida.) 

Text  Questions.— 2.  What  was  the  character  of  Penn  ?  His  conduct  toward  the 
eettlers  ? 


84 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1682 


"live  a  free,  and  if  they  would,  a  sober  and  industrious 

people." 

3.  Penn's     Arrival. — Several     ships    with    emigrants, 

chiefly  Quakers,  came 
over  in  1681  and  1682. 
Penn  himself  landed  in 
1682  ;  and  soon  after 
ward  selected  the  site 
for  his  proposed  city, 
between  the  Delaware 
and  Schuylkill  (scool1- 
kill)  Rivers.  This  city 
he  said  should  be 
called  Philadelphia,  a 
name  which  means 
brotherly  love.  It 
prospered  from  the 

first.     At  the  end  of  the  second  year,  as  many  as  six  hun 
dred  houses  had  been  built. 

4.  His  Treatment  of  the  Settlers  and   Indians.— He 
treated  all   the   settlers  with  kindness  and  liberality  ;  and 
took  great  pains   to  show  the   Indians  that  he  was  their 
friend.     He  sent  them  a  message,  informing  them  that  he 
looked   upon  them  as  his  brethren, — and   that  he  should 
treat  them  as  such.     Under  a  large  elm  tree,  near  Phila 
delphia,  he  met  the  chiefs  and  warriors  in  council,  and 
made  a  treaty  of  friendship   with  them,   that   was  never 


TREATY   MONUMENT 


3.  When  did  Penn  arrive  ?  What  site  did  he  select  ?  The  name  of  the  new  city  ? 
Its  meaning  ?  Prosperity  of  the  new  city  ?  4.  Penn's  treatment  of  the  Indians  ? 
His  treaty  ?  Its  results  ? 


1682]  PENNSYLVANIA  AND  DELAWARE  85 

broken.*     The  Friends  never  abused  or  cheated   the  na 
tives,   and  consequently  there   were  no  Indian  wars  in  the 
territories   which    they   settled.     "  Not  a  drop  of  Quaker 
blood    was    ever   shed    by   an    In 
dian  ; "  and  even   to  this  day,  an 
Indian  always  greets  a  Quaker  as 
a  friend. 

5.  Subsequent  History. — For 
two  years  Penn  attended  carefully 
to  the  affairs  of  the  colony,  after 
which  he  returned  to  England, 

leaving   the  government   to  a  COlin-  SEAL  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 

oil.      The   colony   then  contained 

about   seven   thousand    persons.     After   a  lapse  of  fifteen 

years,  he  made  a  second  visit  to  Pennsylvania  ;  but  during 

his  absence,  the  "Three  Lower  Counties  on  the  Delaware" 

had  become  dissatisfied  and  had  withdrawn  from  the  union. 

They  were,  however,  again  united  with  Pennsylvania  until 

1703. 

*  "We  meet,"  said  William  Penn,  "on  the  broad  pathway  of  good  faith,  and  good 
will  ;  I  will  not  call  you  children,  for  parents  sometimes  chide  their  children  too 
severely  ;  nor  brothers  only,  for  brothers  differ.  The  friendship  between  me  and  you 
I  will  not  compare  to  a  chain,  for  that  the  rains  might  rust,  or  the  falling  tree  might 
break.  We  are  the  same  as  if  one  man's  body  were  to  be  divided  into  two  parts  ;  we 
are  all  one  flesh  and  blood."  To  this  the  Indians  replied  :  "  We  will  live  in  love  with 
William  Penn  and  his  children  as  long  as  the  moon  and  the  sun  shall  endure." 

The  tree  under  which  the  treaty  was  made,  stood  in  what  was  afterward  known  as 
Kensington,  but  which  is  now  a  part  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  "When  the  British 
wrere  quartered  near  it  during  the  war  of  American  Independence,  their  general  so 
respected  it,  that,  when  his  soldiers  were  cutting  down  every  tree  for  firewood,  he 
placed  a  sentinel  under  it  that  not  a  branch  of  it  might  be  touched.  A  few  years  ago 
(in  1810),  it  was  blown  down,  when  it  was  split  into  wood,  and  many  cups,  bowls,  and 
other  articles  were  made  of  it,  to  be  kept  as  memorials."  A  monument,  of  which  a 
picture  is  given  on  page  84,  marks  the  spot  where  the  tree  stood. 

5.  When  did  Penn  leave  the  colony  ?  Its  population  ?  His  return  ?  WThat  had 
occurred  during  his  -absence  ? 


86  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1688 

6.  In  1701,  Perm   returned  to  England,  never  again  to 
visit  the  colony  he  had  so  happily  planted.     On  his  death, 
in    1718,  he   left   his   American   possessions   to   his   three 
sons,    by   whom   the   government   was   managed,    through 
deputies,  till  the  Revolution,  when  their  claims  were  pur 
chased  by  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 

Delaware 

7.  Settlement    by    the    Dutch— By   the    Swedes.— 
Delaware  Bay   was  visited  by  the  Dutch  about  1630,  and 
in  the  following  year,   a   small  settlement   was   made   by 
them  near   the   present   site  of    Lewistown.     Previous  to 
this,  however,  Gus-ta'-vus  A-dol'-phus,  the  brave  king  of 

Sweden,  proposed  to  establish  a 
colony  in  America,  where  all  per 
secuted  Christians  might  find  a 
quiet  refuge.  His  death  occurred 
before  this  project  was  realized  ; 
but  his  good  minister  accomplished 
the  design  in  1638,  in  sending  a 
colony  of  fifty  men  to  the  Dela- 

SEAL  OF   DELAWARE  Wai'C. 

8.  Settlement  of  New  Swe 
den. — After  landing  at  Cape  Henlopen,  they  bought  from 
the  Indians  all  the  lands  from  the  Cape  to  the  Falls  of  the 
Delaware,  at  Trenton,  and  commenced  a  settlement  near 


6.  When  did  Penn  finally  leave  the  colony  ?  To  whom  did  he  leave  his  American 
possessions  at  his  death  ?  How  were  their  claims  satisfied  afterward  ?  7.  The  first 
settlement  in  Delaware  ?  Project  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  ?  By  whom  was  it  carried 
out  ?  8.  Settlement  of  Wilmington  ?  Name  of  the  territory  ? 


1655]  MARYLAND,  THE  CAROLINAS,  AND  GEORGIA  87 

the  present  site  of  Wilmington.  The  territory  was  called 
New  Sweden ;  and  the  colony  was  directed  by  Peter 
Minuit,  former  governor  of  New  Netherlands. 

9.  Dutch  Claim — Conquest  by  Stuyvesant. — The 
Dutch  considered  this  an  encroachment  upon  their  lands, 
and  sent  threatening  messages  to  the  Swedes,  which  were 
unheeded.  On  the  contrary,  the  Swedes  built  a  fort  on 
Tinicum  Island,  a  little  below  Philadelphia,  and  there 
established  their  capital.  In  1655,  Governor  Stuyvesant 
proceeded  against  them  with  a  force  of  six  hundred  men, 
and  compelled  the  settlers  to  submit  to  the  Dutch  govern 
ment. 

10.  Further  Changes. — The  Dutch  retained  posses 
sion  of  Delaware  till  they  were  conquered  by  the  English, 
in  1664;  from  which  time  the  territory  was  connected  with 
the  province  of  New  York.  By  the  grant  made  to  William 
Penn  in  1682,  Delaware  was  united  with  Pennsylvania ; 
but  in  1703,  a  partial  separation  took  place,  each  colony 
having  its  own  assembly,  but  both  being  under  one 
governor. 

<• 
CHAPTER  VIII 

Maryland,  the  Carolinas,  and  Georgia 

i.  Grant  of  Maryland — In  1632,  King  Charles  I.  gave 
to  a  Roman  Catholic  nobleman,  named  Lord  Baltimore,  a 
•grant  of  lands  on  both  sides  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  extending 
eastward  from  the  Potomac  River  to  the  sea.  From  this 

Text  Questions.— 9.  By  whom  was  it  claimed  ?  By  whom  conquered  ?  1O.  What 
further  changes  occurred  ?  1.  Grant  to  Lord  Baltimore  in  1632  ?  Design  of  Lord 
Baltimore  ?  Name  of  the  colony  ? 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1634 


grant  Delaware  was  afterward  excluded.     Lord  Baltimore 
wished  to  provide  an  asylum  for   the  Catholics,  who  in 

England  were  persecuted  on 
account  of  their  religion. 
Lord  Baltimore  called  the 
territory  Maryland,  in  honor 
of  the  queen,  whose  name 
was  Henrietta  Maria. 

2.  First  Settlement  - 
Religious  Freedom  Se 
cured. — The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  1634,  under  the 
direction  of  Leonard  Cal- 
vert,  brother  of  Lord  Balti 
more,  at  a  place  which  was 

called  St.  Mary's.*  The  settlers,  who  had  suffered  so  much 
from  religious  persecutions,  resolved  that  no  one  in  the 
colony  should  be  disturbed  on  account  of  religion,  and 
passed  laws  to  secure  for  all  the  right  to  worship  God  with 
entire  freedom.  This  just  and  wise  conduct  greatly  in 
creased  the  prosperity  of  the  colony.  Numbers  of  every 
denomination  flocked  in  to  enjoy  the  blessings  offered,  and 
the  wealth  and  population  of  Maryland  grew  very  rapidly. 
3.  Clayborne's  Claim. — The  peace  of  the  colony  was  for 
a  few  years  disturbed  by  the  claims  of  one  William  Clay- 

*  The  settlement  was  made  at  an  Indian  town  which  the  natives  were  preparing  to 
abandon.  "  The  Indian  women  taught  the  wives  of  the  new  comers  to  make  bread  of 
maize  ;  the  warriors  of  the  tribe  instructed  the  huntsmen  how  rich  were  the  forests  of 
America  in  game,  and  joined  them  in  the  chase."— Bancroft. 


LORD   BALTIMORE   (2d) 


2.  What  was  the  first  settlement  ?    What  laws  were  made  ?    The  result  ?    3.  What 
disturbed  the  peace  of  the  colony  ?    Course  pursued  by  Clayborne  ?    By  Calvert  ? 


1691]    MARYLAND,  THfi  CAROLINAS,  AND  GEORGIA    80 

borne,  who,  in  1631,  had  obtained  from  Charles  I.  a  license 
to  trade  with  the  Indians,   and   had  established  trading- 
posts  on  Kent  Island,  in  the  Chesa 
peake,  and  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Susquehanna.     From   the  first  he 
refused   to   acknowledge    the    au 
thority  of   Governor  Calvert,  and 
defended    his    claim    by   force   of 
arms ;    but   he  was   defeated,  and 
obliged  to  flee.     Afterward,   how 
ever,  he.  returned  and  made  him-  SEAL  OF  MARYLAND 
self  master  of  the  province,  com 
pelling  the  governor,  in  his  turn,  to  flee  into  Virginia  for 
safety.     Calvert,  the  next  year,  appeared  at  the  head  of  a 
military  force  and  regained  possession. 

4.  Civil  War. — While  Cromwell  and  his  Puritan  asso 
ciates   were   a  power    in    England,    the    Protestant   party 
obtained  control  of  affairs  in  Maryland,  and  by  an  Act  of 
the  Assembly,  Catholics  were  declared  not  to  be  entitled  to 
the  protection  of  the  laws  of  Maryland.     This  caused  a 
civil  war  between  the  Catholics  and  the  Protestants.     After 
Cromwell's  death,   the  rights  of  Lord  Baltimore  were  re 
stored,  and  the  colony  enjoyed  a  long  repose. 

5.  Farther    History. — In    1691,    King    William    made 
Maryland  a  royal   province,  thus  depriving   the  heirs  of 
Lord    Baltimore   of  their  rights ;    in    1715,   however,    the 
fourth  Lord   Baltimore,  then  a  very  young  child,  had  his 


4.  What  caused  civil  war  ?  When  were  the  rights  of  Lord  Baltimore  restored  ? 
5.  When  did  Maryland  become  a  royal  province  ?  What  occurred  in  1715  ?  The  sub 
sequent  government  of  the  colony  ? 


00  HISTORY  Off  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1650 

claim  as  proprietor  of  the  colony  acknowledged  ;  and 
Maryland,  from  that  time  till  the  Revolution,,  remained 
under  a  proprietary  government. 

North  and  South  Carolina 

6.  First  Settlements — The  first  attempts  to  settle  in 
the  region  now  known  as  North  Carolina,  were  made  by 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  as  already  re 
lated.  It  was  more  than  sixty 
years  after  these -unsuccessful  set 
tlements  on  Roanoke  Island,  be 
fore  any  other  was  made  within 
the  limits  of  this  State.  About 
1G50,  people  who  had  settled  in 
Virginia,  left  that  colony,  and 

SEAL   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA  . 

pushing  southward  into  the  wil 
derness,  selected  a  spot  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chowan  River 
for  their  home.  These  were  Puritans,  Quakers,  Baptists, 
etc.,  who  refused  to  conform  to  the  Church  of  England, 
which  had  been  established  by  law  in  Virginia.  Some 
time  afterward  (1665),  a  settlement  was  made  near  the 
Cape  Fear  River,  by  persons  from  New  England,  and 
planters  from  the  West  Indies. 

7.  Albemarle     and    Clarendon    Colonies — In    1663, 
Charles  II.  granted  to  Lord  Clarendon  and  other  English 
noblemen,  all  the  territory  between  Virginia  and  Florida, 
to  which  was  given  the  name  Carolina.     These  proprietors 

6.  First  attempts  at  settlement  in  North  Carolina  ?  Where  was  the  first,  permanent 
settlement  ?  By  whom  made  ?  What  other  settlement  ?  7.  Grant  by  Charles  11.  in 
1663  ?  What  names  were  given  to  the  settlements  previously  made  ? 


1663]  MARYLAND,  THE  CAROLINA^,  AND  GEORGIA  91 

called  the  little  settlement  on  the  Chowan  the  Albemarle 
Colony;  the  one  near  Cape  Fear  was  called  the  Clarendon 
Colony.  It  was  situated  near  the  present  site  of  the  City 
of  Wilmington. 

8.  The  Grand  Model. — John  Locke,  the  most  eminent 


T    :R     G- 


philosopher  of  his  time,  was  engaged  by  the  proprietors  to 
draw  up  a  charter  and  scheme  of  government  for  the  new 
province.  It  was  to  be,  they  thought,  a  great  and  popu 
lous  empire.  A  constitution  was,  accordingly,  proposed, 
and  was  named  the  fe  Grand  Model ; "  but  it  was  so  poorly 
adapted  to  the  views  and  the  wants  of  the  settlers,  that  it 
was  very  soon  entirely  abandoned. 


8.  By  whom  was  a  form  of  government  prepared  ?    What  was  its  success  ? 


92  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1695 

9.  Carteret     Colony— Charleston,    etc In    1670,    a 

colony  was  founded  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Ashley 
River,,  and  called  in  honor  of  one  of  the  proprietors,  the 
Carteret  Colony.     This  was  the  first  settlement  in  South 
Carolina.     Ten   years    after,    the    city  of  Charleston  was 
founded,   on  the  Ashley  and  Cooper   Bivers,  so  named  in 
honor  of  Lord  Ashley  Cooper,  afterward   Earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury.      Protestants  driven  out   of  France   by  the    perse 
cutions  of  Louis  XIV.,  king  of  that  country,   settled   in 
considerable  numbers  in  Carolina,  about  the  same  time. 

10.  Indian  Hostilities — In  the  first  part  of  the  eight 
eenth  century,  the  settlers  in  Carolina  suffered  much  from 
the   hostilities   of   the    Indian   tribes.     In  the  north,  the 
Tuscaroras  waged  a  bitter  war  for  years ;  but  were  finally 
subdued  and  driven  out  of  the  region.     They  then  jour 
neyed  northward, 'and   joined  the  Iroquois  (e'-ro-quah)  in 
New  York,  making  the  sixth  tribe  in  the  league  known  as 
the    "  Six    Nations/'     In    South    Carolina,   another  tribe, 
called  the  Ye-mas-sees',  became  hostile,  and  carried  on  a 
fierce  war  against  the  settlers,  till  they  were  driven  into 
Florida. 

11.  Rice  Culture,  etc — About  the  year  1695,  seed-rice 
was  brought  into  South  Carolina  from  Madagascar,   and 
soon  became  an  article  of  general  cultivation,  and  a  staple 
export.     Indigo  was  also  raised  in  large  quantities.     The 
cotton  culture  did  not  extend  much  until  many  years  after 
this. 

9.  What  colony  was  planted  in  1670  ?  The  city  of  Charleston  ?  After  whom  were 
the  Ashley  and  Cooper  Rivers  named  ?  What  emigrants  came  from  France  ?  10.  What 
tribes  of  Indians  were  hostile  ?  Result  of  the  war  ?  The  Six  Nations  ?  The  Yemassees  ? 
11.  When  and  how  did  the  rice  culture  commence  ?  What  else  was  cultivated  ? 


1732]    MARYLAND,  THE  CAROLINA^,  AND  GEORGIA    93 

12.  Division  of  the  Province. — There  were  many  dis 
agreements  between  the  people  and  the  proprietors.     The 
latter  desired  to  rule  the  colonists 

with  a  high  hand.  They  refused 
many  of  the  privileges  enjoyed  by 
other  colonies,  and  restrained  the 
Legislature  in  the  exercise  of  its 
just  rights.  Petitions  were  ac 
cordingly  sent  to  the  king,  asking 
that  he  would  assume  the  govern 
ment  of  the  colony.  The  proprie-  SEAL  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA 
tors  finally,  in  1729,  agreed  to  sell 

their  rights  to  the  crown  ;  and  the  colony  was  divided  into 
two  provinces,  called  respectively  North  and  South  Caro 
lina.  Since  that  time  they  have  remained  separate. 

Georgia 

13.  Oglethorpe's    Grant.— In   1732,  King  George  II., 
of  England,  granted  the  territory  lying  between-  the  Sa 
vannah  and  Altamaha  (al-ta-ma-haw')  Rivers   to   General 
Oglethorpe  (o -gl-tliorp) ,  a  brave  and  benevolent  English 
man,  noted  for  his  exploits  in  some  of  the  European  wars. 
At  that  time,  in  England,   debtors  were  imprisoned   and 
treated  very  harshly ;  and  Oglethorpe  humanely  desired  to 
provide  an  asylum  for  such  persons,  as  well  as  others,  who 
were  poor,  distressed,  or  persecuted.     The  trustees  of  the 


12.  Difficulties  between  settlers  and  proprietors  ?  To  what  did  they  lead  ?  How  was 
the  province  divided  ?  What  names  were  given  to  the  divisions  ?  13.  What  grant  did 
King  George  II.  make  in  1732  ?  Who  was  General  Oglethorpe  ?  What  was  his  object 
in  establishing  a  colony  in  America  ?  The  trustees  ?  Origin  of  the  name  Georgia  ? 


94 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1734 


JAMES   E.    OGLETHOKPE 


colony  were  chosen  from  the 
most  virtuous  and  benevolent 
gentlemen  of  England.  It 
was  called  Georgia,  in  honor 
of  the  king. 

14.  Settlement  of  Savan 
nah,  etc — The  first  company 
sent  out  to  form  a  settlement 
consisted  of  poor  debtors  and 
bankrupt  tradesmen  with 
their  families.*  After  stop 
ping  a  short  time  at  Charles 
ton,  they  ascended  the  Savan 
nah  Kiver,  and  settled  at  a  place  which  they  named  Sa 
vannah  (1733).  More  ships,  with  emigrants  and  supplies, 
arrived  soon  afterward  from  England;  and,  in  1734,  a 
number  of  German  Protestants  \  came  over,  and  settled  a 
short  distance  above  Savannah.  A  party  of  Scotch  High- 

*  The  place  to  which  these  poor  people  went,  as  exiles,  was  described  in  England 
as  a  dreadful  region.  Goldsmith  wrote  of  it  as  follows  :— 

Through  torrid  tracts  with  fainting  steps  they  go, 

Where  wild  Altama  murmurs  to  their  woe. 

Far  different  then  from  all  that  charmed  before, 

The  various  terrors  of  that  horrid  shore  ; 

Those  blazing  suns  that  dart  a  downward  ray 

And  fiercely  shed  intolerable  day  ; 

Those  matted  woods  where  birds  forget  to  sing, 

But  silent  bats  in  drowsy  clusters  cling  ; 

Those  poisonous  fields  with  rank  luxuriance  crowned, 

Where  the  dark  scorpion  gathers  death  around  ; 

Where  at  each  step  the  stranger  fears  to  wake 

The  rattling  terrors  of  the  vengeful  snake. 

t  These  were  Moravians— a  people  who  fled  from  Austria  to  escape  the  persecutions 
to  which,  as  Protestants,  they  were  subjected.  They  were  kindly  welcomed  by  Ogle- 
thorpe,  and  settled  at  a  place  on  the  Savannah  River,  which  they  called  Ebenezer. 

14.  First  company  sent  out  ?  Where  did  they  settle  ?  Name  given  to  the  settle 
ment  ?  What  other  settlements  were  made  ? 


1752]    MARYLAND,  THE  CAROLINAS,  AND  GEORGIA     95 


\ 


SEAL   OF   GEOKG1A 


landers,  a  few  years  afterward,  made  a  settlement  on  the 
Altamaha.* 

15.  Hostilities   of  the   Spaniards — Oglethorpe  easily 
succeeded  in  making  friends  of  the  Indians  f — consisting 
of  the  Creeks,  the  Chickasaws,  and 

the  Cherokees  ;  but  the  Spaniards 
in  Florida  looked  upon  the  English 
settlement  as  an  encroachment  upon 
their  territory,  and  threatened  to 
destroy  it.  War  breaking  out  be 
tween  England  and  Spain,  hostili 
ties  ensued  between  the  rival 
colonies  ;  but  Oglethorpe,  Avho  was 
a  good  general  and  a  brave  soldier, 

successfully  defended  the  settlers,  and  Georgia  remained 
unharmed. 

16.  Georgia  a  Royal  Province. — In  1752,  the  trustees, 
who  had  had  many  disputes  with  the  colonists,  gave  up  their 
charter ;  and  Georgia  became  a  royal  province.     The  limits 
of  the  colony  were  extended  to  the   St.  Mary's  River,  by 
treaty  between  England  and  Spain  ;   and  that  river  still 

*  These  people  settled  at  Darien.  General  Oglethorpe  paid  them  a  visit,  dressed  as  a 
Highlander,  and  bade  them  welcome  to  a  land  in  which  they  could  live  in  peace  and 
freedom.  His  kindness  won  their  hearts,  and  they  gladly  aided  him  in  all  his  plans  to 
promote  the  prosperity  of  the  colony. 

t  One  of  the  chiefs,  addressing  Oglethorpe  and  his  companions,  and  presenting  a 
buffalo-skin  painted  on  the  inside  with  the  head  and  feathers  of  an  eagle,  said,  "We 
have  brought  you  a  little  present.  The  feathers  of  the  eagle  are  soft,  signifying  love  ; 
the  skin  is  warm,  and  is  the  emblem  of  protection ;  therefore,  love  and  protect  our 
little  families." 


15.  Oglethorpe's  conduct  toward  the  Indians  ?  What  were  the  tribes  ?  Conduct 
of  the  Spaniards  in  Florida  ?  How  was  the  colony  defended  ?  16.  What  occurred 
in  1752?  What  did  Georgia  become  ?  How  was  its  territory  extended  ?  Name  the 
thirteen  English  colonies. 


96  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1634 

continues  to  be  the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Florida. 
.Georgia  was  the  last  of  the  thirteen  colonies  planted  by  the 
English  in  North  America. 


CHAPTER  IX 
French  Colonies  and  Wars 

1.  THE  settlement  of  Quebec  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
of  Port   Eoyal  in   Acadia,   as   well  as  the  exploration  by 
Ohamplain  of  the  great  lake  named  after  him,  have  already 
been  mentioned.     While  the  English  were  increasing  their 
colonies  on  the  Atlantic,  the  French  were  very  active  in 
exploring  and  settling  the   regions   bordering  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  the  Mississippi. 

2.  Work  of  the  Catholic  Missionaries — Catholic  mis 
sionaries  pushed  their  way  into  the  wilderness,  to  convert 
the  savages  as  well  as  to  explore  the  country.     In  this  work 
they  endured   the  most  dreadful  hardships,   and  some  of 
them  were  put  to  death  in  the  most  cruel  manner  by  the 
barbarous  tribes  whom  they  had  come  to  save.     In  1634, 
these  devoted  men  established  a  missionary  station  near 
Lake    Iroquois,    or    Georgian   Bay,    as   it   is   now   called. 
Many  of  the  red  men  listened  to  their  pious  words,  and 
were  baptized. 

3.  In  1660,  they  had  traversed  this  region  as  far  as  Lake 

Map  Questions.— (Map,  p.  100.)  Where  is  Quebec  ?  Port  Royal  ?  Annapolis? 
The  Bay  of  Fundy  ?  Louisburg  ?  (Map,  p.  252.)  Natchez  ?  New  Orleans  ?  Detroit 
(Map,  p.  200)  ? 

Text  Questions.— 2.  Efforts  of  the  Catholic  missionaries  ?  Their  hardships  ? 
What  was  done  in  1634  ?  3.  What  had  been  accomplished  in  1660  ?  The  Algonquins 
and  Five  Nations  ?  When  and  by  whom  was  St.  Mary's  settled  ?  What  rumor 
reached  Marquette  ? 


long.from      87     Greenwich      82 


\ 


THE  COUNTRY 

EAST  OP  THE  MISSISSIPPI 

AS  OCCUPIED  BY  THE  INDIANS 

J L 


15  I.ong.from  10       "Washington 


u  tr 


1668]  FRENCH  COLONIES  AND    WARS  97 

Superior,  and  had  established  stations  at  various  points. 
The  Algonquin  Indians  were  friendly  to  them,  but  the 
"  Five  Nations/'  being  at  war  with  the  Algonquins,  were 
bitterly  hostile,  and  inflicted  on  them  the  most  shocking 
cruelties.  In  1668,  St.  Mary's  was  settled  by  Marquette 
(mar-kef)  and  others ;  and  soon  after  this,  the  same  mis 
sionary,  having  heard  from  the  natives  of  a  great  river  to 
the  west  of  this  region,  de 
termined  to  explore  it. 

4.  Discovery  and  Ex 
ploration  of  the  Missis 
sippi. — This  project  was 
carried  out  in  1673.  Mar 
quette,  with  Joliet,  a  fur- 
trader,  reached  the  Great 
River,  and  floated  down 
upon  its  waters  in  their 
birch-bark  canoes,  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Arkan- 

LA  SALLK 

sas.*     Thus  was  the  Mis 
sissippi  discovered  a  second  time.     In  1682,  a  French  ad 
venturer,  named  La  Salle  (sal),  descended  this  river  from 


*  "  Turning  southward,  they  paddled  down  the  stream,  through  a  solitude  unrelieved 
by  the  faintest  trace  of  man.  A  large  fish,  apparently  one  of  the  huge  catfish  of  the 
Mississippi,  blundered  against  Marquette's  canoe  with  a  force  which  seems  to  have 
startled  him  ;  and  once,  as  they  drew  in  their  net,  they  caught  a  '  spade-fish,'  whose 
eccentric  appearance  greatly  astonished  them.  At  length,  the  buffalo  began  to  appear, 
grazing  in  herds  on  the  great  prairies  which  then  bordered  the  river  ;  and  Marquette 
describes  the  fierce  and  stupid  looks  of  the  old  bulls,  as  they  stared  at  the  intruders 
through  the  tangled  mane  which  nearly  blinded  them."— Parkman. 


4.  When  was  the  project  carried  out  ?    How  ?    Exploration  by  La  Salle  ?    How 
was  the  territory  named  ? 

7 


98  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1687 

the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,*  and 
taking  possession  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  Louis 
XIV.,  king  of  France,  named  it  Louisiana. 

5.  La  Salle's  Expedition — The  next  year,  La  Salle  re 
turned  to  France,  where  he  was  received  with  great  honors; 
and  his  description  of  the  country  and  the  river  which  he 
had  explored  excited  much  interest.     He  proposed  to  erect 
forts  and  establish  a  settlement   near  the   mouth  of   the 
river,  so  as  to  secure  it  to  the  French.     Four  vessels  were 
given  to  him,  with  soldiers  and  settlers  to  undertake  the 
expedition.     It  sailed  in  1684. 

6.  Death  of  La  Salle — By  an  unfortunate  mistake,  the 
voyagers  passed  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  and  having 
sailed  a  considerable  distance  to  the  westward  of  it,  landed 
in  Texas,  and  built  a  fort.     Here  he  was  left  with  his  com 
panions,  and  all  endured  dreadful  hardships  in  this  wild 
country.     A  vain  search  was  made  for  the  Mississippi ;  and 
at  last  discontent  broke  out,  and  the  great  discoverer  La 
Salle  was  basely  assassinated  (1687). 

7.  Settlement   of   Natchez   and    New    Orleans. — In 
1716,  a  French  commercial  post  was  established  at  Natchez, 
the  first  permanent  settlement  in  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
south  of  Illinois.     A  short  time  afterwards  a  grant  of  the 
country  was  made  to  the  Mississippi  Company,  and  New 


*  "  As  he  drifted  down  the  turbid  current,  between  the  low  and  marshy  shores,  the 
brackish  waters  changed  to  brine,  and  the  breeze  grew  fresh  with  the  salt  breath  of  the 
sea.  Then  the  broad  bosom  of  the  great  Gulf  opened  on  his  sight,  tossing  its  restless 
billows,  limitless,  voiceless,  lonely,  as  when  born  of  chaos,  without  a  sail,  without  a 
sign  of  life.1" — Parkman, 

5.  What  expedition  was  planned  by  La  Salle  ?  When  did  it  sail  ?  6.  What  mis 
take  was  made  ?  What  occurred  after  the  landing  ?  How  was  La  Salle  slain  ?  7.  Set 
tlement  of  Natchez  ?  Of  New  Orleans  ? 


FRENCH  COLONIES  AND    WARS  99 

Orleans  was  founded  (1718),  as  the  capital  of  a  new  empire, 
which  was  expected  to  become  one  of  the  richest  and  most 
powerful  in  the  world. 

FRENCH  WARS 

8.  King  William's  War — Previous  to  the  settlement 
of  Louisiana,  the  French  and  English  colonies  had  been 
involved  in  hostilities  in  consequence  of  war  between  the 
mother  countries.     The  English  king,   James  II.,  fled  to 
France,  and  the  people  of   England   invited   William  of 
Orange  and  Mary,  his  wife,  who  was  a  daughter  of  the  de 
throned  king,  to  ascend  the  throne.     The  French  monarch, 
however,   took   the   part  of   James,   and   commenced  war 
against  England  with  the  view  to  regain  for  him  his  lost 
crown.     This  war  lasted  from  1689  to  the  peace  of  Ryswick 
(riz'-wick),  in  1697.     It  is  called  in  American  history  King 
William's  War. 

9.  Indian    Atrocities.  —  During    this   and    succeeding 
wars,  the  French  colonies  were  aided  by  their  Indian  allies 
in  Canada ;  and  the  English  had  the  assistance  of  the  war 
like  Iroquois,  or  "Five  Nations."     In  the  summer  of  1689, 
the  latter  took  and  burned  Montreal,  putting  to  death  with 
savage  cruelty  at  least  two  hundred  persons,  and  carrying 
many  away  captives.     In  revenge  for  this,  the  French  and 
Indians,  the  following  winter,  invaded  New  York  and  took 
Schenectady,   where   they   committed    the   most   shocking 
barbarities.     Sixty  persons,  of   whom   many  were  women 

8.  What  was  the  cause  of  King  William's  War  ? .  How  long  did  it  last  ?  How  was 
it  terminated  ?  9,  By  whom  were  the  French  and  English  aided  ?  When  and  by 
whom  was  Montreal  burned  ?  Schenectady  ? 


100 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1690 


and  children,  were  massacred,  and  a  large  number  were 
dragged  away  prisoners.  A  few  who  escaped  made  their 
way  through  the  snow  to  Albany  (1690). 


10.  Expedition    against   Acadia   and   Canada. — The 

colonies  of  New  England  also  suffered  greatly  during  this 
war ;  but  the  people  showed  a  wonderful  degree  of  forti 
tude  and  courage  in  the  defense  of  their  homes  and  lives.* 

*  The  story  of  Mrs.  Dustin  illustrates  this.  This  brave  woman,  with  her  nurse  and 
infant  child,  was  taken  prisoner  at  Haverhill,  Mass.,  by  the  Indians,  her  husband 
arriving  from  the  field  too  late  to  defend  her.  The  savages  burned  the  house,  and 
dashed  the  infant  against  a  tree.  The  mother  was  dragged  away  with  other  captives, 
through  the  wilderness,  until,  after  some  days  of  wearisome  journeying,  they  reached 

10.  What  other  colonies  suffered  ?  What  expedition  was  sent  agaiust  Acadia  ? 
Against  Canada  ?  Under  whose  command  ? 


1704]  FRENCH  COLONIES  AND   WARS  101 

An  expedition  was  sent  by  Massachusetts;  against  Acadia, 
and  Port  Eoyal  was  captured.  An  expedition  was  also 
planned  against  Canada,  in  which  a  n^,val '  force  wag  sent 
from  Massachusetts,  and  an  army  from  New  York  ;  but  it 
was  not  successful.  These  expeditions  were  under  the 
command  of  Sir  William  Phipps,  who  was  afterwards  made 
governor  of  Massachusetts. 

11.  Queen    Anne's    War — Five    years    had     scarcely 
elapsed  since  peace  was   declared,   when  the  French  War 
was  renewed.     Queen  Anne  had  ascended  the   throne  on 
the  death  of  William  of  Orange,  but  the  French  king  de 
clared  in  favor  of  the  son  of  the  exiled  James,  who  had 
died  a  short  time  before  (1701).     This,  with  other  causes, 
led  to  a  renewal  of  hostilities.     The  horrors  of  Indian  war 
fare  were  again  experienced  during  this  war. 

12.  Attack  on  Deerfield — Fortunately  for  New  York, 
the  Five  Nations  had  made  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  In 
dians  in  Canada.     The   New  England  settlements,   there 
fore,   were  the  chief   sufferers.     In  the  winter  of  1704,   a 
band  of  French  and  Indians  came  down  the  valley  of  the 
Connecticut   on    snow  shoes,    and    attacked    the    town    of 
Deerfield,  Massachusetts.     The  snowdrifts  made  the  pali 
sades  useless  ;  and  the  place  was  soon  captured.     Nearly  all 


an  island  in  the  Merrimac.  Here,  finding  that  there  were  only  two  Indian  men  left  in 
charge  of  them,  with  three  women  and  seven  children,  Mrs.  Dustin  determined  to 
escape.  She  confided  her  intention  to  two  fellow  captives,  and  during  the  night  they 
arose,  and  each  taking  a  tomahawk,  slew  all  the  Indians  except  two  of  the  children. 
They  then  retraced  their  way  back,  found  a  bark  canoe,  and  descended  the  Merrimac 
to  Haverhill,  to  the  great  joy  and  surprise  of  their  friends. 


11.  What  caused  Queen  Anne's  War?  12.  Why  was  New  York  saved  from 
Indian  hostilities  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  attack  on  Deerfield.  Where  is  Deerfield  ? 
Ans.— In  Massachusetts. 


102  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1710 


THE   ATTACK    ON   DEERFIELD 

the  inhabitants  were   massacred,  or  were  carried  captives 
into  the  wilderness.* 

13.  Subsequent  Events — Daring  this  war,  Port  Royal, 
Nova  Scotia,  was  again  captured  by  the  English  (1710), 
and  its  name  changed  to  Annapolis,  which  means  the  City 

*  Among  these  captives  were  Rev.  Mr.  Williams  and  his  family.  His  wife,  being 
too  weak  to  travel,  was  tomahawked  in  the  presence  of  her  husband  and  children. 
Two  years  afterward,  many  of  the  captives,  including  Mr.  Williams  and  most  of  hid 
children,  were  ransomed  and  returned  home.  The  Indians  had  adopted  his  youngest 
daughter,  and  refused  to  give  her  up.  She  was  married  to  a  chief,  and  became 
accustomed  to  the  Indian  mode  of  life.  Years  afterward,  she  visited  the  home  of  her 
childhood,  and  her  friends  endeavored  to  induce  her  to  remain  there  ;  but  her  love  for 
her  children  and  her  attachment  to  the  Indian  customs  were  too  great  to  permit  her- 
to  abandon  them  ;  and  she  returned  to  the  fires  of  her  wigwam. 


13.  When  was  Port  Royal  taken  ?    What  was  it  named  ?    When  did  the  war  end  ? 
What  did  the  French  give  up  ?    What  did  they  retain  ?    What  fortress  was  built  ? 


1744]  FRENCH  COLONIES  AND    WARS  103 

of  Anna,  this  name  being  given  to  it  in  honor  of  the 
English  queen.  Three  years  afterward  (1713),  peace  was 
made ;  and  the  French  agreed  to  give  up  the  peninsula  of 
Acadia  to  the  English,  but  they  retained  Cape  Breton 
Island,  and  built  there  a  very  strong  fortress,  called  Louis- 
burg. 

14.  King  George's  War. — For  about  thirty  years  the 
colonies  had  peace,  and   they  increased  rapidly  "in  popu 
lation  and  wealth.     New  England  was  especially  thriving. 
There  was  great  activity  in  manufactures,  commerce,  and 
particularly  in  the  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries.     But  this 
state  of  quiet  and  prosperity  was  again  disturbed  by  war, 
in   1744.     France  and  England   again  went  to  war  about 
the  affairs  of  Europe,  and  the  colonies  were  drawn  into  it. 
As  this  war  broke  out  during  the  reign  of  George  II.,  it  is 
called  King  George's  War. 

15.  Capture  of  Louisburg — The   chief   event   of   the 
war  in  this  country  was  the  capture  of  Louisburg,*  by  a 
force  consisting  chiefly  of  New  England  militia,  headed  by 
a  merchant  of  Maine,  named   William  Pepperill,  and  an 
English   fleet   under  Commodore   Warren.     The    fortress 
held   out   for   fifty   days.     This   victory  was   achieved   in 
1745.     Three  years  afterward  the  war  ended  (1748). 

16.  French    and    Indian    War. — The    previous   wars 

*This  fortress  was  called  the  "Gibraltar  of  America,"  on  account  of  its  great 
strength.    It  was  given  back  to  the  French  at  the  close  of  the  war. 


14.  How  long  did  peace  continue  ?  What  is  said  of  the  prosperity  of  the  colonies  ? 
When  was  the  war  recommenced  ?  Its  cause  ?  15.  By  whom  was  Louisburg  cap 
tured  ?  When  ?  When  did  the  war  end  ?  16.  What  had  caused  previous  wars  be 
tween  the  colonies  ?  What  difficulty  sprung  up  in  1753  ?  What  had  the  French  done 
during  the  preceding  half  century  ? 


104 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1753 


SHOWINGTHE  LOCATION 

OP    SOME    OF  THE 
MOST  IMPORTANT  EVENTS 

OT  TttE 

FRENCH  &  INDIAN  WAR 


Map  Questions.— What  two  rivers,  uniting,  form  the  Ohio?  Where  did  Fort 
Duqnesne  stand  ?  What  two  forts  were  on  Lake  Champlain  ?  Where  was  Fort  Wil 
liam  Henry  ?  Fort  Oswego  ?  Fort  Niagara  ?  Fort  Schuyler  ?  Fort  Edward  ?  Fort 
Frontenac  ?  Where  is  Montreal  ?  Schenectady  ?  Albany  ?  Lake  Ontario  ?  Lake 
George  ?  Cape  May  ?  Cape  Henlopen  ?  Cape  Charles  ?  Cape  Henry  ? 


1753]  FRENCH  COLONIES  AND   WARS  105 

between  the  French  and  English  colonies  had  arisen  from 
disputes  between  France  and  England  in  regard  to  Euro 
pean  affairs.  In  1753,  however,  a  difficulty  sprung  up  be 
tween  the  colonies  themselves,  in  relation  to  the  boundary 
of  their  respective  territories,  which  led  to  a  war  called  the 
French  and  Indian  War.  The  French,  during  the  preced 
ing  half  century,  had  done  much  to  enlarge  their  colonial 
possessions,  and  in  order  to  secure  them  had  constructed 
forts  at  all  suitable  points.  Along  the  line  of  the  St.  Law 
rence,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  the  Mississippi,  they  had 
established  more  than  sixty  military  posts,  some  of  great 
strength.* 

17.  English   and   French   Claims — But   the   English 
claimed  to  have  a  prior  right  to  this  territory,  since  the 
whole  had  been  discovered  by  their  navigators,  the  Cabots. 
The  French  deemed   this  an  absurd    claim ;    since   those 
navigators    knew    nothing   of   those    vast    inland    regions 
which  French  missionaries  and  explorers  had,  with  incredi 
ble  difficulty,  perseverance,  and  hardships,  discovered  and 
settled.     For  years  these  rival  claims  were  urged  ;  but  the 
crisis  did  not  amve  till  1753. 

18.  The  Ohio  Company. — Four  years  previous  to  this 

*  "  The  settlements  of  the  French,  stretching  from  north  to  south,  necessarily  in 
terfered  with  those  of  the  English,  stretching  from  east  to  west.  Their  plan,  if  exe- 
'cuted,  would  have  completely  environed  the  English.  Canada  and  Louisiana,  united, 
would,  as  has  been  aptly  said,  have  formed  a  bow,  of  which  the  English  colonies 
would  have  constituted  the  string.  .  .  .  The  delightful  region  between  the  sum 
mit  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  the  Mississippi  was  the  object  for  which  these 
two  powerful  nations  contended  ;  and  it  now  became  apparent  that  the  sword  alone 
could  decide  the  contest." — Marshall's  Life  of  Washington. 


17.  What  was  the  ground  of  the  English  claim?  The  French  claim?  18.  What 
was  the  Ohio  Company  ?  Where  did  the  French  build  forts  ?  What  act  of  hostility 
did  they  commit  ? 


106  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1753 

date,  a  company  of  Virginians  obtained  a  grant  of  land  on 
and  near  the  Ohio  River,  for  the  purpose  of  trading  with 
the  Indians.  This  company  was  called  the  Ohio  Com 
pany.  The  French,  about  the  same  time,  built  forts  on 
the  Ohio  and  its  branches,  in  order  to  occupy  the  terri 
tory  ;  and  considering  the  English  traders  as  trespassers, 
they  arrested  three  of  them,  and  carried  them  to  Presque 
Isle  (presk  eel),  now  Erie,  in  Pennsylvania. 

19.  Washington's    Mission — Complaint   was   accord 
ingly  made   to  Robert    Dinwiddie,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Virginia ;  and  it  was  resolved  to  send  a  letter  of  remon 
strance  to  the  French  commander.     The  person  chosen  to 
carry  this  letter   was  GEORGE  WASHINGTON,   then  about 
twenty-one  years  of  age,*   but  already  distinguished  as  a 
young  man  of  prudence  and  energy.     He  was  a  surveyor 
by  profession  ;  and,  in  the  militia  service,  had  reached  the 
rank  of  major. 

20.  The    Journey — its    Result — The    task    imposed 
upon  him  was  a  very  difficult  one.     It  was  in  the  midst  of 
winter  when  he  set  out ;  and  he  had  to  travel  several  hun 
dred  miles  through  an  almost  pathless  wilderness,  infested 
by   bands   of   lurking    savages,    cruel    and    treacherous,  f 

*  Washington  was  born  in  Westmoreland  County,  Virginia,  on  the  22d  of  February, 
1732. 

t  In  passing  through  the  forest,  he  narrowly  escaped  being  shot  by  a  lurking 
Indian.  "  On  reaching  the  Alleghany,  with  one  poor  hatchet  and  a  whole  day's 
work,  a  raft  was  constructed  and  launched  ;  bnt  before  they  were  half  over  the  river, 
they  were  caught  in  the  running  ice,  expecting  every  moment  to  be  crushed,  unable 
to  reach  either  shore.  Putting  out  a  pole  to  stop  the  raft,  Washington  was  jerked 
into  the  deep  water,  and  saved  himself  only  by  grasping  the  raft-logs.11  He  and  his 
companion,  however,  succeeded  in  reaching  an  island,  where  they  passed  the  night. 
In  the  morning  they  were  enabled  to  cross  safely  on  the  ice. 

19.  Who  was  sent  to  the  French  fort  ?  What  is  said  of  Washington  ?  20.  De 
scribe  the  journey.  What  was  its  result  ? 


1754]  FRENCH  COLONIES  AND   WARS  107 

Still,  the  task  was  accomplished.  The  letter  was  duly 
delivered,  and  an  answer  returned.  The  French  officer, 
however,  gave  no  satisfaction,  but  referred  the  governor 
of  Virginia  to  the  Marquis  du  Quesne  (kane),  governor- 
general  of  Canada. 

21.  Washington's  Expedition. — Before  this,  the  Ohio 
Company  had  commenced  to  construct  a  fort  at  the  junc 
tion  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela  Rivers  ;  and  Din- 
widdie,  on  receiving  the  French  commander's  reply,  sent  a 
military  force  to  protect  the  works.     The  French,   how 
ever,    before   this   could   be   done,    dispatched   a  body    of 
troops,   took  possession  of  the   place,   and  completed  the 
fort,  naming  it  Fort  du    Quesne.     Washington,  on  whom 
the   command  of  the  Virginia  troops  devolved,   heard  of 
this  event,  and  halted  at  a  place  called  the  Great  Meadows, 
near  which  he  attacked  a  small  body  of  French,  and  de 
feated    them    (May   28,    1754).     He  was,    however,    soon 
obliged  to  withdraw  from  his  post*  at  the  Great  Meadows, 
and  return  to  Virginia  without  accomplishing  the  object 
of  the  expedition. 

22.  Braddock's   Expedition. — In  1755,   General  Brad- 
dock,   an  officer  of  skill  and  experience,   was   sent   from 
England  with  several  regiments  of  British  regular  soldiers, 
to  take  command  of  all  the  forces  in  the  colonies.     Several 
expeditions  were   arranged    against    the    French    forts   in* 
different  parts  of  the  country  ;  one  of  them,  against  Fort 

*  Fifteen  hundred  French  and  Indians  attacked  him  at  this  post,  called  Fort  Neces 
sity  ;  but,  after  a  brave  defense  of  ten  hours,  he  was  compelled  to  capitulate 
(July  4th).  

21.  What  expedition  was  sent  out  ?  What  occurred  ?  22.  Who  took  the  chief 
command  ?  What  expedition  did  he  lead  in  person  ?  His  march  ? 


108 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1755 


GENERAL,  BRADDOCK 


du  Quesne,  led  by  Braddock  himself.  Confident  of  suc 
cess,  he  marched  through  the  wilderness,  heedless  of 
danger  from  the  savages,  and 
treated  with  contempt  the  sugges 
tion  of  Washington,  who  served  as 
his  aid,  that  he  should  scour  the 
woods  so  as  to  protect  his  army 
from  a  surprise  by  the  Indians. 

23.  Thus  he  rashly  pushed  on 
till  about  ten  miles  from  the  fort, 
when  the  soldiers'  ears  were  sud 
denly  assailed  by  the  savage  war- 
whoop,  and  a  deadly  fire  was  poured  into  their  ranks 
from  an  unseen  foe.  Panic  and  disorder  ensued  ;  the  sol 
diers  were  shot  down  like  deer,  and  the  general  was  mor 
tally  wounded.*  Washington,!  at  *ne  nead  °f  the  Virginia 
riflemen,  checked  the  enemy,  and  covered  the  retreat  of 
the  army.  His  escape  was  wonderful,  for  he  had  two 
horses  shot  under  him,  and  four  balls  passed  through  his 
coat.  Braddock  died  on  reaching  the  Great  Meadows, 
forty  miles  from  the  scene  of  the  disaster. 


*  Braddock  had  five  horses  disabled  under  him  ;  at  last  a  bullet  entered  his  right 
side,  and  he  fell  mortally  wounded.  He  was  with  difficulty  brought  off  the  field,  and 
borne  in  the  train  of  the  fugitives.  All  the  first  day  he  was  silent,  but  at  night  he 
roused  himself  to  say  :  "  Who  would  have  thought  it  ? "  A  short  time  before  his 
death  he  remarked,  "  We  shall  know  better  how  to  deal  with  them  another  time." — 
Bancroft. 

t  "  I  expected  every  moment,1'  said  one  whose  eye  was  on  Washington,  "  to  see  him 
fall.  Nothing  but  the  superintending  care  of  Providence  could  have  saved  him."  An 
Indian  chief  singled  him  out  with  his  rifle,  and  bade  others  of  his  warriors  do  the 
same.  "  Some  potent  Manitou  guards  his  life,"  exclaimed  the  savage.— Bancroft. 


23.  How  was  he  defeated  ?     Who  covered  the  retreat  ?     State  all  you  can  of 
Braddock. 


110  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1755 

24.  Other  Expeditions — Governor  Shirtey,  about  the 
same  time,  was  to  have  taken  Fort  Niagara  ;  but  his  move 
ments  were  delayed  for  months  ;  and,  after  the  defeat  of 
Braddock,  the  Indians  who  were  with  his  army  deserting, 
he  was  obliged  to  return  to  Albany.     General  Johnson,  who 
possessed  great  influence  with  the  Six  Nations,  was  to  take 
the  French  forts  on  Lake  Champlain  ;  but  he  was  attacked 
in  his  camp  at  the  head  of  Lake  George,  by  the  French 
and   Indians   under   Baron  Dieskau    (de-es-ko')  ;    and,   al 
though  they  were  repulsed,*  he  returned  without  accom 
plishing  anything,  except  the  construction  of  a  fort  at  the 
head  of  the  lake,  which  was  named  Fort  William  Henry. 

25.  In  the  same  year  the  English,  under  Colonel  Monck'- 
ton,  landed  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  captured  the 
French  forts,  and  destroyed  the  settlements.    It  was  a  cruel 
deed  ;  the  country  was  laid  waste,  and  the  people  were  driven 
in  thousands  from  their  homes,  placed  on  board  the  British 
vessels,  and  scattered  among  the  colonists  of  New  England 
and  other  places.    Thus  were  the  people  of  Nova  Scotia 
prevented  from  giving  any  aid  to  the  French  during  this 
war.f 

*  After  the  battle,  Dieskau  was  found  by  the  pursuers,  wounded  and  alone,  leaning 
against  the  stump  of  a  tree.  As  the  British  soldiers  approached,  he  felt  for  his  watch, 
intending  to  give  it  to  them  in  order  to  insure  kind  treatment ;  but  one  of  them, 
thinking  he  was  searching  for  a  pistol,  shot  him,  inflicting  an  incurable  wound.  He 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  sent  to  Europe,  where  he  died  after  ten  years'  suffering  from 
the  injuries  received. 

t  This  cruel  measure  was  adopted  because  the  people  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  King  George  of  England.  It  was  carried  into  effect  in  the  most  merciless 
manner,  and  with  scarcely  any  warning  to  the  unfortunate  Acadians.  '  In  one  of  the 
districts,  the  male  inhabitants  were  required  to  assemble  in  church  on  a  set  day,  to 
listen  to  the  king's  proclamation.  When  they  were  collected,  the  doors  were  closed  ; 


24.  Shirley's  expedition  ?    Johnson's  expedition  ?    What  is  said  of  Dieskau  ?    25, 
What  was  done  by  Colonel  Monckton  ?    How  were  the  Acadians  treated  ? 


1757]  FRENCH  COLONIES  AND    WARS  111 

26.  The  English  accomplished  but  little  during  the  next 
two  years  ;  but  the  French  and  their  savage  allies  were  very 
active,  and  gained  some  advantages.     Fort  Oswego,  built  by 
Shirley  in  1755,  was  captured  in  1756  by  the  Marquis  Mont- 
calm  (mont-kam1),  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  French 
forces,  and  with  it  a  large  amount  of  money  and  military 
stores  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors.     After  demolishing 
the  forts,  to  allay  the  jealousy  of  the  Indians,  Montcalm 
left  Oswego  a  solitude,  and  returned  to  Canada. 

27.  Taking  of  Fort  William  Henry.— In  1757,  Mont- 
calm,  with  a  large  force  of  French  and  Indians,  laid  siege 
to  Fort  William  Henry.     After  a  defense  of  six  days,  its 
brave  commander,  Colonel  Monro,  was  obliged  to  surren 
der.      Although  the  French  general  had  agreed  that  the 
English   garrison   should  retire  in   safety,   they  had  pro 
ceeded  but  a  short  distance  from  the  fort  when  they  were 
attacked  by  the  Indians,  and  a  large  number  of  them  were 
savagely  massacred.*     The  fort  was -demolished  by  order  of 
Montcalm. 

they  were  prisoners,  and  were  told  that  it  was  the  king's  order  that  they  should  leave 
the  country.  They  were  forthwith  marched  to  the  sea-shore,  where  they  found  their 
weeping  wives  and  children,  all  of  whom  were  placed  aboard  the  ships  which  were  to 
take  them  from  their  homes  forever.  In  some  cases  the  members  of  families  were 
separated,  some  being  sent  to  one  colony,  and  others  to  a  far  distant  one. 

*  Montcalm  had  carefully  kept  all  intoxicating  drinks  from  the  Indians,  but  the 
English  supplied  them  ;  and  the  savages  grew  wild  with  dances  and  songs  of  revelry. 
At  daybreak,  as  the  English  soldiers  filed  out  of  the  fort,  the  Indians  gathered  round 
the  intrenchments,  and  began  to  plunder  and  tomahawk  them.  It  was  in  vain  that 
the  French  officers  rushed  into  the  tumult,  and  received  wounds  themselves  in  endeav 
oring  to  rescue  the  captives.  Montcalm  himself  exclaimed  :  "Kill  me,  but  spare  the 
English,  who  are  under  my  protection.1'  He  afterwards  collected  more  than  four 
hundred  fugitives  and  prisoners,  and  sent  an  escort  with  them  to  insure  their  safety. 
He  also  sent  an  officer  to  ransom  those  whom  the  Indians  had  carried  away. 


26.  What  was  done  by  the  English  during  1756  and  1757  ?  By  the  French  ?  27. 
Give  an  account  of  the  taking  of  Fort  William  Henry.  What  was  the  conduct  of  the 
Indians  ? 


112 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1757 


28.  Change    in    the    Administration So    little   had 

been  accomplished  up  to  this  time  against  the  French,  that 
the  English  people  resolved  to  have  a  change  in  the  admin 
istration  of  the  government,  and  the  cele 
brated  William  Pitt*  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  affairs.  Preparations  were  im 
mediately  made  for  carrying  on  the  war 
with  vigor,  and  fifty  thousand  men  were 
placed  in  the  field. 

29.  Points  of  Attack.— The  French, 
at  this  time,  held  forts  by  which  their 
trade  and  possessions  were  strongly  pro 
tected  in  every  direction.  Fort  du 
Quesne  guarded  the  territory  west  of 
the  Alleghanies  ;  Crown  Point  and  Ticon- 
deroga,  on  Lake  Champlain,  closed  the 
route  to  Canada  ;  Niagara  protected  the 
fur  trade  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  re 
gion  beyond.  Louisburg  menaced  New 
England  and  guarded  the  fisheries ;  and  Quebec,  with  its 
strong  fortifications,  was  the  key  to  the  possession  of 
Canada.  A  vigorous  effort  was  now  to  be  made  to  capture 
all  these  strong  posts,  and  thus  to  destroy  the  French 
power  in  America. 

*  William  Pitt,  first  Earl  of  Chatham,  was  born  at  Westminster,  England,  in  1708. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  American  Revolution  he  was  opposed  to  the  measures  of  the 
British  ministry  in  the  American  colonies  ;  but,  at  the  close  of  a  speech,  made  in  1778 
in  Parliament,  in  which  he  spoke  against  a  motion  to  acknowledge  the  independence 
of  America,  he  fell  in  an  apoplectic  fit,  and  was  borne  home,  where  he  died  a  few 
weeks  afterward.  

28.  What  change  took  place  in  the  English  administration  ?  29.  What  forts,  were 
held  by  the  French  at  this  time  ?  What  was  protected  by  each  ? 


A  BRITISH  GRENADIER 
OF  THE   PERIOD 


1758] 


FRENCH  COLONIES  AND    WARS 


113 


30.  Success  of  the  English.— General  Forbes,,  in  1758, 
led  the  expedition  against  Fort  clu  Quesne,  Washington 
having  the  command  of  the  Virginia  militia.  The  French 
set  fire  to  the  fort  as  he  approached,  and  fled.  The 


THE   ST.   LAWRENCE,  IN  1759 

English  restored  the  works,  and  called  the  place  Fort  Pitt, 
in  honor  of  the  great  minister  and  statesman.  The  same 
year  Louisburg  was  captured  by  General  Amherst  ;  and 
Fort  Frontenac,  the  French  fort  at  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Ontario,  was  taken  by  General  Brad  street. 

30.  Give  an  account  of  the  taking  of  Fort  du  Quesne.    Who  took  Louisburg  ? 
Fort  Frontenac  ? 


114  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1758 

31.  Abercromby's  Expedition — The  finest  expedition 
of  the  war  was  that  under  General  Abercromby,  the  com- 
mander-in-chief,  the  object  of   which  was  to  take  Ticon- 
deroga  and  Crown  Point.     With  sixteen  thousand  men  he 
descended    Lake    George   in    boats,   and    landing    at    its 
northern   extremity,    commenced   a    march    through    the 
dense  forests   towards  Ticonderoga,   then   commanded  by 
Montcalm. 

32.  The  advance,  under  Lord  Howe,  was  suddenly  met 
by  the   French,    and   repulsed,    the   leader    being   killed. 
This   discouraged    the   army,    and   they  fell    back   to   the 
landing-place  ;  but  resuming  their  march,  they  advanced 
against  the  fort  and  made  an  assault.     The  attempt  failed  ; 
and    after  losing    nearly   two   thousand    men,    they   were 
obliged  to  retreat. 

33.  Victories    of   Amherst    and    Wolfe — The    next 
year  (1759),  General    Amherst   succeeded    in   driving   the 
French   from   the  posts   on   Lake   Champlain ;    and    Fort 
Niagara   was   also   taken.     The  great  event  of   this  year, 
however,  was  the  defeat  of  Montcalm  and  the  taking  of 
Quebec  by  General  Wolfe,  who  had  distinguished  himself 
in  the  capture  of  Louisburg  the  preceding  year. 

34.  With   an   army  of   eight    thousand    men,  Wolfe  as 
cended  the  St.  Lawrence  in  June,  and  commenced  a  series 
of  attacks,  which  were    unsuccessful.     He   then   resolved 
upon    another   plan.     During  the   night   of    the    12th    of 
September,  his  troops  landed  at  a  place  about  two  miles 

31.  What  is  said  of  Abercromby's  expedition  ?  Its  route  ?  33.  What  places  were 
taken  by  Amherst  in  1759  ?  What  by  Wolfe  ?  34.  Describe  Wolfe's  expedition. 
Battle  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham.  Who  fell  in  the  battle  ?  When  did  the  city  sur 
render  ? 


1759] 


FRENCH  COLONIES  AND    WARS 


115 


above  the  city,  and  climbing  by  a  narrow  path  the  steep 
bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,,  at  daylight  stood  on  the  Plains 
of  Abraham  in  battle  array. 

35.  At  first,  Montcalm  could  scarcely  believe  it  possible 
that  the  British  army  could  have  reached  the  plains  ;  but 
he  soon  found  that  he  had  to  march  out  of  his  intrench- 


"THE  TEIIRIBLE  CHARGE  OF  THE  BRITISH  REGULAR  SOLDIERS 


ments,  and  risk  a  battle.  Both  sides  fought  bravely ;  but 
the  Canadian  militia  could  not  withstand  the  terrible 
charge  of  the  British  regular  soldiers,  and  Montcalm  was 
defeated.  Wolfe  fell  at  the  moment  of  victory;*  and 

*  "  'See  how  they  run,'  one  of  the  officers  exclaimed,  as  the  French  fled  in  con- 
f nsion  before  the  leveled  bayonets.     '  Who  run  ? '  demanded  Wolfe,  opening  his  oyes 

35.  Result  of  this  victory  ? 


116  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1763 

Montcalm,  being  mortally  wounded,  died  soon  after.* 
The  city  was  surrendered  five  days  after  the  battle  (Sept. 
18,  1759). 

36.  This  victory  really  decided  the  war.     Montreal  was 
surrendered   to   an   overwhelming   force   under   Amherst, 
the  next   year ;    and    thus   the  whole   of   Canada  became 
the  property  of  the  English.     In  1763,  a  treaty  of  peace 
was  signed  at  Paris,  by  the  terms  of  which,  France  gave 
up  to  Great  Britain  all  her  American  possessions  east  of 
the   Mississippi   and    north   of   the    I'-ber-ville    River,    in 
Louisiana.       At   the   same   time,   Spain    ceded    to    Great 
Britain  her  possessions  of  East  and  West  Florida,  f 

37.  Pontiac's    War. — The   Indians   of    the    northwest 
were  not  subdued.     They  had  been  friendly  to  the  French, 
but  they  hated  the    British.     Pontiac,    their   chief,    like 
King  Philip  in  former  times,  secretly  induced  the  various 
tribes  to  combine  against  the  English;  and,  suddenly,  an 
attack  was  made  upon  the  posts  in  the  northwest,  all  of 

like  a  man  aroused  from  sleep.  'The  enemy,  sir,'  was  the  reply;  '  they  give  way 
everywhere.1  'Now  God  be  praised,  I  die  in  peace,1  he  murmured  ;  and  turning  on 
his  side,  he  calmly  breathed  his  last.11 — Park/nan's  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac. 

*  Montcalm  was  born  in  France,  in  1712.  At  the  close  of  the  battle  in  which  he  was 
mortally  wounded,  on  being  told  that  he  could  not  live  long,  "So  much  the  better,1' 
he  said  ;  "  I  shall  not  live  to  see  the  surrender  of  Quebec."  He  died  on  the  morning 
of  the  14th  of  September. 

tThe  war  thus  terminated  was  called  in  Europe  the  "Seven  Years1  War  ; "  but  it 
began  in  America  two  years  before  hostilities  were  commenced  in  Europe.  It  was  in 
this  war  that  Frederick  II.,  of  Prussia,  performed  that  startling  series  of  exploits 
which  caused  him  to  be  called  "  the  Great ;  "  it  was  in  this  war  that  young  Colonel 
Washington  first  heard  the  whistling  of  hostile  bullets,  which  he  said  was  music  in 
his  ears  ;  in  this  war  that  Pitt  doubled  the  consequence,  and  trebled  the  arrogance,  of 
England,  by  winning  Canada  and  India,  after  a  series  of  intoxicating  victories  by  sea 
and  land. — Parton's  Life  of  Franklin. 


36.  Surrender  of  Montreal  ?  When  was  peace  made  ?  The  terms  of  the  treaty  ? 
What  were  ceded  by  Spain  ?  37.  What  Indian  war  broke  out  ?  Its  cause  ?  What 
places  were  taken  ? 


1763]  PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLONIES  117 

which  were  taken  except  Niagara,  Fort  Pitt,  and  Detroit. 
Hundreds  of  families  were  butchered  or  driven  from  their 
homes. 

38.  Detroit  was  besieged  for  six  months,  but  was  at 
last  relieved.  The  Indians,  finally,  were  compelled  to  sue 
for  peace;  but  Pontiac  would  not  submit.  He  wandered 
toward  the  Mississippi,  endeavoring  to  stir  up  the  Western 
tribes  against  the  English,  but  was  at  last  assassinated  by 
an  Indian. 

CHAPTER  X 
Civil  Progress  and  Social  Condition  of  the  Colonies 

i.  Population. — At  the  close  of  the  French  and  Indian 
War,  sometimes  called  the  "  Old  French  War,"  there  were 
seventeen  colonies  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  of  which 
thirteen,  known  as  English  colonies,  had  been  established 
by  emigrants  from  Great  Britain.  These  latter  occupied 
a  strip  of  territory  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  The  most 
northern  of  them  was  New  Hampshire;  the  most  southern, 
Georgia.  These  thirteen  colonies  contained  more  than 
two  millions  of  persons,  of  whom  a  considerable  number 
were  negro  slaves.  In  Virginia,  the  latter  were  the 
majority  of  the  inhabitants.  Canada,  just  conquered 
from  the  French,  contained  about  one  hundred  thousand 
people.  In  Nova  Scotia,  and  in  East  and  West  Florida, 
the  population  was  small. 

Text  Questions.— 38.  Siege  of  Detroit  ?  What  followed  ?  Fate  of  Pontiac  ? 
1.  How  many  colonies,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  were  there  at  the  close  of  the 
French  and  Indian  War  ?  How  many  were  English  ?  What  territory  did  they 
occupy  ?  Their  population  ? 


118  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1763 

2.  The  most  populous  of  the  colonies,  at  that  time,  was 
Pennsylvania,  and  next  in  order  were  Massachusetts,  New 
York,  and  Virginia.     The  whole  population  of  New  Eng 
land    was   about   half   a   million.     The   chief   cities   were 
Philadelphia,  Boston,  and  New  York,  each  of  which  con 
tained,    in    1763,    between   fifteen    and    twenty   thousand 
persons.     The   population  of  Charleston  must   have   been 
about  ten  thousand,  and  of  Quebec  about  the  same. 

3.  Government — There  were    three  forms  of   govern 
ments  ;   namely,   provincial,   or   royal,    charter,    and   pro- 
prietary.     Nova   Scotia,    Canada,    New   Hampshire,    New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  the  Carolinas,  Georgia,  and 
the   Floridas,    were    under    provincial    governments,    the 
principal   officers   being   appointed   by   the    king ;   Rhode 
Island,     Connecticut,     and     Massachusetts,     were     under 
charter    governments;    and    Pennsylvania   and    Maryland 
were  proprietary. 

4.  Indians.— At  this  period,  there  existed  in  the  whole 
territory  extending  from  the  lakes  of  Canada  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  along  its  western  banks,  more  than  fifty  Indian 
nations.  These  contained  about  sixty  thousand  Indians 
able  to  bear  arms,  and  about  thirty-five  thousand  warriors. 
In  the  most  populous  of  the  English  colonies,  war,  disease, 
and  the  excessive  use  of  ardent  spirits  had  greatly  dimin 
ished  the  numbers  of  the  red  men. 

2.  Which  were  the  most  populous  colonies  ?  Whole  population  of  New  England  ? 
The  chief  cities  ?  Their  population  ?  3.  What  forms  of  government  existed  ?  Which 
of  the  colonies  were  provincial  ?  Which  had  charters  ?  Which  were  proprietary  ? 
4.  How  many  Indian  nations  were  there  ?  How  many  Indians  2  What  had  reduced 
their  numbers  ? 


1763]  PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLONIES  119 

5.  Industrial    Pursuits — The   cultivation  of   the   soil 
was  the  chief  pursuit  throughout  the  colonies  ;  but  in  the 
north,    there    were   manufactures   of    various   articles,    as 
shoes,   hats,    farming   implements,   and  furniture.     Spin 
ning,   and  the  weaving  of   cloth   were  also  carried  on  to 
some    exter\t.       Commerce    was    chiefly   confined    to    the 
coasting  and  West  India  trade  ;  but  occasionally  vessels 
were  sent  to  the  Canary  Islands,  and  sometimes  to  Spain 
and  Portugal,  carrying  to  these    countries   furs,  tobacco, 
lumber,  and  fish.* 

6.  Agricultural     Products — The     colonists     at     first 
raised  the  vegetables  and  grains  used  in  their  own  country. 
The    cultivation    of   maize,    now   so   great    a   staple,    was 
borrowed  from  the  Indians.     The  potato  was   not   intro 
duced  till  1719,   and  was  rare  in  the  colonies  as  late  as 
1740.       In    Pennsylvania    the    vine    was    cultivated    con 
siderably,  and  in  Georgia  the  production  of  silk  was  quite 
active.     Indeed,  the  silk  of  Georgia  was  considered  to  be 
among  the  best  in  the  world.     The  raw  silk  received   in 
Savannah   for  shipment,  in  1759,  amounted  to  ten  thou 
sand  pounds. 

7.  Fisheries.— Several  of  the  coast  towns  of  New  Eng 
land,  for  many  years,  had   been   actively  engaged  in  the 

*  "  When  one  hand  was  shut  by  way  of  supply  from  England,  another  was  opened 
by  way  of  traffic,  first  to  the  West  Indies  and  Wine  Islands,  whereby,  among  other 
goods,  much  cotton  wool  was  brought  into  the  country  from  the  Indies,  which  the 
inhabitants  learned  to  spin  ;  and  as  they  devoted  themselves  to  the  breeding  of  sheep 
and  the  sowing  of  hemp  and  flax,  they  soon  found  out  a  way  to  supply  themselves 
with  cotton,  linen,  and  woolen  cloth." — Hubbar&s  Neiv  England. 


5.  The  chief  industrial  pursuit  ?  What  manufactures  ?  What  commerce  ?  6. 
What  did  the  colonists  raise  ?  What  is  said  of  maize  ?  Of  the  potato  ?  The  vine  ? 
Silk  ?  For  what  was  New  Jersey  noted  ?  7.  What  colonies  were  engaged  in  the 
whale  fishery  ?  What  island  in  particular  ?  What  other  fisheries  ? 


120  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1763 

whale  fishery.  Among  these,  Nantucket  took  the  lead. 
The  cod  and  other  fisheries  employed  very  many  persons 
in  New  England.  There  were  also  fisheries  further  south, 
off  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  and  in  Delaware  Bay. 

8.  Mining,  etc — As  early  as  1728,  iron  furnaces  were 
built  in  Pennsylvania,  and  soon  afterward  in  Connecticut. 
The  coal  mines  were  not  yet  discovered.     Mining  had  not 
become,  as  yet,  a  considerable  branch  of  industry. 

9.  Printing,  etc. — The  first  paper-mill  in  Massachusetts 
was  erected  in  1728  ;  but  previous  to  this  there  were  print 
ing-presses  in  the  colony  ;  and  in  1704  the  publication  of  a 
newspaper,    called   the  "Boston   News-Letter/'  was  com 
menced.     No   newspaper  was  printed  in  Connecticut   till 
1755,  when  the  "Connecticut  Gazette"  was  published  in 
New  Haven.     Printing  was  introduced  into  Providence  in 
1762.     At   this   date,    four   journals    were   regularly  pub 
lished   in   Boston.      The   next   year,    the    first   newspaper 
published    in    Georgia   was   issued    at    Savannah.       News 
papers    were   published    at   this   time    in    New  York   and 
Philadelphia. 

10.  Education   and  Schools. — The   school-house,   like 
the  church,  was  found  in  every  New  England  town.     The 
people  knew  that  no   community  could   prosper   without 
making   provision  for   educating  the  children.     Common 
schools  were,  therefore,  everywhere  established  ;  for  by  law 
"every  township  was  required  to  maintain  a  school  for 
reading  and  writing,  and  every  town  of  a  hundred  house- 

8.  What  is  said  of  mining  ?  9.  The  first  paper-mill  in  Massachusetts  ?  The 
"Boston  News-Letter"  ?  The  "Connecticut  Gazette11?  Printing  in  Providence? 
Journals  in  Boson  ?  In  Georgia  ?  In  other  cities  ?  10.  What  is  said  of  common 
schools  ?  Harvard  College  1 


1763] 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLONIES 


holders  a  grammar  school,  to  fit  youths  for  the  university." 
Harvard  College,  established  in  1636,  was  for  many  years 
the  only  college  in  New  England,  and  it  had  many  friends 
who  contributed  to  its  support.  (See  note,  page  126.) 

ii.  Yale  College. — In  1700,  ten  Connecticut  clergymen 
came  together,  and  each  one  laying  some  books  on  the 
table,  said,  "I  give  these  books  for  the  founding  of  a 
college  in  this  colony."  It  was  afterward  called  Yale 
College,  in  honor  of 
Elihu  Yale  of  England, 
who  gave  it  a  large 
sum  of  money.  Some 
of  the  most  distin 
guished  men  in  Eng 
land  made  it  presents 


of  money  or  books.* 

12.  Other  Schools 
and  Colleges.  —  Col 
leges  had  also  been  es 
tablished  at  this  time 
in  some  of  the  other 
colonies.  William  and 
Mary  College  was  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN 

founded  in  Virginia  in 

1692  ;  but  there  were  no  common  schools  in  that  colony. 
The  College  (University)  of  New  Jersey  was  founded,  by 

*"Yale  College  was  originally  founded  at  Killingworth  in  the  year  1700.    It  was 
chartered  in  1701,  was  removed  to  Saybrook  in  1707,  and  to  New  Haven  in  1716." 


11.  When  and  how  was  Yale  College  founded  ?  Why  so  called  ?  12.  What  col 
lege  was  founded  in  Virginia  ?  In  New  Jersey  ?  In  New  York  ?  In  Pennsylvania  ? 
What  schools  in  the  colonies  ? 


122  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1763 

royal  charter,  at  Elizabeth  in  1746,  but  was  subsequently 
removed  to  Newark,  and,  in  1757,  to  Princeton.*  In  New 
York,  there  were  schools  under  Dutch  schoolmasters  at  a 
very  early  period.  King's  College  (now  Columbia  Uni 
versity),  was  founded  in  1754.  In  Pennsylvania,  the  first 
school  was  established  in  1683.  The  University  of  Penn 
sylvania  was  commenced  in  1750.  Dr.  Franklin  took  an 
active  interest  in  its  establishment. 

13.  Manners  and  Customs. — The  morals  of  the  people 
were  carefully  regulated  by  the  laws  both  in  New  England 
and  the  middle  colonies.     No  license  was  granted  to  keep 
a  tavern  to  any  persons  who  were  not  highly  reputable  citi 
zens  ;  and  no  liquor  could   lawfully  be  sold  to  those  who 
were  known  to  be  drunkards.     The  names  of  all  such  were 
posted   up   in   the    ale-houses.     Severe   laws   were   passed 
against  drunkenness,  profanity,  and  sabbath-breaking.     In 
New  York,  tavern-keepers  were  not  allowed  to  give  sup 
pers  after  nine  o'clock  at  night. 

14.  The  most  elegant  mansions  of  the  time  were  fur 
nished   in   a   very   simple   style,  f     Carpets   were    scarcely 

*  Jonathan  Edwards  was  president  of  this  College  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1758. 
He  was  born  in  1703,  and  educated  at  Yale  College.  He  was  celebrated  both  in  Europe 
and  America  for  his  attainments  and  writings  as  a  divine.  His  industry  was  incredible. 
He  commonly  spent  thirteen  hours  each  day  in  his  study  ;  and  at  his  death,  at  the  age 
of  fifty-five,  the  number  of  his  miscellaneous  writings  amounted  to  upwards  of  one 
thousand  four  hundred.  His  greatest  work  is  that  on  the  "  Freedom  of  the  Will." 

t  Penn's  manor  house,  on  the  Delaware,  is  thus  described :  A  broad  avenue  of* 
poplars  led  up  to  the  house,  which  was  built  of  stone,  and  surrounded  by  gardens  and 
lawns.  .  Its  large  hall  ran  the  whole  length  of  the  house,  and  afforded  space  for  the 
entertainment  of  strangers.  Indians  were  frequently  guests  at  this  hospitable  mansion. 
Its  furniture  consisted  of  only  six  chairs,  two  long  benches,  and  a  long  table,  with 
pewter  plates  and  dishes,  and  vessels  called  cisterns,  containing  water  or  beer.  The 


13.  What  were  regulated  bylaw?  Who  could  be  licensed  tavern-keepers?  Lawa 
as  to  drunkards,  etc.  ?  14.  What  is  said  of  the  mansions  of  the  time  ?  Of  the  furni 
ture  ?  Of  dress  ?  Customs  in  New  York  ? 


1772]  PROGRESS  OF  THE  COLONIES  123 

known  till  1750,  the  floors  being  strewn  with  clean  white 
sand.  Cushioned  hair,  huge  wigs,  stiff  brocades,  and  cum 
brous  hoops  were  conspicuous  in  full-dress  companies.  In 
New  York,  many  of  the  customs  were  such  as  had  been 
introduced  by  its  Dutch  founders.  Some  of  these  remain 
to  this  day  ;  such  as  the  "  May-day  moving,"  the  visit  of 
Santa  Glaus  at  Christmas  eve,  and  the  colored  eggs  of 
Easter. 

15.  In  that  early  period,  long  before  railroads  were  even 
thought  of,  the  facilities  for  traveling  were  small  indeed. 
The  roads  were  few  and  very  bad,  and  much  time  was  con 
sumed  in  even  short  journeys.     In    1772,  it  was  thought 
wonderful  that  a  stage  should  go  through  from  Philadel 
phia  to  New  York  in  two  days.     Such  a  stage  was  adver 
tised  as  "The  Flying  Machine." 

16.  How  the  People    Dressed. — "I   wish   you   could 
have  seen  what  splendid  dresses  the  ladies  wore  in  those 
times  !     They  had  silks,  and  satins,  and  damasks,  and  bro 
cades,  and  high  head-dresses,  and  all  sorts  of  fine  things. 
And  they  used  to  wear  hooped  petticoats  of  such  enormous 
size,  that  it  was  quite  a  journey  to  walk  round  them.     The 
gentlemen  dressed  with  full  as  much  magnificence  as  the 
ladies.     For  their  holiday  suits  they  had  coats  of  figured 
velvet,  crimson,  green,  blue,  and  all  other  gay  colors,  em 
broidered  with  gold  or  silver  lace. 

17.  "  Their  waistcoats,  which  were  five  times  as  large  as 
modern  ones,  were  very  splendid.     Sometimes  the  whole 


best  parlor  was  furnished  with  tables,  a  couch,  cane  chairs,  and  cushions  of  satin  and 
green  plush.  The  upper  chambers  had  good  beds,  chairs,  and  tables.  The  table  furni 
ture  included  blue  and  white  china,  silver  plate,  and  damask  linen. 


124 


HISTORY  OP  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1772 


waistcoat,  which  came  down  almost  to  the  knees,  was 
made  of  gold  brocade.  And  then  they  wore  various  sorts 
of  periwigs,  such  as  the  tie,  the  spencer,  the  brigadier, 
the  major,  the  albemarle,  the  ramillies,  the  feather-top, 


COSTUMES    OF    THE    PERIOD 


and  the  full-bottom.  Their  three-cornered  hats  were 
laced  with  gold  or  silver.  They  had  shining  buckles  at 
the  knees  of  their  small-clothes,  and  buckles  likewise  in 
their  shoes.  They  wore  swords  with  beautiful  hilts, 
either  of  silver,  or  sometimes  of  polished  steel,  inlaid 
with  gold." — Hawthorne. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  SUMMARY  125 

CHRONOLOGICAL  SUMMARY 

WITH   THE    CONTEMPORANEOUS    ENGLISH    AND    FRENCH    SOVEREIGNS 

French 
English 

Discoveries  and  Explorations 

b      1492    The  West  Indies  were  discovered  by  Columbus. 
"  1497'  North  America  was  discovered  by  the  Cabots. 
1499    South  America  was  visited  by  Amerigo  Vespucci. 
1512    Florida  was  discovered  by  Ponce  de  Leon 
1513.  The  Pacific  Ocean  was  discovered  by  Balboa. 
1520.  The  coast  of  Carolina  was  visited  by  De  Ayllon. 
152l'  Mexico  was  explored  and  conquered  by  Cortez. 
1524'  The  coast  of  North  America  explored  by  \errazzani, 
1534    The  St.  Lawrence  was  discovered  by  Cartier. 
1541.  The  Mississippi  was  discovered  by  De  Soto. 


Colonial  Events 


562    The  Huguenots  attempted  to  colonize  Carolina. 
564    The  second  Huguenot  colony  was  begun  in  I<  londa. 
565!  Florida,  at  St.  Augustine,  was  settled  by  Spaniards. 
579    West  coast  of  North  America  explored  by  Drake. 
584    Carolina  coast  explored  by  Raleigh's  expedition. 
585-7.  Raleigh  made  two  attempts  to  colonize  Carolina, 
602    The  Massachusetts  coast  was  explored  by  bosnold. 
606    The  London  and  Plymouth  Cos.  received  charters. 


1651.  Parliament  passed  the  "Navigation  Act. 

1655  New  Sweden  (Delaware)  conquered  by  the  Dutch. 

1656  The  "  Persecution  of  Quakers  "  in  Massachusetts. 


j.  He   J-JUllviuu   cti  IA*.  j.  j. j  **i  ~ ~ -     — 

607    The  London  Co.  planted  a  colony  at  Jamestown. 
609.  The  Hudson  River  was  discovered  by  Hudson 
614    The  New  England  coast  was  explored  by  Smith. 

"  New  York  was  settled  by  the  Dutch. 
620.  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  was  settled. 
623.  New  Hampshire  was  settled.    . 
630.  Boston  settled  by  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony. 
633.  Connecticut  was  settled  at  Windsor. 
.634.  Maryland  (at  St.  Mary's)  was  settled. 

1635  Saybrook  (2d  colony  in  Connecticut)  was  settled. 

1636  Providence  (1st  colony  in  Rhode  Island)  was  settled, 
1637*  The  Pequods  of  Connecticut  were  destroyed. 

The  second  colony  of  Rhode  Island  was  established. 
1638    The  Swedish  colony  in  Delaware  was  established. 

New  Haven  (3d  colony  in  Connecticut)  was  settled. 
1643.  Four  New  England  colonies  formed  a  Union. 
1644    The  two  colonies  of  Rhode  Island  were  united. 
1650!  North  Carolina  (on  the  Chowan)  was  settled. 
-     1651.  Parliament  passed  the  "  Navigation  Act.     ^      i 


O 


126  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

English  French 

1663.  The  grant  of  Carolina  to  Clarendon  and  others. 

1664.  New  York  taken  by  the  English  from  the  Dutch. 
New  Jersey  (at  Elizabeth)  was  settled. 

1665.  The  Connecticut  colonies  united  under  one  charter. 
1670.  South  Carolina  (on  the  Ashley)  was  settled. 

1673.  Virginia  was  ceded  to  Culpepper  and  Arlington. 

1  ftTrk  T^inrc    T^Viil  i  r-i'o    \\7rt  »•  i  »TI    XT",-,.,,    TT*  «  «.!  „  „  J 


O 


o  TT 


1675.  King  Philip's  War  in  New  England. 
1682.  Pennsylvania  (at  Philadelphia)  was  settled. 

Delaware  granted  by  the  Duke  of  York  to  Penn. 

1689.  King  William's  War  began  in  America. 

1690.  Port  Royal  (Nova  Scotia)  captured  by  the  English. 
1692.  Plymouth  was  united  with  Massachusetts 

1697.  The  "  Treaty  of  Ryswick"  ended  the  war. 

1702.  Queen  Anne's  War  began  in  America. 

1710.  Port  Royal  captured  (2d  time)  by  the  English. 

1713.  The  "  Treaty  of  Utrecht"  ended  the  war. 

1729.  Carolina  separated  into  North  and  South  Carolina. 

1732.  Washington  was  born,  in  Virginia,  Feb.  22. 

1733.  Georgia  (at  Savannah)  was  settled. 

1744.  King  George's  War  began  in  America. 

1745.  Louisburg  was  taken  (1st  time)  by  the  English. 
1748.  The  "  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  "  ended  the  war. 

1754.  The  French  and  Indian  War. 

Washington  defeated  the  French  at  Great  Meadows. 

1755.  The  French  were  expelled  from  Nova  Scotia. 
Braddock  was  defeated  at  the  Monongahela. 


e 
o 

a/ 


1756.  Oswego  was  captured  by  the  French. 

1757.  Fort  William  Plenry  surrendered  to  the  French. 

1758.  Abercromby  was  defeated  at  Ticonderoga. 
Louisburg  was  taken  (2d  time)  by  the  English. 

Ft.  Frontenac  (Kingston)  was  taken  by  the  English. 

1759.  Ft.  Niagara  was  taken  by  the  English. 
Wolfe  defeated  Montcalm  before  Quebec. 
Quebec  was  surrendered  to  the  English. 

1760.  Montreal  was  surrendered  to  the  English. 
1763.  The  "Treaty  of  Paris  "  ended  the  war. 


Harvard  College.—11  Six  years  after  the  arrival  of  Winthrop  (1636),  the 
General  Court  voted  a  sum  equal  to  a  year's  rate  of  the  whole  colony,  to 
wards  the  erection  of  a  college.  In  1638,  John  Harvard,  who  arrived  in  the 
Bay  only  to  fall  a  victim  to  the  most  wasting  disease  of  the  climate,  desir 
ing  to  connect  himself  imperishably  with  the  happiness  of  his  adopted 
country,  bequeathed  to  the  college  one-half  of  his  estate  and  all  his  library. 
The  infant  institution  was  a  favorite.  Connecticut,  and  Plymouth,  and  the 
towns  in  the  east,  often  contributed  little  offerings  to  promote  its  success. 
The  gift  of  the  rent  of  a  ferry  was  a  proof  of  the  care  of  the  State  ;  and  once, 
at  least,  every  family  in  each  of  the  colonies  gave  to  the  college  at  Cam 
bridge  twelve  pence,  or  a  peck  of  corn,  or  its  value  .  .  .  ;  while  the  magis 
trates  and  wealthier  men  were  profuse  in  their  liberality." — Bane r  ft. 


TOPICS  FOR  REVIEW 


127 


TOPICS  FOR  REVIEW 


Numbers  refer  to 

pages  of  the  book 

BIOGRAPHICAL 

Mexico  28 

Mississippi  River  31,  97 

Who  were  they  ? 

Labrador  ,  „  .     33 

With  what  events  connected  ? 

St.  Lawrence  River  33,  105 

Any  other  facts  ? 

Quebec      ....              .          .        33  114 

Columbus  13 

Balboa  25 

Magellan  27 

Ponce  de  Leon  27 

Cortez  29 

DeSoto  31 

The  Cabots                                            .    33 

Connecticut.   62 

Verrazzani                                         .  .        33 

Hudson  River  .  .     74 

Cartier                                                       33 

Manhattan  Island  75 

Champlain                                                 34 

New  York     79 

Drake                                                         35 

New  Jersey  80 

Gilbert                                                          35 

Pennsylvania     ..       .           ..            ..      82 

Raleigh  36 

Gosnold  '  36 

Captain  John  Smith  40,  43 

Lord  Delaware  45 

Pocahontas  41,  45 

Roger  Williams  59,  60 

King  Philip             69 

Henry  Hudson  73 

Peter  Stuyvesant  78 

HISTORICAL 

William  Penn                                              82 

? 

Lord  Baltimore            ....         87 

Lord  Clarendon  .  .                                        90 

ed  with  it  ? 

James  Oglethorpe  93 

Marquette  .         97 

'                     

La  Salle  97 

George  Washington.                                 106 

General  Braddock  107 

Baron  Dieskau  110 

*                          

Marquis  Montcalm  Ill,  114 

General  Wolfe  114 

Pontiac  116 

King  Philip's  War  69 

GEOGRAPHICAL 

Salem  Witchcraft  71 

By  whom  discovered  or  settled? 

Conquest  of  New  Netherlands  79 

With  what  events  connected? 
Other  facts? 

King  William's  War  99 
Conquest  of  Acadia  100 

San  Salvador.                                              22 

Florida...                                 ...28,30,34 

Conquest  of  Canada  .  .                       .  .  114 

PEKIOD  II 

FROM  THE  CLOSE  OF  THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR  TO  THE 
ADOPTION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  CONSTITUTION 

CHAPTER  XI 
Causes  of  the  American  Revolution 

1.  Why  the  Colonies  were  taxed. — The  French  and 
Indian  War  had  cost  a  vast  sum  of  money.     In  order  to 
carry  it  on,  Great  Britain  had  been  obliged  to  borrow  three 
hundred  millions  of  dollars,  thus  increasing  her  national 
debt  by  that  amount.     The  English  government,   there 
fore,  soon  after  the  close  of  the  war,  set  up  the  claim  that, 
as  it  had  been  waged  on  behalf  of  the  colonies,  they  should 
bear  a  part  of  the  burden.     Accordingly,  a  law  was  passed 
in  1765  called  the' Stamp  Act. 

2.  The    Stamp   Act. — This   law  required    that   for   all 
business  papers,  such  as  deeds,  bonds,  notes,  etc.,  and  all 
such  printed  matter  as  newspapers,  pamphlets,  etc.,  paper 
having  a  government  stamp  should  be  used.     By  charging 
a  certain  sum  for  such  paper,  the  government  would  be 
enabled  to  obtain  a  considerable  revenue.     The  colonists, 
however,  would  not  submit  to  be  taxed  in  this  way  ;  for 
they  said  they  had  no  representation  in  the  English  Par- 
Text  Questions.  — 1.  Cost  of  the  French  and  Indian  War  ?    What  measure  wr.s 

adopted  to  help  pay  the  debt  ?    g.  What  v:as  the  Stamp  Act  ?    Why  did  the  colonists 
oppose  it  ? 


1765]     CAUSES  0~F  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION      129 


liament,  and   the   government   had   no  right   to  tax  them 
without  their  consent. 

3.  Effect  of  its  Passage  —  The  news  that  the  Stamp 
Act  had  been  passed  caused  great  excitement  throughout 
the  colonies.  Indignation  meetings  were  held,,  and  resolu 
tions  were  adopted  protesting  against  the  law  as  an  inva- 
sion  of  the  rights  of  the  colonists  as  Englishmen  and 
freemen,  and  expressing  a  firm  determination  to  prevent 
it  from  going  into  effect.  In  the  legislature  of  Virginia, 
Patrick  Henry  spoke  with  startling  eloquence  against 
the  injustice  and  folly  of 
the  measure.*  In  Massa- 
chusetts,  James  Otis  also 
eloquently  denounced  it, 
and  .proposed  a  congress 
of  delegates  from  all  the 
colonies,  so  that  a  united 
stand  might  be  made.  This 
proposition  was  adopted. 

-  Colonial  Congress.— 
Accordingly,    in     October, 

inn~      ^.^ 

176o,  the  congress  was  held 

in  New  York,  but  there  were  present  delegates  from  only 

nine    colonies.     Timothy  Ruggles,   of   Massachusetts,  was 


*In  the  midst  of  his  speech  he  exclaimed,  "Caesar  had  his  Brutus  ;  Charles  the 
First,  his  Cromwell;  and  George  the  Third  -  "  "Treason!  Treason!"  was  shouted 
from  every  part  of  the  House.  The  orator,  after  a  pause,  thus  concluded  the  sen- 
tence  :  "  -  may  profit  by  their  example.  If  this  be  treason,  make  the  most  of  it.1' 


PATRICK   HENKY 


3.  How  was  the  news  of  its  passage  received  ?  What  is  said  of  Patrick  Henry  ? 
James  Otis  ?  4.  Where  and  when  did  a  colonial  congress  meet  ?  Its  president  ?  Its 
proceedings  ? 

9 


130  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1767 

chosen  president,  and  a  declaration  of  rights  was  adopted. 
Petitions  were  also  sent  to  the  king  and  Parliament. 

5.  How    the    Stamps     and     Stamp    Officers    were 
treated. — When    the   day  (Nov.   1)  arrived  on  which  the 
law  was  to  go  into   effect,  there  was  intense  excitement. 
In  Boston,,  the  bells  were  muffled  and  tolled,  and  the  flags 
were   displayed    at  half-mast.     The  people  met  under  an 
old  elm-tree,  called  afterwards  "  Liberty  Tree,"  and  pub 
licly  declared  their  indignation.     Andrew  Oliver,  who  had 
been  appointed  the  agent  for  the  sale  of  the  hated  stamped 
paper,  was  hung  in  effigy  ;  his  house  was  torn  down,  and 
he  was  obliged  to  resign  the  odious  office. 

6.  Repeal    of  the    Stamp    Act — In  addition   to   this 
general  opposition,   the  merchants  of  New  York,   Phila 
delphia,  Boston,  and  other  cities,  agreed  to  import  no  more 
goods  while  the  Stamp  Act  remained  a  law.     Benjamin 
Franklin,    who    was   at    that   time   in    England,   told   the 
English   minister   that   the  people  of   the  colonies  would 
never  submit  to  the    law.     After   considerable    debate   in 
Parliament,  it  was  repealed,  but  the  right  to  tax  the  colo 
nies  was  maintained  and  declared  (1766). 

7.  Further    Measures    of    Taxation. — The    repeal    of 
the  Act  caused  great  rejoicing  throughout  the  colonies, 
but   the   joy   was   short-lived  ;    for   the   next   year   (1767) 
another   law    was    passed    imposing   a    tax   on    all    glass, 
painters'  colors,  and  tea,  imported  into  the  colonies.     This 
measure   caused  the  same    opposition  as  the   Stamp  Act. 
The  people  resolved  that  they  would  not  import  any  of 

5.  Events  in  Boston  on  Nov.  1  ?    6.  What  agreement  was  entered  into  ?    When  was 
the  Act  repealed  ?    7.  Effect  of  the  repeal  ?    What  other  law  was  passed  ?    The  effect  ? 


1770]     CAUSES  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION      131 

these  articles,  but  would  manufacture  them  at  home. 
Franklin  wisely  told  them  "  to  light  the  torches  of  indus 
try  and  economy." 

8.  Boston    Massacre. — In   Boston   the  people   showed 
the  firmest  opposition  to  the  tax,,  and  consequently  a  large 


/ 


•'" 


THE   BOSTON   MASSACRE 


body  of  soldiers  were  sent  to  keep  them  in  subjection. 
The  presence  of  these  hirelings  caused  constant  affrays,  in 
one  of  which  the  soldiers  fired  on  the  people,  and  killed 
three  men,  besides  wounding  others  (1770).  This  event  is 
known  as  the  "  Boston  Massacre."  * 

*  "A  gust  of  smoke  overspread  the  scene.    It  rose  heavily,  as  if  loath  to  reveal  the 
dreadful  spectacle  beneath  it.    Eleven  of  the  sons  of  New  England  lay  stretched  upon 

8.  What  led  to  the  Boston  Massacre  ?    How  many  persons  were  killed  2 


132  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1773 

9.  Tax  on  Tea — Before  the  news  of  this  event  reached 
England,  Parliament  withdrew  the  duty  from   all  articles 
except  tea,  which  was  taxed  at  the  rate  of  three  pence  per 
pound.     This  did  not,  however,  satisfy  the  people  ;  for  it 
was  the  principle  they  contended  for,  that  they  ought  not 
to  be  taxed  without  representation.     Accordingly  the  tea 
which  was  brought  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  was 
sent    back    to  London.     In    Charleston    it    was   stored  in 
dajnp   cellars ;    and,   as    no   one  would   buy  or   use   it,   it 
spoiled. 

10.  Boston  Tea  Party— Port   Bill.— In  Boston,  on  a 
cold  moonlight  night  in  December,  1773,  a  party  of  men 
disguised  as  Indians  boarded   the  ships,   broke   open  the 
chests  of  tea,  and   emptied  their  contents  into  the  water. 
The  British  government,  in  order  to  punish  the  citizens 
for  this  act  of  bold  defiance,  passed  a  law  closing  the  port 
of    Boston,  and  requiring  that   the   General   Court  should 
meet  at  Salem.     This  was  called  the  "Boston  Port  Bill." 
It  caused  great  distress,  especially  among  the  merchants. 

11.  Sympathy  with  Boston.— The  people  of  the  other 
colonies  sympathized  with  the  Bostonians  in  their  suffer 
ings  for  the  cause  of  freedom.     The  people  of  Salem  and 
Newburyport   offered   their   ports    to    the    merchants    of 

the  street.  Some,  sorely  wounded,  were  struggling  to  rise  again.  Others  stirred  not, 
nor  groaned,  for  they  were  past  all  pain.  Blood  was  streaming  upon  the  snow ;  and 
that  purple  stain,  in  the  midst  of  King's  Street,  though  it  melted  away  in  the'next 
day's  sun,  was  never  forgotten  or  forgiven  by  the  people."— Hawthorne. 


9.  What  tax  was  placed  on  tea  ?  Did  the  colonists  consent  to  pay  it  ?  Why  not  ? 
What  was  done  with  the  tea  at  various  places  ?  10.  What  was  done  in  Boston  ? 
What  was  the  Boston  Port  Bill  ?  Its  effect  ?  H.  How  was  sympathy  shown  to  the 
Bostonians  ? 


1774]     CAUSES  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION      133 

Boston,  Georgia  sent  supplies  of  provisions  as  well  as 
money,  New  York  sent  a  large  quantity  of  wheat,  and 
all  offered  kindly  sympathy. 

12.  First  Continental  Congress — In  September,  1774, 


FANEUIL  HALL,  BOSTON* 

a  general  congress  met  at  Philadelphia  to  take  suitable 
measures  to  protect  the  rights  and  interests  of  the 
colonies.  This  body  is  known  as  the  "  First  Continental 

*  Faneuil  Hall,  in  Boston,  was  used  by  the  patriols  during  the  Revolution,  and  for 
that  reason  is  often  called  the  "Cradle  of  American  Liberty."  The  original  building, 
comprising  a  market-place  on  the  ground  floor,  a  town-hall,  and  other  rooms,  was 
erected  by  Peter  Faneuil,  permission  having  been  given  by  the  authorities  of  Boston. 
In  1761,  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  ;  but  in  1763  it  was  rebuilt  at  the  expense  of  the  town  ; 
and  when  the  British  occupied  Boston  in  1775,  they  used  the  Hall  for  a  theater.  In 
1805,  the  building  underwent  considerable  alteration,  and  was  somewhat  enlarged. 


12.  When  and   where  did  the  First  Continental  Congress   meet  ?     How  many 
colonies  were  represented  ? 


184 


HISTORY  OP  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[17*4 


Congress/7      Fifty-one    delegates    were  'present,    all    the 
colonies  being  represented  except  Georgia. 

13.  Its    Proceedings — This    Congress    formally   com 

mended  the  people  of 
Boston  for  their  bold 
resistance  to  British 
tyranny,  adopted  a 
declaration  of  rights, 
and  an  agreement  to 
abstain  from  all  com 
merce  with  England. 
The  Congress  also 
voted  addresses  to  the 
king,  the  people  of 
Great  Britain,  and  the 
Canadians.  George 
Washington,  Patrick 
Henry,  and  John  Adams  were  among  the  distinguished 
patriots  present  as  members  of  this  Congress. 

14.  General  Gage's  Measures. — Previous  to  this  time, 
General  Gage  had  been  appointed  commander-in-chief  of 
the    king's   troops,    and   also   governor   of  Massachusetts. 
Seeing   the   hostility   and   excitement   of   the    people,    he 
fortified    Boston    Neck,    and    seizing   the    military    stores 
which    the   Americans '  had   collected    at    Cambridge    and 
Charlestown,  conveyed  them  to  his  headquarters. 

15.  Preparations     for     War. — The     people,     though 


BOSTON 

AND 
VTCUSriTT" 


13.  What  were  its  proceedings?  Who  were  among  the  delegates?  14.  What 
measures  did  General  Gage  adopt  ?  15.  How  did  the  people  behave  ?  Who  were 
called  "Minute  Men"? 


1775]  THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  135 

greatly  excited,  acted  with  prudence  and  caution.  They 
did  not  desire  a  conflict  with  the  "mother  country/' but 
were  prepared  for  it,  should  it  prove  unavoidable.  The 
militia  were  organized  ;  and  in  Massachusetts  men  capable 
of  bearing  arms  were  put  under  daily  training,  and 
pledged  to  take  the  field  at  a  minute's  notice;  hence  they 
were  called  "  Minute  Men/' 


CHAPTER  XII 
The  War  for  Independence 

i.  Commencement  of  the  Struggle. — The  war  for 
Independence,  sometimes  called  the  "  War  of  the  Revolu 
tion,"  commenced  at  the  Battle  of  Lexington,  in  1775. 
On  the  18th  of  April,  General  Gage  sent  a  body  of  troops 
to  destroy  some  ammunition  kept  by  the  patriots  at  Con 
cord,  a  small  town  about  sixteen  miles  from  Boston.  The 
alarm  was  given  ;  *  and,  at  daybreak,  some  of  the  minute 
men  were  out  on  the  green  at  Lexington,  ready  to  meet 
the  British  troops  on  their  way  to  Concord. 

*  Gage's  plans,  it  is  said,  became  known  through  the  remark  o'f  a  British  horse- 
jockey,  who  remarked  to  an  American  stable-boy  whom  he  knew,  that  he  had  over 
heard  a  conversation  between  Gage  and  other  officers,  and  that  there  would  be  grand 
news  the  next  day.  This  was  immediately  carried  to  Paul  Revere,  who  enjoined 
silence  on  his  informant,  adding,  "You  are  the  third  person  who  has  brought  me  this 
information.'1 — See  "Paul  Revere1  s  Ride,"  by  Longfellow. 


Map  Questions. — (Map,  p.  53.)  In  which  direction  from  Boston  is  Lexington  ?  Is 
Concord  ?  How  is  Boston  situated  ?  (Map,  p.  134.)  Where  is  Ticonderoga  ?  Crown 
Point  ?  (Map,  p.  104.)  Into  what  river  does  the  Sorel  River  flow  ?  Where  is  St. 
John's  ?  Montreal  ?  (Map,  p.  141.)  How  is  Charleston  situated  ?  (Map,  p.  91.) 

Text  Questions.— 1 .  When  and  how  did  the  War  for  Independence  begin  ?  What 
was  done  by  Gage  ?  Where  did  the  minute  men  confront  the  British  soldiers  ? 


136  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1775 

2.  Battle    of    Lexington. — Major   Pitcairn,   who  com 
manded  the  British,  rode  forward  and  shouted  :  "Disperse, 
you  rebels;  throw  down  your  arms  and  disperse!"     Not 
being  obeyed,  lie  ordered  his  men  to  fire.     Then  was  shed 
the  first  blood  of  the  war.     Eight  of  the  men  of  Lexington 
lay  lifeless   on   the   green,   and  nine  were  wounded.     The 
others  dispersed.     The  British  then  proceeded  to  Concord, 
and  destroyed  all  the  stores  they  could  find. 

3.  Retreat  of  the   British. — By  this   time   the  militia 
had  collected  in  large  numbers,  and  the  British  began  to 
retreat.     On  their  march  back  to   Boston,  they  were  at 
tacked  on  all    sides  by   the    minute  men.     Every  fence,* 
barn,    and    shed   hid    its   assailants  ;    and   the    exhausted 
troops  would  scarcely  have  reached   Boston,   had  not  re 
inforcements  arrived  to  aid  them.     As  it   was,  more  than 
two  hundred  were  slain. 

4.  Effect  of  the  Battle.— This  battle  fully  aroused  the 
patriots.     They  flocked  in  from  all  sides.     Putnam  left  his 
oxen  yoked  in  the  field,  and  buckling  on  his  sword,  started 
for  the  camp  near  Boston.     Stark,  Greene,  Warren,  and 
others,   were  there  also  ;    and  General  Ward   was  in  com 
mand.     Ethan   Allen,   at  the  head  of   a  party  of    Green 
Mountain    Boys,   and   accompanied   by   Benedict   Arnold, 

*  "  We  cannot  help  repeating  the  remark  of  Dr.  Franklin  to  the  Britons,  who  com 
plained  to  him  of  the  scurvy  treatment  the  king's  troops  had  met  with  at  Lexington, 
from  the  Yankees  getting  behind  stone  walls  and  firing  at  them.  The  doctor  replied 
by  asking  them  whether  there  were  not  two  sides  to  the  walls  ?  This  anecdote  was 
repeated  with  a  good  deal  of  unction  on  the  battle-ground  by  Washington  when  on 
his  tour  of  1789."— Drake's  Historic  Fields. 


2.  What  took  place  at  Lexington  ?  At  Concord  ?  3.  Describe  the  retreat  of  the 
British.  4.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  battle  ?  Who  joined  the  army  ?  What  forts 
were  captured  ? 


1775] 


THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


137 


"IN  THE  NAME  OP  THE  GREAT  JEHOVAH  AND  THE  CONTINENTAL  CONGRESS" 

crossed  Lake  Champlain  and  surprised  and  captured  the 
important  post  of  Ticonderoga.*  Crown  Point  was  also 
captured. 

5.  Fortification  of  Breed's  Hill — On  the  night  of  the 
16th  of  June,,  the  Americans.,  believing  that  Gage  intended 
to  seize  and  fortify  Bunker  Hill,  resolved  to  anticipate 
him.  They,  therefore,  sent  Colonel  Prescott,  with  a  de- 

*  "I  immediately  repaired  to  the  barrack  occupied  by  the  commander  of  the  fort, 
and  ordered  him  to  come  forth  instantly,  or  I  would  sacrifice  the  whole  garrison.  On 
this,  the  captain  came  to  the  door  with  his  breeches  in  his  hand,  when  I  ordered  him 
to  deliver  me  the  fort  instantly.  He  asked  me  by  what  authority  I  demanded  it.  I 
answered  him,  'In  the  name  of  the  Great  Jehovah,  and  the  Continental  Congress.1 
This  surprise  was  executed  in  the  gray  of  the  morning  of  the  10th  of  May,  1775."— 
Account  by  Ethan  Allen. 

5.  What  hill  was  fortified  ?    Why  ? 


138 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1775 


tachment  of  men,  to  fortify  the  hill.      On  reaching  the 
ground,  it  was  thought  best  to  select  Breed's  Hill,  which 


was  nearer  the  city.  The  pick 
ax  and  spade  were  plied  with 
vigor,  and  at  dawn  (June  17th) 

the  eyes  of  Gage  and  his  officers  were  astonished  by  the 
view  of  a  strong  redoubt,  thrown  up  as  if  by  magic. 

6.  Battle  of  Breed's  Hill. — An  attack  was  immediately 
ordered,  and  the  British  troops  marched  up  to  the  works; 
but  they  were  met  with  so  fierce  a  fire,  that  they  turned 
and  fled.  Again  the  attack  was  made,  and  with  the  same 
result.  The  third  time,  with  fresh  troops,  the  assault  was 
ordered  ;  and  the  Americans,  having  expended  every  grain 
of  powder,  were  obliged  to  abandon  their  works.  Slowly 
they  retreated  down  the  hill,  vanquished  men,  but  leaving 


6.  Describe  the  attack.    What  was  the  result  ?    What  distinguished  man  fell  ? 


140  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1775 

little  cause  for  triumph  to  the  victors.  On  both  sides 
many  fell ;  but  the  Americans  lost  one  whom  they  could 
little  spare,  the  noble  patriot  and  brave  soldier,,  General 
Warren.* 

7.  Effect  of  the  Battle.— This  battle  f  encouraged  the 
American  patriots.     It  showed  them  that  they  could  con 
tend   successfully  with  British  hirelings,  however  skillful 
and    well-tried  ;    and   it   proved    to   them    also    that    the 
Putnams,    Starks,    and   others,   who  had  been   trained   in 
the   school    of    the    "Old   French    War,"   had    been    apt 
scholars,   and   were  the   men  to   make  good   use  of  their 
training  and  experience. 

8.  Appointment  of  Washington. — On  the  very  day  of 
the  capture  of  Ticonderoga  (May  10th),  the  Second  Con 
tinental  Congress  met  at  Philadelphia.     That  body  decided 
to  raise  an  army  of  twenty  thousand  men  ;  and,   on  the 
15th  of  June,    unanimously  elected    George    Washington 
commander-in-chief  of  "the  forces  raised,  or  to  be  raised, 
in  defence   of  American   liberties."!     He   thereupon   re- 


*  Joseph  Warren  was  born  in  Roxbury,  Mass.,  in  1741.    He  was  a  graduate  of  Har 
vard  College,  and  subsequently  a  physician  of  extensive  practice  in  Boston.    He  had 
distinguished  himself  greatly  for  his  patriotic  resistance  to  the  oppressive  laws  of 
England,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  a  major-general  in  the  army.    Mrs.  Adams 
wrote  of  him  after  the  battle  as  follows  :     "  Not  all  the  havoc  and  devastation  they 
have  made,  has  moved  me  like  the  death  of  Warren.    We  want  him  in  the  Senate  ;  we 
want  him  in  his  profession  ;  we  want  him  in  the  field.    We  mourn  for  the  citizen,  the 
senator,  the  physician,  and  the  warrior.1' 

t  This  battle  is  generally  called  the  "  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill." 

*  Washington  accepted  the  position  with  great  dignity  and  modesty.    After  express 
ing  his  thanks  for  the  signal  honor  conferred  upon  him,  he  remarked  :  "I  beg  it  may 
be  remembered  by  every  gentleman  in  this  room,  that  I  this  day  declare,  with  the 
utmost  sincerity,  I  do  not  think  myself  equal  to  the  command  I  am  honored  with." 


7.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  battle  ?  What  did  it  show  ?  8.  When  did  the  Second 
Congress  meet  ?  What  did  it  vote  ?  What  appointment  was '  made  ?  When  did 
Washington  take  command  ? 


1776]  THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  141 

signed  his  position  in  Congress  and,   repairing  to  Cam 
bridge,  took  command  of  the  army  (July).* 

9.  Expedition  against  Canada.  —  To  prevent  the 
British  from  using  Canada  as  a  base  of  operations,  Con 
gress,  in  1775,  sent  an  expedition 
under  Schuyler  to  take  possession  of 
it.  He  had  reached  the  So-rel'  River, 
when  sickness  compelling  his  return, 
Montgomery,  the  next  officer,  then 
took  the  command.  He  soon  made 
himself  master  of  St.  John's  and  Mon- 
treal,  and  then  marched  to  Quebec, 


where,  as  ha.d  been  arranged,  he  was  joined  by  Arnold, 
who,  with  another  force,  had  proceeded  by  the  way  of  the 
Kennebec  and  the  wilderness  lying  between  its  head  waters 
and  the  St.  Lawrence. 

10.  Attack  on  Quebec  —  Death  of  Montgomery.  — 
For  three  weeks  they  besieged  the  city,  and  then  resolved 
to  take  it  by  assault.  On  the  last  day  of  the  year,  and 
during  a  fierce  snow-storm,  they  advanced  to  the  attack  in 
four  columns.  Onward  they  moved,  capturing  the  en 
emy's  works,  the  noble  form  of  Montgomery  leading  his 

He  declined  all  compensation,  remarking,  "  I  will  keep  an  account  of  my  expenses. 
Those,  I  doubt  not,  will  be  discharged  ;  and  that  is  all  I  desire." 

*  "On  General  Washington's  arrival  at  Cambridge,  his  first  care  was  to  reconnoitre 
the  British  troops  with  his  spy-glass,  and  to  examine  the  condition  of  his  own  army. 
He  found  that  the  American  troops  amounted  to  about  fourteen  thousand  men.  They 
were  extended  all  round  the  peninsula  of  Boston,  a  space  of  twelve  miles,  from  the 
high  grounds  of  Roxbury  on  the  right,  to  Mystic  Eiver  on  the  left.  Some  were  living 
in  tents  of  sail-cloth,  some  in  shanties  rudely  constructed  of  rough  boards,  some  in 
huts  of  stone  and  turf,  with  curious  windows  and  doors  of  basket-work.1'—  Hawthorne. 


9.  Expedition  against  Canada  ?    What  cities  were  taken  ?    Arnold's  route  ?   "Where 
did  he  join  Montgomery  ?    10.  Siege  of  Quebec  ?    Result  of  the  attack  upon  it  ? 


142 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1776 


column,  when  one  of  the  retreating  soldiers  ran  back  and 
touched  off  a  cannon  loaded  with  grape  shot.  It  made 
deadly  havoc  among  the  assailants'  ranks,  and  Montgomery 
himself  fell  mortally  wounded.  His  column,  struck  with 
dismay,  retreated. 

ii.  End  of  the  Expedition.— Arnold  was  also  borne 
from  the  field  severely  wounded,  so  that  the  command 
devolved  upon  Captain  Morgan,  who,  after  a  slight 
struggle,  was  obliged  to  surrender.  Those  who  had  been 

able  to  retreat,  en 
camped  under  the 
command  of  Arnold, 
and  passed  the  winter 
a  short  distance  from 
Quebec  •  but  in  the 
following  spring  the 
British  recaptured  all 
the  places  taken  by 
the  Americans,  and 
the  latter  were  obliged 
to  return  home,  leav 
ing  the  whole  country 
in  the  hands  of  the 


CHARLESTON 


enemy. 


12.  Evacuation  of  Boston. — Meanwhile,  Washington 
had  remained  with  his  army  around  Boston.  At  the  end 
of  winter,  he  resolved  to  drive  the  British  from  the  city. 


11.  Who  took  the  command  ?  How  and  where  was  the  winter  passed  ?  How  did 
the  expedition  end  ?  12.  Where  did  Washington  remain  ?  How  were  the  British  dis 
lodged  ?  When  did  they  leave  Boston  ? 


1776] 


THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


143 


Accordingly,  he  ordered  fortifications  to  be  erected  on 
Dorchester  Heights.  As  these  commanded  the  city,  and 
the  Americans  could 
not  be  dislodged, 
Howe,  the  British 
general,  was  com 
pelled  to  withdraw 
his  forces.  Accord 
ingly,  on  the  17th  of 
March,  Boston  was 
evacuated ;  and  Wash 
ington  entered  it 
amid  the  rejoicings  of 
the  people,  who,  for 
nearly  a  year,  had 
endured  every  kind 
of  insult  and  indig 
nity  from  the  British 
soldiery. 

13.   An  Attack  on 
Charleston. — A    de 
tachment  of  the  Brit 
ish  hud  previously  left  Boston  to  make  an  attack  on  New 
York  ;    but    Washington,    suspecting    their    design,    sent 

*  The  old  State  House,  in  Philadelphia,  where  Congress  met,  is  still  standing.  It  is 
generally  known  by  the  name  of  Independence  Hall,  though  the  room  in  which  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  was  adopted  and  signed  received  at  first  that  appellation. 
The  building  was  erected  in  1735,  but  its  bell-tower  was  not  put  up  until  1750.  A  bell 
which  was  imported  from  England  expressly  for  the  tower,  was  found  cracked  upon 
its  arrival,  and  thereupon  it  was  recast  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  raised  to  its 
place  in  1753.  By  a  curious  coincidence,  it  bore  around  its  crown  the  words  :  Proclaim 
liberty  throughout  all  the  land  unto  all  the  inhabitants  thereof.  It  has  a  world-wide 
reputation  as  the  "  Liberty  Bell." 


INDEPENDENCE  HALL,  PHILADELPHIA* 


144  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1776 

General  Charles  Lee  to  protect  the  city.  Clinton,  the 
British  general,  foiled  in  his  design  against  New  York, 
then  proceeded  in  the  fleet  against 
Charleston.  The  attack,  which  lasted 
nine  hours,  was  repulsed,  the  pal 
metto  logs  of  the  fort,f  defended  by 
the  guns  of  Colonel  Moultrie,  prov 
ing  too  much  for  the  British  men- 
of-war,  which  drew  off  in  a  disabled 
condition  (June  28th). 

14.   Declaration    of    Independ 
ence. — The   war    thus   far   had    in- 

LIBERTY   BELL  * 

spired   the  American   patriots   with 

courage  and  a  determination  to  throw  off  entirely  the  yoke 
of  Great  Britain.  On  the  7th  of  June,  Richard  Henry  Lee, 
of  Virginia,  offered  a  resolution  in  Congress,  declaring  the 
colonies  "free  and  independent  states."  A  committee, 
consisting  of  five  distinguished  men,;);  was  appointed  to 
draft  a  Declaration  of  Independence  ;  and  on  the  2d  of 
July,  Lee's  resolution  was  passed  by  a  large  majority.  On 
the  4th  of  July,  the  Declaration,  drawn  up  by  Thomas 
Jefferson,  the  chairman  of  the  Committee,  was  unani- 


*  See  note  on  page  143. 

t  "  In  the  hottest  fire  of  the  battle,  the  flag  of  Fort  Sumter  was  shot  away,  and 
fell  outside.  Sergeant  Jasper  instantly  sprang  after  it  upon  the  beach,  between  the 
ramparts  and  the  enemy,  and  binding  it  to  a  sponge-staff  (used  in  cleaning  cannon), 
restored  it  to  its  place,  and  succeeded  in  getting  back  to  the  fort  in  safety." — Simms's 
Life  of  Marion. 

%  This  committee  consisted  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  John  Adams,  Benjamin  Franklin, 
Roger  Sherman,  and  Robert  R.  Livingston. 


13.  What  city  was  threatened  ?  How  was  the  attack  prevented  ?  Attack  on 
Charleston  ?  Its  result  ?  14.  Resolution  of  Richard  H.  Lee  ?  When  did  it  pass  ? 
Who  drafted  the  declaration  ?  When  was  it  adopted  ? 


1776] 


THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


145 


JOHN   HANCOCK  t 


mously  adopted.*      Thus  the  colonies  became  independent 

states ;  and   the  FOUETH  OF  JULY  was   henceforth   to  be 

celebrated  as  the  birth-day  of 

the  nation. 

15.  Battle  of  Long  Island, 

Aug.    27. — About     this    time, 

the  British,    under    General 

Howe,  collected  their  forces  on 

Staten    Island,    preparatory    to 

an    attack    on     New    York. 

Washington  stationed  his  army, 

under  Putnam,  at  Brooklyn,  in 

order  to  make  a  stand  in  its  defense.      Howe  crossed  to 

Long  Island,  and  marched  his  army  in  three  divisions  to 
the  attack.  His  troops  were 
greatly  superior  in  numbers  to  the 
Americans,  and  were  better  armed 
and  trained.  Two  of  the  divi 
sions  attacked  the  Americans  in 
front,  while  the  third,  under 
Clinton,  marched  round  and  fell 

*  The  people  of  Philadelphia  waited  with  anxious  expectation  for  the  vote  of  Con 
gress  declaring  the  independence  of  the  colonies  ;  and  it  was  resolved  to  announce  the 
event  by  ringing  the  old  State-House  bell,  which  bore  the  inscription  :  "  Proclaim 
liberty  to  the  land,  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof  !  "  The  old  bellman,  accordingly, 
placed  his  little  son  at  the  door  of  the  hall,  so  that  he  might  learn  when  to  ring.  On 
receiving  the  word,  the  little  patriot-scion  rushed  forth,  flinging  up  his  hands,  and  shout 
ing  aloud,  Ring  !  RING  !  RING  !  And  then  the  iron  tongue  proclaimed  the  glad  news, 
which  was  re-echoed  by  hundreds  of  other  bells  throughout  the  city  ;  and  the  people 
gave  vent  to  their  joy  in  bonfires,  illuminations,  huzzas,  and  the  booming  of  cannon. 

t  John  Hancock  was  born  in  Quincy,  Massachusetts,  in  1737.  In  1775  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Continental  Congress,  and  on  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  as  President,  he 
signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  died  in  Quincy,  in  1793. 


15.  Account  of  the  battle  of  Long  Island  ?    Its  result  ? 

10 


146  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1776 

on  their  rear.  The  Americans  fought  bravely,  but  without 
avail.  Some  cut  their  way  through  the  ranks  of  the  enemy 
surrounding  them,,  but  many  were  killed  or  taken  prison 
ers.  It  was  a  sad  disaster  for  the  patriots  (Aug.  27). 

16.  Retreat  of  the  Americans. — It  would    have   been 
worse,  had  Howe  followed  up  his  victory  ;  but  he  delayed, 

and  Washington,  taking  advan 
tage  of  a  fog,  skillfully  drew 
off  his  shattered  forces  to  New 
York  (Aug.  29).*  Howe, 
chagrined  at  the  escape  of  his 
expected  prey,  quickly  fol 
lowed,  and  entered  the  city ; 
but  Washington  had  previ 
ously  retreated  northward,  f 
At  White  Plains  a  partial  engagement  took  place ;  but 
the  Americans  were  unable  to  hold  their  ground  (Oct.  28). 
Forts  Washington  and  Lee,  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
Hudson,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy  ;  and  Washing- 

*  "  This  extraordinary  retreat  of  the  Americans  across  the  river  to  New  York,  which, 
in  its  silence  and  celerity,  equaled  the  midnight  fortifying  of  Bunker  (Breed's)  Hill, 
was  one  of  the  most  signal  achievements  of  the  war.  and  redounded  greatly  to  the 
reputation  of  Washington,  who,  we  are  told,  for  forty-eight  hours  preceding  the  safe 
extrication  of  his  army  from  their  perilous  situation,  scarcely  closed  his  eyes,  and  was 
the  greater  part  of  the  time  on  horseback." — Irmng^s  Life  of  Washington. 

t  A  short  time  before  this,  Washington  sent  Captain  Nathan  Hale  to  the  British 
camp  to  obtain,  if  possible,  some  knowledge  of  the  condition  of  the  enemy.  On  his 
return,  he  was  captured,  and  taken  before  Howe,  who,  without  even  the  form  of  a 
trial,  ordered  him  to  be  hung  as  a  spy.  He  died  a  patriot  and  a  hero,  saying,  with  his 
last  breath  :  "I  only  regret  that  I  have  but  one  life  to  lose  for  my  country.1'  Captain 
Hale  was  a  native  of  Connecticut,  and,  although  but  twenty-one  years  of  age,  had 
greatly  distinguished  himself  as  a  soldier.  The  tree  on  which  he  was  hung  was  in  an 
orchard  owned  by  Colonel  Rutgers,  and  situated  near  the  present  intersection  of 
Market  Street  and  East  Broadway,  in  New  York  City. 


(JEXEKAL    1'ITNAM 


J6,  How  was  the  American  army  saved  ? 


1776] 


THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


147 


ton  continued  his  retreat,  through  New  Jersey  to  the  Dela 
ware,  followed  by  Lord  Cornwallis. 

17.  Capture   of  General    Lee. — This   was   a   dreadful 
series  of  misfortunes  ;   and  many  of   the   patriots  became 
disheartened,  and  abandoned  the  army,  leaving  Washing 
ton   with  only  a  small  part  of  the  force  which  he   had 
collected  to  defend  New  York.     Besides,  General  Charles 
Lee,    who   had   been    left   with   a   detachment    near    the 
Hudson,    and  was  commanded  to  follow  the   main  army, 
delayed   his   march,    and    was 

taken  prisoner  in  New  Jersey, 
while  on  his  way.* 

18.  Battle    of    Trenton.— 
At  this  time  a  deep  gloom  per 
vaded  all  classes  of  the  Ameri 
cans..     They  saw  no  other  pros 
pect  than  a  complete  failure  of 
their  treasured  scheme  of  lib 
erty.     But  Washington,  undismayed,  determined  to  strike 
a  blow  which  should  inspire  the  minds  of  his  countrymen 
with  fresh  hope.     A  body  of  Hessians  f  was  at  this  time 
stationed  at  Trenton.     On  the  night  of  the  25th  of  Decem- 

*  Charles  Lee  was  born  in  England  in  1731.  He  was  with  Braddock  in  the  expedi 
tion  against  Du  Quesne,  and  had  also  served  with  Abercromby.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Baskenridge,  where  he  had  fixed  his  quarters  at  a  distance  from  his 
troops.  The  Americans  were  greatly  dispirited  by  his  loss,  for  they  regarded  him  as 
their  most  skillful  general .  It  is  now  thought  that  Lee  was,  at  heart,  a  traitor  ;  or,  at 
any  rate,  that  he  cared  only  for  his  own  advancement,  and,  being  jealous  of  Washing, 
ton,  wished  him  to  fail. 

tThe  Hessians  were  troops  hired  from  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse.  Troops  were  also 
hired  by  the  British  from  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  and  other  petty  German  sovereigns, 
to  fight  against  the  American  patriots. 

17.  What  other  disaster  befell  the  Americans  ?  In  what  way  ?  18.  Give  an  account 
of  the  battle  of  Trenton,  What  were  its  results  ?  Where  is  Trenton  ? 


148  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1777 

her,  in  the  midst  of  a  storm  of  sleet,  and  while  the  river 
was  filled  with  drifting  ice,  Washington,  with  a  division  of 
his  army,  crossed  the  Delaware ;  and  early  on  the  morning 
of  the  26th,  surprised  the  enemy  in  their  camp.  Rahl, 
their  commander,  was  mortally  wounded,  many  of  the 
Hessians  were  killed;  and  the  remainder,  numbering 
about  a  thousand,  were  taken  prisoners.*  Washington 
lost  only  four  men — two  being  killed  in  the  battle,  and 
two  frozen  to  death. 

19.  Retreat  of  Washington.— This  bold  and  successful 
stroke  went  far  to    restore  confidence  ;    but  Washington's 
whole  army  at  this  time   scarcely  exceeded  five  thousand 
men.     With    this    meager    force    he    was    confronted    at 
Trenton  (Jan.  2,  1777)  with  a  large  body  of  troops  under 
Cornwallis.     Escape  seemed  impossible,  for  the  river  was 
filled  with  floating  ice ;  and  to  risk  a  battle  with  a  force  so 
much   superior,    seemed   full    of   peril.     Knowing   that  a 
detachment  of  the  British  had  been  left  at  Princeton,  he 
quickly  broke  up  his  camp  during  the  night,  leaving  the 
fires  burning,  so  as  to   deceive   the   enemy,    and    rapidly 
marched  toward  that  place. 

20.  Battle    of  Princeton. — At    sunrise    (January   3d), 
the  van  of  his  forces  met,  near  Princeton,  a  division  of 

*  The  Hessians  had  celebrated  Christmas  with  their  customary  carousals.  Rahl  was 
at  a  Christmas  supper  when  a  messenger  brought  him  a  note  giving  warning  of  the 
approach  of  the  American  forces.  Heedless  of  danger,  and  excited  by  wine,  he  thrust 
the  missive  into  his  pocket.  The  next  notice  he  received  was  the  roll  of  the  drums 
and  the  firing  of  the  muskets  that  told  of  the  attack  upon  his  camp.  After  the  battle, 
he  was  carried  to  the  house  of  a  Quaker  family  to  die.  Washington  and  Greene  stood 
by  the  death-bed  of  the  soldier,  uttering  words  of  sympathy  for  his  sad  fate. 

19.  The  condition  of  Washington  ?  What  stratagem  did  he  adopt  ?  20.  ACCOUD* 
of  the  battle  of  Princeton  ?  Where  is  Princeton  (Map,  p.  147)  ?  Its  results  ?  Was)?- 
ingtoirs  winter  quarters  ? 


1777]  THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  149 

the  British  on  their  way  to  join  Cornwallis.  At  first  the 
American  militia  gave  way  ;  but  Washington,,  coming  up 
with  a  select  corps,  turned  the  tide  of  battle,  and  routed 
the  enemy.  The  British  loss  was  severe ;  that  of  the 
Americans,  though  not  so  great,  included  one  of  their  best 
officers,  the  brave  General  Mercer.*  After  this  victory, 
Washington  successfully  retreated  to  the  heights  of  Mor- 
ristown,  where  he  took  up  his  quarters  for  the  rest  -of  the 
winter. 

21.  Attack  on   Philadelphia. — In  vain  did  Howe,  on 
the  opening  of  spring,  strive  to  draw  Washington  into  a 
general   engagement.     All  his  maneuvers  were  frustrated 
by   the    caution,    skill,    and   watchful    prudence    of    the 
American  commander. f    Unable,  therefore,  to  reach  Phila 
delphia  by  way  of  New  Jersey,  Howe  withdrew  his  troops 
to  Staten  Island,  and  embarking  on  board  the  fleet,  sailed 
to  the  Chesapeake,  and  landed  near  the  head  of  the  Bay. 
Washington,  discovering  his  plan,  marched  to  the  Brandy- 
wine,  determined  to  make  a  stand  for  the  defense  of  the 
city. 

22.  Battle  of  the  Brandywine Here,  on  the  llth  of 

September,  a  battle  was   fought,  the  Americans   holding 


*  "  His  career  as  a  general  had  been  brief,  but  long  enough  to  secure  him  a  lasting 
renown.  His  name  remains  one  of  the  consecrated  names  of  the  Revolution.'1— 
Irving's  Life  of  Washington. 

t  On  this  account  Washington  was  called  the  American  Fabius^  from  the  resem 
blance  of  his  policy  to  that  of  the  celebrated  Roman  general,  who,  contending  with 
Hannibal,  avoided  engagements,  and  harassed  him  by  continual  delay. 


21.  Design  of  Howe  ?  How  prevented  by  Washington?  What  course  was  then 
taken  by  Howe  ?  By  Washington  ?  22.  Account  of  the  battle  of  the  Brandywine  ? 
Where  was  that  battle  fought  (Map,  p.  150)  ?  Capture  of  Philadelphia  ?  Where  were 
the  British  troops  quartered  ? 


150 


OF  TSE  UNITED  STATES 


possession  of  Chad's  Ford.  A  part  of  the  British,  how 
ever,  crossed  the  stream  above,  and  while  the  Americans 
were  attacked  in  front,  marched  round  in  the  rear,  as  at 

the  battle  of  Long  Island. 
The  patriots  were  routed,  not 
withstanding  the  efforts  and 
valor  of  the  officers,  among 
whom  were  La  Fayette*  and 
Pulaski.f  The  British  soon 
after  took  Philadelphia,  in 
spite  of  all  the  efforts  of 
Washington  to  save  it,  but 
the  troops  were  quartered  chiefly  at  Germantown. 

23.  Battle  of  Germantown. — Washington,  having 
learned  that  detachments  had  been  withdrawn  from  the 
British  camp  at  Germantown  in  order  to  reduce  the 
American  forts  which  commanded  the  entrance  to  the 
Delaware,  made  an  attack  on  the  remaining  forces,  but 
was  unsuccessful  (Oct.  4).  Forts  Mifflin  and  Mercer,  on 
the  Delaware,  soon  after  surrendered  to  the  British, 
leaving  the  approaches  to  Philadelphia  free  to  their  fleet. 


*  Early  in  1776,  Congress  sent  Silas  Deane  to  France,  to  solicit  aid.  He  was  after 
ward  joined  by  Dr.  Franklin  and  Arthur  Lee.  "While  France  could  give  no  assistance 
openly  to  the  Americans,  without  incurring  the  hostility  of  Great  Britain,  she  secretly 
sent  them  supplies  of  money,  arms,  provisions,  and  clothing.  The  Marquis  de 
La  Fayette  fitted  out  a  vessel  at  his  own  expense,  sailed  to  America,  and  joined  the 
army,  having  been  appointed  by  Congress  a  major-general.  He  arrived  in  1777,  and 
the  battle  of  the  Brandy  wine  was  the  first  engagement  in  which  he  took  part. 
La  Fayette  was  born  in  France  in  1757,  and  died  in  1834. 

t  Count  Pulaski  was  a  distinguished  Polish  nobleman,  who  had  previously  joined 
the  American  army  as  a  volunteer  soldier  in  the  cause  of  liberty. 


23.  Account  of  the  battle  of  Germantown  ?    Where  is  Germantown  ?    Ans.— It  is 
now  a  part  of  Philadelphia.    What  forts  surrendered  ?    How  were  those  forts  situated  ? 


1777] 


THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


151 


24.  Condition  of  the  Army  at  Valley  Forge. — During 
the  winter  of  1777-8,  Washington's  troops  were  quartered 
in  huts  at  Valley  Forge.  Here  the  patriot  soldiers  suf- 


WASHINGTON'S  HEADQUARTERS  AT  BRANDYWINE 

fered  greatly  from  the  want  of  food,  clothing,  and  shelter. 
Many  were  obliged  to  lie  on  the  ground,  or,  being  without 
blankets,  to  sit  up  all  night  at  the  fires.  At  one  time 
more  than  a  thousand  soldiers  had  not  a  shoe  to  their  feet; 

24.  Condition  of  the  American  Army  at  Valley  Forge  ?    Where  was  Valley  Forge 
(Map,  p.  150)  ? 


152 


HISTORY  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES 


WASHINGTON   VISITING   SICK   SOLDIERS   AT   VALLEY   FORGE 

-and  their  path  could  often  be  traced  by  the  blood  which 
their  naked  feet  left  in  the  snow. 

25.  Burgoyne's  Invasion. — Meanwhile,  stirring  events 
had  occurred  in  the  north.  General  Burgoyne,  with  an 
army  of  ten  thousand  British  and  German  troops,  Cana 
dians,  and  Indians,  had  invaded  New  York  by  way  of 
Lake  Champlain.*  Crown  Point  and  Ticonderoga  were 
soon  taken  (July  5),  and  Burgoyne  advanced  to  Fort 

*  A  force  was  also  sent  under  St.  Leger  to  capture  the  forts  on  the  Mohawk  ;  and  in 
an  attempt  to  succor  Colonel  Gansevoort  at  Fort  Schuyler,  General  Herkimer  was 
slain.  Arnold,  with  a  small  number  of  men,  marched  to  the  relief  of  the  place,  and 
accomplished  the  object  by  a  stratagem.  A  half-witted  boy,  who  had  been  taken 
prisoner,  was  instructed  to  go  to  the  British  commander,  and  give  the  alarm  that  the 
American  army  was  near.  Rushing  into  the  camp  with  his  coat  pierced  by  musket 
balls,  he  told  the  British  that  the  Americans  were  coming.  When  asked  how  many 
they  were,  he  pointed  upward  to  the  leaves  of  the  trees.  St.  Leger  was  so  much 
alarmed,  that  he  hastily  abandoned  the  siege,  leaving  his  tents  and  artillery  behind 


him. 


25.  Invasion  from  Canada  ?    What  posts  were  captured  ?    How  were  they  situated 
(Map,  p.  154)  ?    How  was  Burgoyne's  march  delayed  ? 


THE  WAR  FOR 


Edward.  But  his  march  had  been  delayed,  for  General 
Schuyler,  who  had  the  command  of  the  American  forces, 
ordered  the  roads  to  be  obstructed.* 


RUINS   OP  FORT   TICONDEROGA 

26.  Battle  of  Bennington. — When  Burgoyne  arrived  at 
Fort  Edward,  he  found  himself  in  want  of  supplies.  He 
therefore  sent  Colonel  Baum  (lowm)  to  seize  the  stores 
which  the  Americans  had  collected  at  Bennington.  Baum 
was  met  near  Bennington  by  the  New  Hampshire  militia, f 

*  Many  outrages  were  committed  on  this  march  by  the  Indians.  The  murder  of 
Miss  McCrea  excited  wide-spread  abhorrence.  This  young  lady  had  been  captured  by 
some  Indians  attached  to  BurgoynVs  army,  or  had  accepted  the  escort  of  the  Indians  ; 
and  while  they  were  conducting  her  to  his  camp,  she  was  killed,  they  asserted,  by  a 
shot  intended  for  her  captors ;  but  her  scalp  was  brought  by  the  savages  into  Bur- 
goyne's  camp. 

t  These  troops  were  called  the  "  Green  Mountain  Boys,11  as  they  chiefly  belonged 
to  that  part  of  the  State  which  now  forms  Vermont.  As  Stark  saw  the  enemy's  lines 


26.  Account  of  the  battle  of  Bennington  ?    Where  is  Bennington  (Map,  p.  154)  ? 


154  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

under   General   Stark,  and    defeated  ;   and,   on  the   same 
day    (Aug.    16),    a   detachment  which   had   been    sent   to 

the   aid  of   Baum  was  also  de 
feated. 

27.    First    Battle    of    Still- 
water. — The   loss   of   so   many 
places  had  created  considerable 
alarm   and   dissatisfaction   with 
Schuyler,    and     General     Gates 
was  appointed  to  the  command. 
On  the  19th  of  September,  the 
Americans  made  an  attack  on 
Burgoyne's     army    at     Bem'-is 
Heights,  near   Stillwater.     The 
battle  was  long  and  severe  ;  and 
Burgoyne,    although    he    main 
tained    his   ground,    found    his 
progress  effectually  checked. 

28.  Battle     of    Saratoga. 

For  two  weeks  the  armies  con 
fronted  each  other  ;  when  Bur 
goyne,  finding  that  he  must 
either  fight  or  surrender,  moved 
forward  to  attack  the  Ameri 
cans.  This  brought  on  the  second  battle  of  Stillwater, 
sometimes  called  the  battle  of  Saratoga  (October  7th),  in 


forming  for  battle,  he  shouted  to  his  soldiers 
them  to-day,  or  Molly  Stark  will  be  a  widow. 


'  There  are  the  red-coats  ;  we  must  beat 


27.  Who  succeeded  Schuyler  ?  Account  of  the  First  Battle  of  Stillwater  ?  28 
Battle  of  Saratoga  ?  Its  result  ?  What  was  the  conduct  of  Arnold  ?  Where  is  Sara 
toga  ? 


THE    WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


155 


GENERAL   BURGOYNE 


which  Burgoyne,  after  the  most  determined  efforts,  was 
compelled  to  fall  back.  In  these  two  battles,  Benedict 
Arnold,  though  without  any  particular  command,  fought 
with  great  bravery,  and  was  severely 
wounded.  Ten  days  after  the 
battle,  Burgoyne  surrendered  his 
whole  army  prisoners  of  Avar  (Oc 
tober  17th,  1777).* 

29.  Effects  of  Burgoyne's  Sur 
render. — By    this    surrender,    the 
Americans  not  only  gained  posses 
sion  of.  an  entire  army,  with  all  its 
arms  and  ammunition  ;  but  such  a 
decided   victory  inspired    all   with 

hope  and  confidence,  and,  moreover,  convinced  the  friends 
of  American  independence  in  Europe,  that  the  cause  of 
the  patriots  would  triumph. 

30.  Treaty  with  France.— When  the  news  of  the  cap 
ture  of  Burgoyne  reached  France,  the  government  of  that 
country  decided  openly  to  take  the  part  of  the  struggling 
colonies  ;  and,  on  the  6th  of  February,  1778,  she  made  a 
treaty  of  alliance  witli  them,    acknowledging    their  inde 
pendence,  and  agreeing  to  furnish  them  with  assistance  in 
the  war  with   Great  Britain.     This  important  event   had 
been  brought  about  mainly  through  the  efforts  and  address 


*  The  whole  number  of  prisoners  exceeded  five  thousand.  By  this  surrender,  the 
Americans  acquired  a  fine  train  of  artillery,  five  thousand  muskets,  and  a  large  quantity 
of  clothing,  tents,  and  military  stores. 


29.  Effect  of   Burgoyne's  surrender  ?    30.  Treaty  with  France  ?    How  brought 
about  ? 


m  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1778 

of    Benjamin   Franklin,  who,  as  has  been  already  stated, 
was  sent  to  France  for  this  purpose  in  1776.* 

31.  Evacuation    of    Philadelphia. — The   French   gov 
ernment  at  once  fitted  out  a  fleet,  which,  about  the  middle 
of  April,  sailed  for  America,  under  the  command  of  Count 
D'Estaing  (des-tang').     In   the   meantime,    General  Howe 
resigned  his  command,  and  General  Clinton  was  appointed 
his   successor.      Fearing   for   the    safety   of   the   army   at 
Philadelphia,  the  British  government   ordered  Clinton  to 
proceed  with  his  army  to  New  York.     Accordingly,  Phila 
delphia  was  evacuated  (June  18th). 

32.  Battle    of   Monmouth. — While    on    his   march    to 
New  York,  Clinton  was  overtaken  by  Washington  at  Mon 
mouth,  and  a  severe  battle  ensued.     General  Lee  led  the 
advance   and   was   ordered   to    make  an  attack   upon  the 
enemy's   line.     Instead    of    doing    so,    he    commenced    a 
retreat ;    when    AVashington    coming    up,    severely   repri 
manded  him  on  the  spot,  and  again  ordered  him  to  rally 
his  men   and  advance. \     This   was    done,    and   the   battle 
continued  until  nightfall ;    but  without  a  decisive  result. 


*  The  British  government  was  much  alarmed  on  learning  that  the  Americans  had 
obtained  the  aid  of  France,  and  sent  commissioners  to  offer  terms  of  peace  with  the 
colonies,  on  condition  that  they  would  return  to  their  allegiance.  Congress,  however, 
refused  to  listen  to  any  other  terms  than  a  full  recognition  of  the  independence  of  the 
States.  One  of  the  commissioners  attempted  to  bribe  General  Joseph  Reed  to  persuade 
Congress  to  listen  favorably  to  their  terms,  offering  him  ten  thousand  pounds  for  the 
service  ;  but  the  patriot,  with  honest  indignation,  replied  :  "I  am  not  worth  purchas 
ing  ;  but,  such  as  I  am,  the  king  of  England  is  not  rich  enough  to  buy  me  !  " 

t  Lee's  pride  having  been  wounded  by  the  rebuke  which  he  had  received  on  the  field 
of  battle,  he  sent  two  disrespectful  letters  to  Washington.  He  was  therefore  tried  by 
court-martial,  and  suspended  from  his  command  for  a  year.  He  never  rejoined  the 
army  ;  but,  just  before  the  close  of  the  war,  died  at  Philadelphia. 


31.  What  caused  the  evacuation  of  Philadelphia  ?    32.  The  battle  of  Monmouth  ? 
Account  of  the  battle  ?    Its  result  ?    Where  is  Monmouth  (Map,  p.  82)  ? 


V'  •'*• 

• .  W  '  '"&'-•  '«*~2^~'' 


158  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1778 

During  the  night   Clinton  continued  his  retreat  to  New 
York.* 

33.  The  hopes  of  the  Americans  in  regard  to  the  French 
fleet  were  disappointed.     D'Estaing  did  not  arrive  in  the 
Delaware  until  after  Lord  Howe  had  sailed;  and  although 
a  plan  had   been  formed  to  attack   Newport,   he  accom 
plished  nothing.     General  Sullivan,  who  was  to  act  with 
him,  gained  a  position  on  Rhode  Island,  and  drove  back 
the  British  under   Pigot,    who   attacked   him    at   a   place 
called  Quaker   Hill    (Aug.    29);    D'Estaing's   fleet    having 
sailed    to    Boston,    and    being    threatened    by   a   greatly 
superior  force,  Sullivan  was  obliged   to  withdraw  to   the 
main  land. 

34.  Massacres   of  Wyoming   and  Cherry  Valley. 

Among   the   saddest   events   of   the   year   1778,    were  the 
massacres  at  Wy-o'-ming  and  Cherry  Valley.     In  July,  a 
band  of  tories  and  Indians,  under  Colonel  John   Butler, 
entered  the  beautiful   valley  of  Wyoming,  Pennsylvania, 
which  was  almost  defenseless,  as  most  of  the  able-bodied 
men  had  joined  the  patriot  army.     The  women  and  chil 
dren    took    refuge    in    a   fort ;    but    the    place    was    soon 
captured,  and  the  savage  Indians  burned,  plundered,  and 
murdered,  until  the  whole  valley  was  a  dreadful  scene  of 

*  The  battle  of  Monmouth  was  fought  on  Sunday.  The  weather  was  intensely  hot, 
and  many  died  from  the  heat  and  from  imprudently  drinking  cold  water.  At  the  close 
of  the  battle,  the  American  army  lay  on  their  arms  ready  to  renew  it  the  next  day. 
Washington,  with  Lafayette  by  his  side,  slept  at  the  foot  of  a  tree.  On  leaving  Phila 
delphia,  Clinton's  army  was  about  twelve  thousand  strong ;  his  baggage- wagons 
formed  a  train  twelve  miles  in  length.  He  lost  about  five  hundred  men  in  the  battle, 
and  very  many  others,  chiefly  Hessians,  by  desertion. 


33.  Proceedings  of  the  French  fleet  ?  Attack  on  Rhode  Island  ?  34.  Account  of 
the  massacre  at  Wyoming  ?  At  Cherry  Valley  ?  Where  is  Wyoming  (Map,  p.  104)  ? 
Cherry  Valley  (Map,  p.  104)  ? 


1778] 


THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


159 


ruin  and  desolation.*  In  November,  a  party  of  the  same 
mixed  character  fell  upon  the  settlement  of  Cherry 
Valley,  New  York,  and  killed  or  carried  into  captivity 
a  large  number  of  the  settlers. 

35.  Capture  of  Savannah.— Toward  the  close   of   the 
year,    Clinton   sent   a   force   under    Colonel    Campbell   to 


invade  Georgia.  Savannah  was  attacked,  and  being  de 
fended  by  only  a  small  force  under  General  Robert  Howe, 
it  could  make  but  slight  resistance,  and  was  captured 
(December  29).  It  remained  in  the  possession  of  the 
British  till  1783. 

*  Read  Campbell's  Gertrude  of  Wyoming. 


35,  The  capture  of  Savannah  ?    How  long  was  it  held  by  the  British  ? 


160 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1779 


36.  Events  in  the  South.— Other  disasters  followed 
the  loss  of  Savannah.  Sunbury,  the  only  American  post 
remaining,  being  captured,  the  State  of  Georgia  was  at 
the  mercy  of  the  British,  and  was  restored  as  a  royal 
province.  Tories  at  the  South  abounded,  and  committed 
every  species  of  cruelty  and  depredation  upon  the  patriots. 
At  Kettle  Creek,  they  were  defeated  (Feb.  14,  1779); 
but  at  Brier  Creek  a  division  of  the  American  forces,  com 
manded  by  General  Lincoln,  was 
surprised,  and  utterly  routed 
(March  3). 

37.  The  British  commander, 
General  Prevost,  soon  after  this 
attempted  to  take  Charleston  ;  but 
his  movements  were  checked  by 
Lincoln.  The  latter  was,  how 
ever,  defeated  at  Stono  Ferry  in 
an  attempt  to  drive  the  enemy 
from  their  position  near  the  city. 
In  October,  after  a  siege  of  about 
three  weeks,  a  combined  attack 
was  made  upon  Savannah  by  Lin 
coln  and  the  French  fleet  under  D'Estaing ;  but  they  were 
repulsed  with  heavy  loss  (Oct.  9).  Among  those  who  fell 
was  the  gallant  Count  Pulaski.  This  ended  the  campaign 
of  1779  in  the  South. 

38.  Events  in  the   North. — In  the  north,  the  British 

36.  What  other  disasters  followed  ?  Who  was  defeated  at  Brier  Creek  ?  Where  is 
Brier  Creek  (Map,  p.  159)  ?  37.  What  was  done  by  General  Prevost  ?  What  occurred 
at  Stono  Ferry  ?  Where  is  Stono  Ferry  (Map,  p.  159)  ?  Account  of  the  attack  on 
gavanuah  ? 


1779] 


THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


161 


did  scarcely  anything  beside  plundering  defenseless  towns. 
Portsmouth  and  Norfolk,  in  Virginia,  were  burned  ;  and 
General  Tryon  ravaged  and  burned  Norwalk,  Fail-field, 
New  Haven,  and  other  towns  in  Connecticut.  At  one  of 
these  places,  General  Putnam  narrowly  escaped  being  made 
prisoner.*  The  most  brilliant  victory  won  by  the  Ameri 
cans  this  year  was  the  capture  of  Stony  Point,  a  strong 
post  on  the  Hudson.  It 
was  planned  by  Washing 
ton,  whose  headquarters 
were  at  West  Point,  but 
executed  by  General  Wayne 
(July  15).  Shortly  after 
this,  Major  Henry  Lee  sur 
prised  the  garrison  at 
Paulus  Hook  (now  Jersey 
City),  and  took  a  large 
number  of  prisoners. 

39.  Battle  of  Chemung. 

— General  Sullivan,  being  sent  to  repress  the  atrocities  of 
the  Indians  in  western  New  York,  and. -to  punish  them  for 
their  barbarities  at  Wyoming  and  Cherry  Valley,  entered 
the  region  near  the  head-waters  of  the  Susquehanna  and 


GENERAL  WAYNE 


*  This  was  at  Horse-neck.  Surprised  by  an  overwhelming  force  of  the  British,  his 
troops  were  routed,  and  he  was  compelled  to  flee,  closely  pursued  by  the  enemy. 
When  nearly  overtaken,  he  suddenly  wheeled  his  horse,  and  galloping  down  the  zigzag 
path  of  a  precipice,  wtw*  'iis  pursuers  did  not  dare  to  follow  him,  made  good  his 
escape. 

38.  What  was  done  by  the  British  in  the  north  ?    What  happened  to  Putnam  ? 
Account  of  the  taking  of  Stony  Point  ?    Where  is  Stony  Point  (Map,  p.  160)  ?    What 
\s  stated  of  Paulus  Hook  ?    39.  Account  of  Sullivan's  operations  against  the  Indians  ? 
What  battle  was  fought  ? 
11 


PAUL   JONES 


162  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          [1780 

Genesee  rivers.     At  Chemung,  he  routed  the  Indians  and 
tories  after  a  fierce  battle   (Aug.  29),   and  then  laid  the 

whole  region  waste. 
Forty  Indian  villages 
were  destroyed,  together 
with  a  vast  quantity  of 
corn. 

40.  Naval  Victory 
by  Paul  Jones. — In 
September  of  this  year, 
one  of  the  most  brilliant 
naval  victories  ever  won 
was  gained  by  Paul 
Jones,*  commanding  a 
small  squadron  of  French  and  American  vessels.  The 
battle  was  fought  off  the  east  coast  of  England,  with  two 
British  frigates  that  were  convoying  a  merchant  fleet. 
The  contest  lasted  from  seven  in  the  evening  till  ten  at 
night  ;  and  ended  with  the  capture  of  the  frigates. 

41.  Taking  of  Charleston. — In  1780,  operations  in  the 
South  commenced  with  the  siege  of  Charleston  by  the 
British,  under  Clinton,  aided  by  Admiral  Ar'-buth-not. 
After  holding  out  for  forty  days,  it  suffered  a  terrific 
bombardment,  during  which,  the  shells  falling  upon  the 
houses  set  the  city  on  fire  in  several  places.  Its  brave 


*  John  Paul  Jones  was  born  in  Scotland  in  1747.  At  the  age  of  twelve  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  shipmaster,  who  was  engaged  in  the  American  trade.  His  name  was 
John  Paul,  to  which,  for  some  reason,  he  added  that  of  Jones.  After  the  Revolution, 
he  entered  the  Russian  naval  service,  and  died  in  Paris,  in  poverty  and  neglect,  in  1792. 


40.  Account  of  the  victory  of  Paul  Jones  ?    41.  Of  the  taking  of  Charleston  2 


1780]  THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  163 


NAVAL  ENGAGEMENT  BETWEEN   THE   BON  HOMME  RPCHARD  AND  THE   SBBAPIS 

defender,  General  Lincoln,  was  at  last  obliged  to  sur 
render  the  place;  and  he  and  his  army  became  prisoners 
of  war  (May  12). 

42.  Battle  of  Camden. — Congress  now  sent  General 
Gates,  the  victor  at  Saratoga,  hoping  that  he  would  be 
able  to  check  the  British  in  their  conquest  of  the  South. 
He  advanced  as  far  as  Sanders  Creek,  near  Camden,  where 
he  was  met  by  Cornwallis,  and  sustained  a  terrible  defeat. 
The  brave  Baron  De  Kalb,  who  commanded  a  division  of 
Gates's  army,*  was  mortally  wounded  in  this  disastrous 
action  (Aug.  16).  Cornwallis  pushed  on  triumphantly, 


*  Baron  de  Kalb  was  a  native  of  Alsace,  in  Germany.    He  came  to  America  with 
Lafayette  in  1777.    He  died  three  days  after  the  battle. 


42.  Account  of  the  battle  of  Camden  ?     Who  was  mortally  wounded  ?     How  is 
Camden  situated  (Map,  p.  159)  ?    What  checked  Cornwallis  ? 


164  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          [1780 

but  hearing  that  Major  Ferguson,  one  of  his  officers,  had 
been  defeated  at  King's  Mountain  (Oct.  7),  by  a  band  of 
patriot  militia,  he  retraced  his  steps,  and  took  up  a  posi 
tion  in  South  Carolina. 

43.  Partisan  Warfare  in  the  South These  victories 

of  the  British,  together  with  the  merciless  deeds  of  the 
tories,  would  have  crushed  the  South,  had  not  the  brave 
partisan  leaders,  Pickens,  Sumter,  Marion,  and  others, 
gathered  around  them  the  scat 
tered  patriots,  and  by  their  daring 
exploits  kept  alive  the  spirit  of 
freedom.  Securely  concealed  from 
attack,  these  fearless  bands  were 
ever  on  the  alert  to  sally  forth 
and  cut  off  the  detachments  of  the 
British.  Among  these,  Marion  * 

GENERAL  MARION  and       hig        meR        were        particularly 

famous.     Indeed,  this   enterprising  leader  was   called    by 
the  British  the  "Swamp  Fox/' 

44.  Treason  of  Arnold — Benedict  Arnold,  who  had 
gained  so  many  laurels  at  Quebec,  Fort  Schuyler,  and 
Saratoga— so  highly  prized  for  his  genius  and  gallantry  as 

*  Francis  Marion  was  born  in  South  Carolina  in  1732.  His  efforts  and  sufferings  for 
the  patriot  cause  have  greatly  endeared  his  memory.  On  one  occasion,  it  is  said,  a 
British  officer  was  conducted  to  his  camp  on  official  business,  and  Marion  politely 
invited  him  to  dinner.  The  whole  fare  proved  to  be  only  roasted  sweet  potatoes, 
served  on  pieces  of  bark.  "And  is  this  your  usual  mode  of  living  ?  "  exclaimed  the 
officer.  "  It  is,"  said  Marion  ;  "  and  we  are  content  with  it,  and  ask  no  pay  besides." 
The  officer  returned  feeling  that  it  was  of  little  use  to  fight  against  such  men. 

43.  How  was  the  spirit  of  liberty  kept  alive  in  the  South  ?  The  most  noted  of  the 
partisan  leaders  ?  44.  Who  became  a  traitor  ?  His  conduct  at  Philadelphia  ?  Its 
result  ? 


1780] 


THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


165 


a  soldier,  this  year  (1780)  deserted  the  patriot  cause,  and 
became  a  traitor.  After  the  British  had  left  Philadelphia, 
he  was  assigned  to  a  command  at  that  city.  He  plunged 
into  extravagance  and  luxury,  and  was  found  guilty,  by  a 


ARNOLD'S  HEADQUARTERS,  OPPOSITE  WEST  POINT 

court-martial,  of   obtaining   money  by  fraudulent  means, 
and  sentenced  to  be  reprimanded  by  Washington. 

45.  The  sentence  was  executed  with  considerable  gentle 
ness;  but  Arnold  felt  himself  disgraced,  and  he  sank  into 
a  far  lower  depth  of  infamy.     Having  obtained  the  com 
mand  of  West   Point,   he   secretly  offered  the  British  to 
place  it  in   their  hands  for   a   sufficient   reward.     Major 
Andre  was  appointed  by  Clinton  to  arrange  the  plan  and 
settle  the  terms  of  the  surrender. 

46.  He  met  the  traitor  at  a  place  about  six  miles  below 

45.  What  plot  did  he  enter  into  ?    Who  was  appointed  to  arrange  the  plan  ? 


166  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          [1780 

West  Point.  Being  unable  to  return  to  New  York  by 
water,  as  had  been  arranged,  he  was  obliged  to  cross  the 
Hudson  and  proceed  by  land.  When  near  Tarrytown,  he 
was  stopped  by  three  militia-men,*  Paulding,  Williams  and 
Van  Wart,  who,  having  searched  him  and  found  the  trea 
sonable  papers  in  his  boots,  took  him  to  North  Castle,  the 
nearest  military  station. 

47.  The  commander  at  North  Castle,  having  no  sus 
picion  of  Arnold,  at  once  notified  him  of  the  arrest.  The 
traitor  fled,  and  escaped  to  New  York  by  means  of  a 
British  sloop-of-war  which  had  carried  Andre  up  the  river 
below  West  Point.  Andre  was  conveyed  to  Tappan,  tried 
by  court-martial,  and  sentenced  to  be  executed  as  a  spy. 
Sir  Henry  Clinton  made  every  possible  effort  to  save  his 
life  ;  but  the  only  terms  that  Washington  could  accept, 
were  that  Arnold  should  be  given  up  in  exchange  for  the 
prisoner  ;  but  this  Clinton  could  not  honorably  do.  Andre 
met  his  fate  with  firmness,  and  received  the  sympathy  of 
all,  while  Arnold  was  universally  despised.  The  price  of 
his  treason  was  about' six  thousand  pounds  in  money,  and 
the  appointment  of  brigadier-general  in  the  British  army.f 

*  It  was  near  Tarrytown  that  he  was  arrested.  When  stopped  by  the  militia-men, 
he  asked  if  they  belonged  to  his  party.  "Which  party  ?"  they  asked.  "The  lower 
one,"  he  replied,  thus  revealing  to  them  that  he  was  a  British  officer.  Terror-stricken 
and  agitated  when  he  discovered  his  mistake,  he  showed  them  Arnold's  pass,  and 
when  that  was  not  accepted,  offered  his  watch  and  other  bribes  to  induce  his  captors 
to  release  him.  But  they  were  too  patriotic  to  be  swerved  from  their  duty  ;  and  pro 
ceeding  to  search  him,  they  at  last  found  plans  of  the  fort  and  the  mode  of  its  expected 
surrender  between  his  stocking  and  his  foot. 

t  Benedict  Arnold  was  born  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  in  1740.  After  the  Revolution, 
he  for  a  time  engaged  in  business  at  St.  John,  New  Brunswick.  He  afterwards  went 
to  England,  where  he  lived  in  obscurity,  shunned  and  despised  by  every  one.  On  one 
occasion,  a  member  of  Parliament,  on  rising  to  address  the  House,  noticed  Arnold  in 

46.  What  led  to  Andre's  arrest  ?  47.  How  did  Arnold  escape  ?  The  fate  of  Andre  ? 
Reward  of  Arnold  ?  Where  is  West  Point  (Map,  p.  160)  ? 


1781]  THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  167 

48.  Mutiny  of  the  Pennsylvania  Troops. — The  year 
1781   opened   with   mutiny  in   the   American   army.     The 
soldiers  had  endured  terrible  hardships.     They  had,  for  a 
long  time,  received   no  pay ;    they  were  poorly   fed,   and 
were  exposed  to  the  snows  and  piercing  cold  of  winter, 
with  nothing  but  their  tattered  garments  to  cover  them. 
The  Pennsylvania  regiments,   on  New-Year's  eve,  unable 
longer  to  bear  such  sufferings,  left  their  camp  at  Morris- 
town,  determined  to  march  to  Philadelphia  and   demand 
relief  from  Congress. 

49.  At  Princeton,  messengers  from  Clinton  met   them, 
offering  them  positions  in  the  British  army  ;  but  the  sol 
diers  seized  these  persons,  and  delivered  them  to  General 
Wayne  to  be  treated  as  spies.     A  committee  of  Congress 
waited  upon  them  at  this  place,   and  satisfied    their  de 
mands.     This   led   to    other   mutinies  ;    but    Washington 
adopted    severe    measures,    and   effectually   quelled   them. 
Afterward,  through  the  exertions  of  Robert  Morris,*  Con 
gress  was  enabled  to  raise  funds  in  order  to  carry  on  the  war. 

50.  Battle    of    Cowpens — Pursuit    of    Cornwallis. — 
General  Greene,  who  had  succeeded  Gates  in  the  command 

the  gallery,  on  which  he  exclaimed,  pointing  to  the  traitor  :  "Mr.  Speaker,  I  will  not 
speak  while  that  man  is  in  the  House.1'    Arnold  died  in  London,  in  1301. 

*  Robert  Morris  was  born  in  England  in  1734.  He  came  to  America  when  thirteen 
years  old,  and  was  educated  at  Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  After  the  Revolution,  he  lost  by  land  speculations  an 
immense  fortune,  which  he  had  gained  in  the  China  trade,  and  he  died  in  Phila 
delphia,  in  1806,  in  comparative  poverty. 


48.  What  mutiny  occurred  ?  Its  cause  ?  Which  of  the  troops  left  the  camp  ? 
Where  did  they  proceed  ?  WThere  is  Morristown  (Map,  p.  82)  ?  49.  What  occurred 
at  Princeton  ?  How  were  the  mutineers  satisfied  ?  What  followed  ?  Who  aided 
Congress  in  raising  funds  ?  Where  is  Princeton  (Map,  p.  82)  ?  50.  What  led  to 
the  battle  of  Cowpens  ?  Its  result  ?  Where  is  Cowpens  (Map,  p.  159)  ?  Pursuit  of 
Cornwallis  ?  Into  what  river  does  the  Catawba  flow  ? 


168  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1781 

of  the  southern  army,  in  January  sent  a  detachment, 
under  General  Morgan,  to  repress  the  ravages  of  the 
British  in  South  Carolina.  At  Cowpens  the  force  gained 

a  splendid  victory  over  a  de 
tachment  of  Cornwallis's  army, 
commanded  by  Colonel  Tarle- 
ton  (January  17).  Hearing  of 
this,  Cornwallis  started  in  pur 
suit  of  Morgan,  who  had  re 
treated  to  the  Catawba;  but 
he  did  not  reach  the  river 
until  two  hours  after  the 
Americans  had  crossed.  He 
halted,  intending  to  cross  in 

GENEltAL  QKEENE 

the  morning;  but  during   the 

night  the  river  became  so  swollen  by  heavy  rains  as  to  be 
impassable. 

51.  Retreat  of  Greene— Battle  of  Guilford  Court 
House. — Before  Cornwallis  could  continue  the  pursuit, 
Morgan  had  joined  his  force  to  Greene's,  and  the  latter, 
by  skillful  maneuvering,  reached  the  fords  of  the  Dan, 
and  crossed  the  river,  just  as  the  British  appeared  on  the 
opposite  bank.  Cornwallis  then  gave  up  the  pursuit;  but 
Greene  recrossed  the  Dan,  and  advanced  to  Guilford 
Court  House.  There  he  was  attacked  by  Cornwallis 
(March  15),  and  forced  to  retreat ;  but  the  British  suf 
fered  so  severely  in  the  battle,  that  the  result  was  almost 
as  good  as  a  victory  to  the  Americans. 

51.  Retreat  of  Greene  ?    What  two  rivers  did  Greene  and  Morgan  cross  (Map,  p.  159)? 
What  battle  was  fought  ?    Its  result  ?    Where  is  Guilford  Court  House  (Map,  p.  159)  ? 


1781]  THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  169 

52.  Second    Battle    of  Camden. — Greene  now   boldly 
advanced   into   South   Carolina,   while   Cornwallis,   with  a 
portion   of   his   forces,    moved    northward    into  Virginia. 
At  Hobkirk's    Hill,   near    Camden,   Greene    was   attacked 
by   Lord   Rawdou,  and    defeated;   but   the   battle  was   so 
stoutly  contested    by    Greene,    that   the   enemy   were   too 
much   cut   up   to   make   any  use   of   their    victory  (April 
25).      Being  obliged  to  abandon   Camden,  the  British  set 
it  on  fire. 

53.  Partisan  Warfare — Battle  of  Eutaw  Springs.— 
Few  posts  now  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  British; 
for  the  South   Carolina   partisan    leaders    had  kept  up  a 
harassing   warfare   against   them.       To   make    this    more 
effective,  Greene  had  detached  Colonel  Henry  Lee  with  a 
small  body  of  troops,  which  was  called   "  Lee's  Legion." 
The  last  battle  in  the  South  was  fought  at  Eutaw  Springs 
(September  8).     It  was  a  desperate  conflict;  but  the  result 
was   so   doubtful   that   both  parties  claimed   the  victory. 
Throughout   this   campaign,  Greene  had  shown   splendid 
ability  as  a  general,  although  he  had  met  with  no  positive 
success.     Congress  voted  him  the  highest  honors  for   his 
services. 

54.  Surrender    of  Cornwallis. — The    closing   event  of 
the  war  was  now  at  hand.     Washington,  having  the  aid 
of  a  French  army  under  Rochambeau  (ro-sham-bo'),  had 

52.  Whither  did  Greene  march  ?  Cornwallis  ?  Where  did  another  battle  occur  ? 
Its  result  ?  Where  is  Camden  (Map,  p.  159)  ?  53.  What  had  been  accomplished  by 
partisan  leaders  ?  Lee's  Legion  ?  What  was  the  last  battle  in  the  South  ?  Its  result  ? 
Where  is  Eutaw  Springs  (Map.  p.  159)  ?  Greene  as  a  general  ?  Honors  voted  to  him  ? 
54.  Why  did  Washington  proceed  to  Yorktown  ?  What  army  had  joined  him  ? 
What  fleet  arrived  ?  What  did  it  accomplish  ?  Kesult  of  the  attack  on  Yorktown  ? 
Where  is  Yorktown  (Map,  p.  247)  ? 


1781]  THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  171 

threatened  New  York;  but  hearing  that  a  French  fleet, 
under  De  Grasse  (grass],  had  arrived  in  the  Chesapeake, 
he  suddenly  changed  his  plan,  and  proceeded  rapidly  to 
Yorktown,  where  Cornwallis  had  taken  position.  It  was 
too  late  for  Clinton  to  intercept  the  march  of  the  Ameri 
cans;  and  the  British  fleet  had  been  foiled  by  De  Grasse. 
Cornwallis,  attacked  by  sea  and  land,  was  therefore  com 
pelled  to  surrender  his  whole  army  prisoners  of  war  (Octo 
ber  19).* 

55.  Arnold  in  Connecticut. — To  draw  off  Washington 
from  Virginia,  Clinton  had  sent  Arnold   to  Connecticut, 
where  he  committed   the  most  dreadful 

ravages.  He  plundered  and  burned  New 
London  ;  and  Colonel  Eyre  (ire),  his 
associate  officer,  having  taken  Fort  Gris- 
wold,  barbarously  massacred  half  of  the 
garrison  after  they  had  surrendered. 
Colonel  Ledyard,  the  American  commandant,  was  deliver 
ing  up  his  sword,  when  a  tory  officer,  seizing  it,  plunged  it 
into  his  breast,  killing  him  on  the  spot  (Sept.  G). 

56.  Result  of  Cornwallis's  Surrender. — The  surren- 


*  The  ceremony  of  surrender  was  an  imposing  one.  The  allied  armies,  with  Wash 
ington  and  Roc  ham  beau  at  the  head  of  their  respective  troops,  were  drawn  up  in  two 
columns  ;  and  the  vanquished  army,  with  its  colors  folded,  inarched  out  and  laid  down 
their  arms.  Some  indignantly  dashed  them  down  with  such  force  as  to  break  them. 
Cornwallis  surrendered  his  sword  to  Lincoln,  who  had  the  direction  of  the  ceremony. 
The  tidings  of  this  event  reached  Congress  at  midnight,  four  days  afterward ;  and 
every  heart  bounded  with  exultant  delight,  as  the  watchman,  pacing  the  streets  of 
Philadelphia,  cried  aloud,  "  Past  two  o'clock,  and  Cornwallis  is  taken." 


55.  Why  was  Arnold  sent  to  Connecticut  ?  His  conduct  there  ?  What  occurred  at 
Fort  Griswold  ?  Where  is  New  London  (Map,  p.  53)  ?  56.  Effect  of  the  surrender 
of  Cornwallis  ?  How  did  Lord  North  receive  the  news  of  the  surrender  ?  How  was 
peace  made  ?  When  ? 


172  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1782 

der  of  Cornwallis  was  a  death-blow  to  the  hopes  that 
England  would  ever  regain  her  colonies.  When  the  minis 
ter,  Lord  North,  heard  of  it,  he  walked  the  room  as  one 
distracted,  repeatedly  exclaiming:  "  It  is  all  over!" 
Public  opinion  in  England  demanded  peace  ;  and  the  gov 
ernment  appointed  commissioners  to  arrange  a  treaty.  On 
the  30th  of  November,  1782,  peace  was  agreed  upon  ;  and 
on  the  19th  of  April  following,  a  cessation  of  the  war  was 
proclaimed  in  the  American  army.  Thus  it  ended  on  the 
eighth  anniversary  of  its  commencement.  A  final  treaty 
was  signed  at  Paris,  September  3d,  1783. 

57.  Terms  of  the  Treaty.— By  the  terms  of  the  treaty, 
Great     Britain   acknowledged    the    independence    of    the 
United  States  ;  and  the  boundaries  were  fixed  at  the  Great 
Lakes   on    the    north,  and   the    Mississippi    River   on  the 
west.     The  right  to  fish  on  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland 
was  also  conceded  to  the  States.     Florida  was  given  back 
to  Spain. 

58.  American   Patriotism  during  the  Revolution. — 
Never  did  any  people  show  a  more  patriotic  spirit  than 
that  displayed  by  the  Americans  during  their  long  struggle 
for  independence.     The  women  at  home,  and  the  men  in 
the  camp,   were  alike  devoted  to   the   cause  of    freedom. 
While  the  men  fought,  the  women  worked.     The  latter 
endeavored  not  only  to  supply  the  necessaries  of  life  to 
their  families,  now  dependent  largely  upon  them,  but  to 
contribute,    as   far  as   they   might,    to    the   providing    of 
needed  articles  of  clothing  for  the  soldiers. 

57.  The  terms  of  the  treaty  ?    58.  What  is  said  of  American  patriotism  ?    How 
displayed  during  the  war  ? 


1782] 


THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE 


EIGHTY-SIX   AND   SIX   KNITTING   STOCKINGS   FOR   THE   SOLDIERS 

59.  The  sufferings  of  the  latter  were  intense;*  yet  they 
persevered,  and  were  not  to  be  swerved  from  the  cause  in 
which  they  were  engaged,   by  any  promise  of  reward.,  or 
the  fear  of  any  privations  or  hardships  which  they  might 
have  to  undergo.     When,,  driven  to  desperation.,  some  of 
the    veterans    of    the    army   deserted    their    ranks,    and 
marched  forth  to  seek  redress  for  the  wrongs  which  they 
attributed    to  the  neglect  of  Congress,  they  still  spurned 
with  abhorrence  the  bribes  offered  them  by  the  minions  of 
British  power. 

60.  The   patriots   who   had   the    misfortune   to    become 

*  In  a  letter  which  Washington  addressed  to  the  President  of  Congress,  on  the  23d 
of  December,  1777,  he  says,  "We  have  no  less  than  two  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ninety-eight  men  now  in  camp  unfit  for  duty,  because  they  are  barefoot  and  otherwise 
naked." 

59.  Of  the  sufferings  of  the  soldiers  ?  Their  devotion  to  duty  ?  60.  Treatment  of 
the  prisoners  by  the  British  ?  The  prison-ship  Jersey  f 


174 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


prisoners  of  war,  were  treated  with  every  possible  insult 
and  outrage.  Many  of  them  were  confined  in  loathsome 
dungeons  or  prison-ships,  where  they  received  such  in 
human  treatment  that  thousands  died.  Of  these  floating 
hulks  the  most  noted  was  the  Jersey,  which  was  anchored 


THE   JKKSKY    1'KISON-SHIP 


in  a  small  bay  off  the  Long  Island  shore,  opposite  New 
York,  and  used  as  a  prison-ship  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
61.  Forces  Engaged — In  no  engagement  of  the  war 
were  the  forces  on  either  side  very  large.  At  the  battle 
of  Long  Island  there  were  about  thirty-five  thousand 
British  and  Hessians ;  while  Washington's  whole  effective 
force  was  only  about  seventeen  thousand.  Schuyler  had 
but  a  few  men  (about  four  thousand)  to  cope  with  Bur- 
goyne's  ten  thousand.  At  Monmouth,  Washington's  army 
probably  contained  about  eighteen  thousand  to  Clinton's 

61.  The  forces  engaged  during  the  war  ?  At  the  battle  of  Long  Island  ?  Schuyler's 
force  ?  Washington's,  at  Monmouth  ?  The  British  ?  Qreene's  force  ?  Forces  engaged 
at  Yorktown  ? 


THE   WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  175 

twelve  thousand.  In  all  the  other  battles  the  opposing 
armies  were  very  small.  Greene  performed  his  splendid 
exploits  Avith  less  than  five  thousand  men.  At  Yorktown 
the  combined  American  and  French  army  did  not  exceed 
sixteen  thousand  men. 

62.  Foreign  Aid. — The  cause  of  the  American  colonies 
fighting  for  their  independence  was  the  cause  of  mankind. 
There  was  no  generous  soul  throughout  the  civilized  world 
who  did  not  give  it  his  entire  sympathy.     All  who  prized 
liberty  looked  with  intense  interest  upon  the  struggle  of 
the  weak  against  the  mighty.     Many  gave  themselves  up 
with  earnest   devotion  to  the  cause.     Steuben  came  from 
Prussia,,   and  helped  to  discipline  the  armies  ;  Lafayette, 
De  Kalb,  and  the  brave.  Poles,  Pulaski  and  Kosciusko,* 
either  gave  their  lives,  or  imperiled  them,  that  freedom, 
crushed  in  the  Old  World,   might  be  triumphant  in  the 
New. 

63.  Articles     of     Confederation. — Nothing    but     the 
strong  necessity  of  making  a  united  effort  kept  the  States 
together    during    the    Revolutionary    War.      There    was, 


*  Thaddeus  Kosciusko  was  born  in  Poland  about  1755.  His  character  is  among  the 
most  splendid  in  history  for  patriotism,  nobleness  of  soul,  courage,  and  skill  in  war. 
Unable  to  achieve  the  freedom  of  his  own  country,  he  came  to  America,  and  offered 
his  aid  to  the  patriots.  He  was  present  with  Gates  in  the  two  battles  of  Stillwater,  and 
afterward  distinguished  himself  as  an  adjutant  of  Washington.  Subsequently  he 
returned  to  Poland,  and  fought  against  the  Russians,  the  oppressors  of  his  country. 
He  was  defeated,  severely  wounded,  and  made  a  prisoner  in  1794  ;  kept  a  captive  for 
some  time  at  St.  Petersburg,  but  was  afterward  released.  He  died  in  Switzerland  in 
1817. 


62.  What  induced  foreigners  to  sympathize  with  the  Americans  in  their  struggle 
for  independence  ?  What  distinguished  foreigners  joined  the  army  ?  63.  What  kept 
the  States  together  during  the  war  ?  What  was  done  to  establish  a  permanent  union  ? 
When  and  how  were  the  Articles  of  Confederation  proposed  ?  When  and  how  were 
they  adopted  ?  The  national  flag  ? 


176 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1781 


however,  a  general  desire  for  a  permanent  union  ;  and  as 
early  as  1776,  a  Committee  of  Congress  submitted  to  that 

body  an  instrument  consisting 
of  twenty  articles,  but  these 
were  not  adopted  by  Con 
gress  till  1777,  when  they 
were  proposed  to  the  States. 
As  the  consent  of  every 
State  was  required,,  this  plan 
of  a  general  government  was 


FLAG    OF   THE    UNITED    STATE 
ADOPTED   IN  JUNE,    1777  * 


^    aCCepted    Ulltll    1781, 

it  went  into  operation.  The 
"star-spangled  banner  "was  adopted  by  Congress  as  the 
national  flag  in  1777. 


*  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  and  for  some  months  afterward,  no  distinctive 
flag  was  adopted  by  the  Americans.  In  1776,  the  British  Union  flag  was  used,  the  only 
change  being  that  the  field  was  composed  of  thirteen  stripes,  alternate  red  and  white,  to 
denote  the  union  of  the  thirteen  colonies.  The  American  flag,  "  Stars  and  Stripes," 
was  adopted  by  Congress  on  the  14th  of  June,  1777.  "  The  thirteen  stars  were  arranged 
in  a  circle  in  order  better  to  express  the  union  of  the  states.  In  1794,  there  having 
been  two  new  states  added  to  the  Union,  it  was  voted  that  the  alternate  stripes,  as  well 
as  the  circling  stars,  be  fifteen  in  number,  and  the  flag,  as  thus  altered  and  enlarged, 
was  the  one  which  was  borne  through  all  the  contests  of  the  war  of  1812.  But  it  was 
thought  that  the  flag  would  at  length  become  too  large  if  a  new  stripe  should  be 
added  with  every  new  state.  It  was  therefore  enacted,  in  1818,  that  a  permanent  re 
turn  should  be  made  to  the  original  number  of  thirteen  stripes,  and  that  the  number 
of  stars  should  henceforth  correspond  to  the  growing  number  of  states.1'— Rev.  A.  P. 
Putnam.  

Map  Questions.— Where  is  Annapolis  (Map,  p.  247)  ?    Mount  Vernon  ? 


1783]  ADOPTION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  177 

CHAPTER  XIII 
Events  to  the  Adoption  of  the  Constitution 

1.  Condition  of  the  Country. — At  the  close  of  the  war 
the  people,  although  they  had  gained  their  independence, 
had  a  host  of  troubles  to  contend  with.     There  was  no 
money,  for  all  had  been  spent  in  the  war.     There  was  very 
little  wealth  in  the   country,  for  its  commerce  had  been 
ruined,  its  agriculture  and  manufactures  in  part  neglected, 
and  a  great   deal  of  its  property  destroyed.     Its  currency 
had  become  so  reduced  in  value  as  to  be  almost  worthless. 

2.  Difficulties   with  the  Army — Conduct  of  Wash 
ington. — Congress  was  greatly  embarrassed  by  the  want  of 
the  means  to  pay  the  army  ;  and  the  latter,  not  fully  real 
izing  the  difficulties,  became  greatly  dissatisfied,  consider 
ing   themselves   treated   with    ingratitude    and    injustice. 
Some  of  the  officers  were  so  indignant  that  they  entered 
into   a   secret    combination    to    make    Washington    king, 
thinking  that  thus  they  could  acquire  a  recompense  for 
their  toils  and  sufferings.     When,  however,  they  made  the 
proposal  to  him,  he  rejected  it  with  indignation,  and  re 
buked'  them  for  their  selfishness  and  want  of  patriotism. 
Soon  afterwards,   arrangements  were  made  by  which  Con 
gress  satisfied  the  claims  of  both   officers  and  soldiers. 

3.  Disbanding     the     Army  —  Evacuation     of    New 
York. — On  the  3d  of  November,  1783,  the  patriot  army 
was  disbanded,   and  nearly  all  were  allowed  to  return  to 

Text  Questions. — 1.  Troubles  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  ?    2.  How  was  Con 
gress  embarrassed  ?     Conduct  of  the  army  ?     Of  Washington  ?     Arrangements  made 
by  Congress  ?    3.  When  was  the  army  disbanded  ?    Evacuation  of  New  York  ? 
12 


GEOKGE  WASHINGTON 


1783]  ADOPTION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  179 

their  homes.  On  the  25th  of  that  month,  the  British 
evacuated  New  York ;  and  a  detachment  of  American 
troops  under  General  Knox  marched  into  the  city  and 
took  possession.  It  must  have  been  a  glorious  day  for  the 
people,  who  so  long  had  been,  as  it  were,  subjects  of  the 
"British  red-coats/'  "Evacuation-Day"  is  still  cele 
brated  in  the  metropolis  of  the  Union. 

4.  Retirement    of  Washington. — On    the   same   day, 
Washington  called  his  officers  together,  and  "  with  a  heart 
full   of   love    and   gratitude,"   bade   them   farewell.     Few 
could  restrain  their  tears  as  they  took  the  hand  of  their 
revered    commander    at   this   final  parting.     He   then  re 
paired  to  Annapolis,  where  Congress  was  in  session,  and 
formally  resigned  his  commission  as  commander-in-chief.* 
The   next   day    (December   24),   he  reached   his  home   at 
Mount  Vernon,  which  he  had  been  able  to  visit  but  once 
since  he  took  command  of  the  army. 

5.  Defects  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation. — It  was 
soon  found  that  the    Articles   of  Confederation   gave   too 

'little  power  to  the  general  government  to  enable  it  to  pay 
the  debts  incurred  during  the  war.  Congress  could  not 
levy  taxes;  it  could  only  call  upon  the  States  to  raise 
money.  This  the  States  were  backward  in  doing,  either 

*  After  expressing  his  congratulations  on  the  close  of  the  war,  he  thus  concluded  : 
"  Having  now  finished  the  work  assigned  me,  I  retire  from  the  great  theater  of  action, 
and  bidding  an  affectionate  farewell  to  this  august  body,  under  whose  orders  I  have  so 
long  acted,  I  here  offer  my  commission,  and  take  my  leave  of  all  the  employments  of 
public  life."  To  this  impressive  address,  General  Mifflin,  the  president  of  Congress, 
made  an  appropriate  and  touching  response. 


4.  Partmg  of  Washington  with  his  officers  ?  Resigning  his  commission  ?  When 
did  he  reach  his  home  ?  5.  What  defect  was  found  to  exist  in  the  Articles  of  Con 
federation  ?  What  was  the  result  of  this  ? 


180  HISTORY  OF  TEE   UNITED  STATES  [1787 

because  the  people  were  too  poor  to  pay  the  taxes  imposed, 
or  from  jealousy  of  Congress.  Thus  the  American  people 
were  in  danger  of  losing  the  fruits  of  their  great  triumph 
over  the  British  government. 

6.  Shays's  Insurrection. — In  some  of  the  States  there 
was  great  opposition  to  the  measures  of  taxation  adopted. 
In  Massachusetts,  an  insurrection  broke  out  under  a  leader 
named   Daniel  Shays,   which    caused    considerable    alarm; 
but  it   was  put  down  by   a   strong   force    under    General 
Lincoln,  with  but  little  bloodshed  (1787).     This  attempt 
to  overturn  the  government,  generally  known  as  "  Shays's 
Rebellion,"  showed  still  more  clearly  the  need  of  strength 
ening  the  hands  of  Congress. 

7.  Adoption  of  the  Constitution. — Accordingly,  a  con 
vention  met  on  the  23d  of  May,  1787,  at  Philadelphia,  for 
the  purpose  of  amending  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  so 
as   to   establish    a   more   complete    union    of    the    States. 
Washington    was  elected    president    of    this    Convention. 
After  about  four  months'  deliberation,  a  new  Constitution 
was  adopted,  and  sent  forth  to  receive  the  assent  of  the* 
individual    States.     Within    a   year,   eleven   of  the   States 
ratified  it ;  and  as,  by  the  terms  of  the  instrument,   the 
consent  of  nine  States  was  to  be  sufficient  for  its  adoption, 
it  went  into  effect  on  the  4th  of  March,  1789. 

8.  Election  of  Washington  as  President. — The  first 
election  of  president  resulted  in  the  unanimous  choice  of 


6.  What  insurrection  broke  out  ?  Its  cause  ?  How  put  down  ?  What  did  it  prove  ? 
7.  What  convention  met  ?  Where  ?  For  what  purpose  ?  Its  president  ?  What  did  it 
accomplish  ?  When  was  the  Constitution  ratified  ?  By  how  many  States  ?  When  did 
it  go  into  effect  ?  8.  Result  of  the  first  election  ?  Feelings  of  Washington  at  being 
called  from  his  retirement  ? 


1789] 


ADOPTION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION 


181 


Washington  for  that  high  office.  John  Adams  was,  at  the 
same  time,  chosen  vice-president.  It  was  with  great  regret 
that  Washington  again  left  his  quiet  home,  to  engage  in 
public  affairs.  He  knew  that  the  task  imposed  upon  him 


V" 


rAUGURATION   OP  WASHINGTON 


would  be  one  of  great  difficulty  and  trial ;  but  his  country 
called  him,  being  in  need  of  his  services,  and  he  obeyed. 

9.  Washington's  Journey  to  the  Capital. — On  his 
journey  to  New  York,  the  people  everywhere  greeted  him 
with  expressions  of  the  deepest  respect  and  gratitude.  All 
recognized  in  him  the  "Father  of  his  Country."  At 

9.  How  did  the  people  greet  him  on  his  journey  to  the  capital  ?    What  occurred  at 
Trenton  ? 


182  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1789 

Trenton,  the  scene  of  his  victory  in  the  darkest  hour  of 
the  revolutionary  struggle,  a  triumphal  arch  of  laurels  and 
flowers  was  thrown  across  the  stream,*  bearing  the  inscrip 
tion,  "  The  Defender  of  the  Mothers  will  be  the  Protector 
of  the  Daughters." 

10.  Inauguration  of  Washington. — The  ceremony  of 
inauguration  occurred  on  the  30th  of  April,  1789.  f 
Washington  took  the  oath  of  office  on  the  balcony  of  the 
Senate  Chamber,  in  the  new  Federal  Hall,  in  Wall  Street, 
where  the  United  States  Treasury  now  stands,  in  the  city 
of  New  York.]; 

*  This  arch  was  erected  on  the  bridge  across  the  Assunpink,  which  flows  through  the 
town  into  the  Delaware  River. 

t  Congress  ought  to  have  met  on  the  4th  of  March,  but  owing  to  a  delay  in  the  arrival 
of  members,  for  traveling  was  very  slow  and  difficult  in  those  days,  a  quorum  was  not 
secured  till  the  30th.  The  inauguration  was  further  delayed  by  a  question  which  arose 
as  to  the  title  by  which  the  President  should  be  addressed.  To  the  great  relief  and 
satisfaction  of  Washington,  it  was  finally  decided  that  the  title  should  be  simply  "The 
President  of  the  United  States."  This  has  continued  to  be  the  form  to  the  present 
time. 

%  At  the  close  of  the  ceremony,  Robert  R.  Livingston,  Chancellor  of  New  York, 
exclaimed  aloud,  "Long  live  George  Washington,  President  of  the  United  States  !" 
To  which  the  assembled  multitade  responded  in  shouts  of  joyful  applause.  New  York 
city  was  then  the  capital  of  the  United  States. 


10.  When  did  the  inauguration  occur?   Where  ?   Describe  the  proceedings. 


TOPICS  FOR  REVIEW 


183 


TOPICS  FOR  REVIEW 


Numbers  refer  to  pages  of  the  book 


BIOGRAPHICAL 

Who  were  they  f 

With  what  events  connected? 

Any  other  facts  f 

Benjamin  Franklin 137,  139,  144,  156 

John  Adams 134,  180 

Ethan  Allen 137 

Benedict  Arnold.. 137,  141,  155, 164, 166, 171 

General  Putnam 137, 145,  161 

General  Warren 137,  140 

General  Montgomery 141,  142 

General  Charles  Lee 144,  147,  156 

Richard  Henry  Lee 144 

John  Hancock 145 

General  Mercer 149 

La  Fayette 150,  175 

Pulaski 150 

General  Schuyler '. . . .  153,  154 

General  Stark 154 

General  Gates 154,  163 

General  Lincoln 160,  163,  179 

Paul  Jones 162 

General  Wayne 161 

Baron  de  Kalb 163,  175 

General  Marion 164 

Major  Andre 165,  166 

Robert  Morris 167 

Kosciusko 175 

GEOGRAPHICAL 

Where  are  they  f 

With  what  events  connected  ? 

New  York 129, 145,  179,  181 

Boston 130,  131,  132,  138, 142 

Philadelphia 133,  140,  149, 156,  180 

Concord 136 

Ticonderoga 137,  152 

Quebec 141 

Charleston 144,  162 

Brooklyn . .  145 

White  Plains 146 

Morristown 149 

Chad's  Ford 149 

Valley  Forge 151 

Bennington 153 


Saratoga 154 

Savannah 159,  160 

Brier  Creek 160 

Stono  Ferry 160 

Camden 163,  169 

Cowpens 168 

Guilford  Court  House 168 

Eutaw  Springs 169 

Yorktown 171 

New  London 171 

Annapolis 179 

HISTORICAL 

When  did  the  event  occur? 
Circumstances  leading  to  it  and  connect 
ed  with  it? 

Passage  of  the  Stamp  Act 128 

Meeting  of  the  Colonial  Congress 129 

Boston  Massacre 131 

Boston  Tea  Party 132 

Meeting  of  the  First  Continental  Con 
gress 133 

Battle  of  Lexington 136,  137 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill 1:38,  140 

Evacuation  of  Boston  by  the  British . .  143 

Declaration  of  Independence 144 

Battle  of  Long  Island 145, 146 

Battle  of  Trenton 147 

Taking  of  Philadelphia  by  the  British .  149 

Battle  of  Germantown 150 

Surrender  of  Burgoyne 153,  154,  155 

Treaty  with  France 155 

Battle  of  Monmouth 156 

Massacres  of  Wyoming  and   Cherry 

Valley 158,159 

Battle  of  Chemung 161, 162 

Capture  of  Charleston  by  the  British..  162 

Battle  of  Camden 163 

Treason  of  Arnold .164, 165,  166 

Surrender  of  Cornwallis 169,  171 

Treaty  of  Peace  with  Great  Britain.. . .  172 
Adoption  of  Articles  of    Confedera 
tion  176 

Adoption  of  American  Flag 176 

Shays's  Insurrection 180 

Adoption  of  the  Constitution 180 


PEEIOD  III 

FROM  THE  INAUGURATION  OF  WASHINGTON  TO  THE  PRESENT 

TIME 


CHAPTER  XIV 
Washington's  Administration 

i.  The  Union  and  the  Government. — With   the   in 
auguration  of  Washington  commences  the  history  of  this 

country  as  the  United  States. 
Previous  to  that  time,  the 
Union  had  been  only  a  simple 
confederation,  or  league  of 
States;  but  the  adoption  of 
the  Constitution  by  the 
People  of  the  States,  made 
it  national.  The  govern 
ment,  by  the  Constitution, 
is  vested  in  Congress,  which 
is  the  law-making  power  ; 
the  President,  who  is  the  ex 
ecutive  power,  or  that  which  enforces  the  law ;  and  the 
Supreme  Court,  which  is  the  judicial  power,  or  that 


SEAL  OP  THE   UNITED  STATES 


Text  Questions. — 1.  What  change  had  occurred  in  the  character  of  the  Union? 
Describe  the  general  form  of  the  government  established  ? 


WASHING  TON  '£  ADMINISTRA  TION 


185 


18G  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1791 

which  explains  the  laws  whenever  their  meaning  is  called 
in  question. 

2.  Washington's     Cabinet.— Washington,    on    taking 
the  presidential  chair,  called  to  his  aid,  as  his  cabinet,  or 
body  of   advisers,  the  ablest  men  in  the  country  that  he 
could  select.     Thomas   Jefferson  was  chosen  Secretary  of 
State;  Alexander  Hamilton,    Secretary  of   the   Treasury- 
General  Knox,  Secretary  of  War;  and  Edmund  Randolph' 
Attorney-General. 

3.  Financial  Measures.— -The  first  great  difficulty  was 
to  provide  for  the  payment  of  the  debts  incurred  in  carry 
ing  on    the   late    war.     The   plan 
proposed    by    Hamilton    was 
adopted  ;   and   thus   the   credit    of 
the    country   was   established.     In 
1790,  the  capital  was  removed  to 
Philadelphia,     where,     the     next 
year,   a  United    States    Bank   was 
established. 

4.  Admission  of  States.— Pre 
vious  to  this  (in  1789  and  1790), 

the  states  of  North  Carolina  and  Ehode  Island,  which  had 
at  first  refused  to  ratify  the  Constitution,  adopted  it. 
This  made  the  number  of  states  in  the  Union  thirteen. 
To  these,  in  1791,  was  added  Vermont,  the  first  new  state.* 

*  Vermont  was  formed  from  territory  which  had  been  claimed  by  New  York  and 

New  Hampshire,  the  former  founding  its  claim  on  the  grants  made  by  Charles  II.,  to 

Duke  of  York,  the  latter  on  the  colonial  charter  which  it  received  when  it  was  first 

ettled.     New  Hampshire  was  the  most  active  in  the  settlement  of  the  territory  ;  her 

2.  Who  were  appointed  members  of  the  cabinet  ?    3.  What  was  the  first  difficulty  ? 

How  was  it  removed  ?     What  was  established  in  1791  ?     In  1792  ?     4.  What  other 

states  ratified  the  Constitution  ?    What  new  states  were  admitted  ? 


SEAL  OF   VERMONT 


1794]  WASHINGTON'S  ADMINISTRATION  187 

In    1792,    Kentucky   was   admitted,   and    in    1796,    Ten 
nessee.* 

5.  Whisky  Insurrection.— In  1791,  Congress  imposed 
a  duty  on  domestic  liquors.     This  caused  great  discontent 
in    several    quarters,    but    partic 
ularly   in    western    Pennsylvania, 

where,  in  1794,  the  people  rose 
in  rebellion,  and  threatened  the 
revenue  officers  with  violence  if 
they  attempted  to  collect  the  tax. 
Washington's  proclamation  not 
being  heeded,  he  called  out  the 

SEAL  OP  KENTUCKY 

militia,  to  the  number  of  fifteen 

thousand,  and  in  this  way  quelled  the  insurrection  without 

bloodshed. 

6.  Indian    War. — The    Indians    on    the    northwestern 
frontier  were  very  hostile,  and  committed  dreadful   atro 
cities   on   the   settlers.      Washington   sent   a   force   under 
General    Harmar   to   subdue   them,  but    he  was   defeated 
(1790).     A  force  under  St.   Glair,  was  surprised  and  de 
feated  with  heavy  loss  in  1791;  and  it  was  not  until  1794, 

governor,  duriug  a  period  of  eight  years  (from  1760  to  1768),  having  made  more  than 
a  hundred  township  grants  within  its  limits.  These,  with  other  grants  afterward 
made,  were  known  as  the  "  New  Hampshire  Grants."  Before  the  Revolution,  New 
York  succeeded  in  obtaining 'jurisdiction  over  the  territory,  through  a  decision  of  the 
king.  The  people,  however,  resisted  the  government  thus  established  till  1791,  when 
New  York  relinquished  her  claim  for  thirty-one  thousand  dollars,  and  Vermont  was 
admitted  into  the  Union. 

*  Kentucky  was  previously  a  part  of  Virginia,  and  Tennessee,  of  North  Carolina. 
These  states,  when  admitted,  were,  however,  formed  from  the  territory  south  of  the 
Ohio,  known  as  the  Southwest  Territm~y. 


5.  What  was  the  cause  of  the  Whisky  Insurrection  ?  How  was  it  put  down  ?  6. 
What  Indian  war  broke  out  ?  Who  were  defeated  ?  Who  defeated  the  Indians  ? 
When  and  where  ?  Result  of  this  victory  ?  Describe  the  Maumee  R.  (Map,  p.  200)  ? 


188 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1795 


DANIEL,   BOONE  * 


that  these  warlike  savages  were  subdued.  In  that  year 
they  were  defeated  by  General  Wayne,  in  a  desperate 

battle  fought  on  the  banks 
of  the  Maurnee  Kiver. 
After  this  victory,  Wayne 
pursued  them  for  a  con 
siderable  distance,  laid 
waste  their  towns  in  all 
directions.,  and  thus  com 
pelled  them  to  make  a 
treaty  by  which  they  gave 
up  their  claim  to  this  part 
of  the  country. 

7.    Foreign     Affairs.— 
The  French  being   at  war 

with  England,  expected  to  receive  aid  from  this  country  ; 
and  many  of  the  American  people,  grateful  to  their  old  allies, 
were  desirous  of  giving  it.  Washington,  however,  feeling 
that  the  country  was  too  much  embarrassed  to  render  any 
effectual  assistance,  and  that  to  attempt  it,  would  imperil 
its  liberties,  recommended  a  neutral  policy.  The  French 
minister  tried  to  involve  the  United  States  in  the  war,  by 


*  Daniel  Boone,  the  pioneer  in  the  settlement  of  Kentucky,  was  born  in  Penn 
sylvania  in  1735,  and  died  in  Missouri  in  1820.  At  the  age  of  eighteen,  he  went  with 
his  father's  family  to  North  Carolina,  where,  a  few  years  later,  he  was  married. 
After  making  several  hunting  excursions,  he  set  out,  in  1769,  with  five  companions,  to 
explore  the  Kentucky  country.  During  the  next  twenty-five  years,  his  life,  as  an 
explorer,  pioneer,  hunter,  guide,  and  settler,  was  the  most  prominent  one  in  the 
history  of  that  region.  He  had  many  encounters  with  the  Indians,  and  was  three 
times  captured,  but  in  each  case  effected  his  escape.  In  1775,  he  built  a  fort  on  the 
Kentucky  River,  around  which  grew  up  the  settlement  and  village  of  Boonsboro1. 
After  Kentucky  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  Boone  removed  to  Missouri. 


7.  What  difficulties  occurred  with  France  ? 


87        Longitude     82  from  Greenwich  77 


That  fart  of  the  map  In  Red  indicate! 
the  itttltd  portion  of  the  Country . 


EAST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 

AT  THE  CLOSE  ^REVOLUTION 


15  Longitude  10      from  Washington         5 


'»v    .'f'l&fy 


1795] 


WASHINGTON'S  ADMINISTRATION 


189 


fitting     out    privateers    in 

American    ports  ;    but     at 

.Washington's     request     he 

was  recalled. 

8.   Difficulties    had    also 

arisen    with   England,   but 

these  were  disposed  of  by  a 

treaty  negotiated   by  John 

Jay,    Chief    Justice,*    who 

had  been  sent  as  a  special 

envoy   for   the    purpose. 

Many  of  the  people  were  much  opposed  to  this  treaty,  as 

it  seemed  to  favor  the  British  government  ;  and  it  was 
ratified  by  the  Senate  and  Wash 
ington  only  after  the  most  deter 
mined  opposition  (1795).. 

9.  A  short  time  before  this,  a 
treaty  was  made  with  Algiers,  by 
which  the  American  citizens  who 
were  held  as  captives  and  slaves 
by  that  barbarous  power,  were 
released,  and  the  commerce  of 

the  Mediterranean   opened  to  American  ships. 

10.  Retirement    of    Washington. — Washington     had 

now  served  nearly  eight  years,  having   been  unanimously 

*  John  Jay  was  born  in  New  York  City  in  1745.  He  was  a  member  of  the  "  First 
Continental  Congress,"  rendered  important  aid  in  favor  of  the  adoption  of  the  Consti 
tution,  and  was  the  first  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States,  which  office  he  resigned  on 
his  return  from  England,  in  1795. 


SEAL  OF  TENNESSEE 


8.  With  England  ?  Jay's  Treaty  ?  9.  What  treaty  was  made  with  Algiers  ?  10. 
How  long  had  Washington  served  ?  Why  did  he  retire  ?  What  did  he  issue  pre- 
viously  ?  Where  is  Mount  Vernon  (Map,  p.  306)  ? 


190  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1797 

re-elected  in  1792  ;  and  in  1790  he  was  again  urged  to  be 
a  candidate,  but  he  positively  declined,  for  the  country, 
being  at  peace  with  the  world  and  in  a  prosperous  condi 
tion,  could,  he  felt,  dispense  with  his  services.  In  that 
year  he  gave  to  his  countrymen  his  "Far.ewell  Address;" 
and  on  the  4th  of  March  succeeding,  again  went  into 
retirement  at  Mount  Vernon. 


CHAPTER  XV 
Administrations  of  Adams  and  Jefferson 

i.  Inauguration    of    John    Adams. —John     Adams, 
having  received  a  majority  of  all  the  electoral  votes,  was 

chosen  as  the  second  presi 
dent,  and  Thomas  Jefferson 
was  at  the  same  time  elected 
Vice-Presiclent.  The  inaug 
uration  of  Adams  took  place 
at  Philadelphia  on  the  4th 
of  March,  1797. 

2.  Hostilities  of  France. 
—The    French    government 
showed  a  marked  hostility  to 
the  United   States  ;  for  the 
refusal   of   the  latter   to   be 

JOHN   ADAMS 

involved  in  a  war  with  Eng 
land,  on  account  of  France,  and  the  ratification  of  Jay's 

Text  Questions. — 1.  Who  were  chosen  president  and  vice-president  ?  When  did 
the  inauguration  take  place  ?  g.  What  made  France  hostile  ?  What  outrages  were 
committed  ? 


1797] 


ADAMS  AND  JEFFERSON 


191 


treaty  by  the  Senate,  had  deeply  offended  the  French.  On 
this  account  their  vessels  on  the  ocean  insulted  the  United 
States  flag,  and  captured  our  merchant  ships  ;  while  at  the 


Copyright,  Soulu  Photo  Co. 


MOUNT   VEKNON  * 


capital  of  France  the  envoys  sent  by   this  country  were 
refused  a  hearing,  f 

3.  War    with    France— Peace    made. — Congress 


*  Mount  Vernon,  the  home  of  Washington  and  the  place  of  his  burial,  is  situated  on 
the  western  bank  of  the  Potomac,  fifteen  miles  from  Washington  city.  The  place, 
comprising  the  mansion,  the  tomb,  and  two  hundred  acres  of  the  original  estate,  was 
sold,  in  1858,  by  John  A.  Washington,  a  nephew  of  George  Washington,  to  the 
"Ladies'  Mount  Vernon  Association  "  for  two  hundred  thousand  dollars.  "It  is  the 
design  of  the  association  to  hold  it  in  perpetuity  as  a  place  of  public  resort  and 
pilgrimage." 

t  These  envoys  were  met  by  the  demand  of  a  large  sum  of  money,  under  the  name 
of  a  loan  to  the  French  government ;  and  some  of  its  officers  also  demanded  bribes. 
Charles  C.  Pinckney,  one  of  the  envoys,  indignantly  replied  to  this  demand  :  "  Millions 
for  defense,  but  not  one  cent  for  tribute  ;  "  and  this  became  the  universal  cry  of  the 
American  nation. 


3.  Measures  adopted  by  Congress  ?    Who  was  called  to  command  the  army  ?    With 
whom  was  peace  made  ?    WThat  hostilities  on  the  ocean  had  occurred  ? 


192  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1799 

adopted- measures  to  protect  the  country  and  its  commerce 
against  attack.  An  act  was  passed  to  equip  a  navy  and 
raise  an  army  ;  and  Washington  was  once  more  called  upon 
to  take  the  command  of  the  land  forces.  Again  sacrificing 
the  comforts  of  retirement,  he  accepted  ;  but  the  army  was 
never  raised,  for  the  French  government  was  soon  after 
ward  overturned,  and  peace  was  made  with  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  the  head  of  the  new  government  (1800).  Pre 
viously,  however,  there  had  been  hostilities  at  sea,  during 
which  one  of  the  French  frigates  had  been  captured  by  the 
American  frigate  Constellation  (1799). 

4.  Death  of  Washington. — Washington  did  not  live  to 
see  peace  restored.     He  died  at  Mount  Vernon  on  the  14th 

of  December,  1799.  The 
whole  nation  mourned  his 
loss,  as  the  saddest  of  be 
reavements  ;  and  the  high 
est  honors  were  paid  to 
him,  whom  all  acknowl 
edged  to  have  been  the 
"  first  in  peace,  first  in 
war,  and  first  in  the  hearts 
of  his  countrymen." 

5.  Removal    of    the 
Capital.— In  the  summer 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON 

of     1800,    in    accordance 

with  a  law  passed  in  1790,  the  capital  of  the  United  States 
was  removed  from  Philadelphia  to  a  place  on  the  banks  of 

4.  When  did  the  death  of  Washington  occur  ?    Honors  paid  to  him  ?    5.  Removal 
of  the  Capital  ? 


1801] 


ADAMS  AND  JEFFERSON 


193 


-. 


THE   CAPITOL  AT  WASHINGTON 

the    Potomac,  which    had   been    selected   by  Washington,, 
and  named  in  his  honor  the  CITY  OF  WASHINGTON. 

6.  Election  of  Jefferson  and  Burr. — Adams's  adminis 
tration  lasted  only  four  years.  Towards  the  close  of  it  a 
fierce  struggle  took  place  between  the  two  great  political 
parties  of  the  day,  the  Federalists  and  the  Republicans, 
which  resulted  finally  in  the  choice  of  Thomas  Jefferson 
for  President,  and  Aaron  Burr  for  Vice-President.*  The 
inauguration  took  place  at  the  new  capital  on  the  4th  of 
March,  1801. 

7.  Admission  of  Ohio. — A  new  state  (Ohio)  was  ad 
mitted  to  the  Union  in  1803.  This  state  was  formed  from 
the  Ohio  Territory,  which  had  previously  been  a  part  of 

*  There  was  no  choice  by  the  electors,  and  consequently  the  election  went  to  the 
House  of  Representatives,  where,  after  a  week's  contest,  Jefferson  finally  succeeded  in 
obtaining  a  majority  of  the  States  in  his  favor,  which  elected  him.  Jefferson  and  Burr 
were  Republican  candidates. 


6.  Successors  of  Adams  and  Jefferson  ?    Date  of  inauguration  ?    7.  When  was 
Ohio  admitted  ?    From  what  territory  formed  ? 
13 


SEAL   OF    OHIO 


194  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1803 

the  Northwest  Territory,,   the    region   lying  north  of  the 
Ohio  River. 

8.  Purchase  of  Louisiana — In  1803  the  United  States 
purchased  from  France,  for  $15,- 
000 ,,000,,  an  immense  tract  of  land 
lying  chiefly  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  called  Louisiana.  This  se 
cured  the  free  navigation  of  that 
river  to  the  United  States. 

9.  Expedition  to  the  Medi 
terranean. — In  the  same  year,  an 
expedition  was  sent  to  the  Medi 
terranean,,  to  repress  the  piracies  of  the  Barbary  States, 
which  constantly  sent  out  armed  vessels  to  capture  the 
merchant  ships  of  other  nations,  and  make  slaves  of  their 
crews.  It  was  a  common  custom  for  nations  to  pay  tribute 
to  these  states,  to  obtain  freedom  from  their  attacks.  This, 
however,  did  not  restrain  their  hostility  and  insolence  ;  and 
a  fleet  under  Commodore  Preble  was  sent  against  them. 

10.  Loss  of  the  Philadelphia. — Preble  first  entered  the 
port  of  Morocco,  and  after  exacting  terms  of  the  emperor, 
sailed  eastward,  with  the  view  to  make  an  attack  on 
Tripoli,  the  Bashaw  of  which  had  declared  war  upon  the 
United  States.  Captain  Bainbridge's  ship,  the  Phila 
delphia,  while  sailing  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli,  grounded, 
and  was,  in  consequence,  captured  by  the  Tripolitans,  and 
her  crew  made  slaves. 


8.  What  territory  was  purchased  in  1803  ?  For  what  sum?  What  was  thus  secured  ? 
9.  What  expedition  was  sent  out  ?  For  what  purpose  ?  10.  Where  did  Preble  first 
proceed  ?  What  disaster  occurred  at  Tripoli  ? 


1804] 


ADAMS  AND  JEFFERSON 


195 


ii.  Brave   Exploit   of    Lieutenant   Decatur. — As   it 

was  deemed  to  be  very  important  that  the  vessel  should  be 


recaptured  or  destroyed,  Lieu 
tenant  (afterward  Commodore) 
Decatur  undertook  the  task. 
With  a  few  brave  comrades,  he  entered  the  harbor  on  the 
night  of  the  15th  of  February,  1804,  boarded  the  Phila 
delphia,  killed  or  drove  into  the  sea  the  Tripolitans  in 
charge  of  her,  and  after  setting  the  vessel  on  fire,  escaped 
without  losing  a  man.  A  short  time  afterward,  a  treaty  of 
peace  was  made  with  the  Bashaw. 

12.  Duel   between    Hamilton    and    Burr. — In    1804, 
occurred  the  unfortunate  duel  between  the  Vice-President, 


11.  How  recaptured  and  destroyed  ?    What  occurred  soon  after  this  ?    12.  What 
duel  occurred  in  1804  ?    What  was  its  cause  ?    Who  fell  ?    The  result  of  the  duel  ? 


196 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1806 


ALEXANDER    HAMILTON 


Burr,*   and    Alexander    Hamilton,!    which   was    brought 
about   by   a   political    quarrel.       It   was   fought    at   Wee- 

hawken,  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  opposite 
New  York,  and  Hamilton 
fell  at  the  first  fire.  The 
death  of  a  man  so  distin 
guished  and  so  highly  es 
teemed,  and  in  so  sad  a 
manner,  occasioned  very 
great  excitement.  Burr 
lost  all  his  political  influ 
ence  by  the  event,  and 
fell  into  almost  universal 
disrespect. 

13.  Trial  of  Burr  for  Treason. — Two  years  afterward, 
he  became  engaged  in  organizing  a  secret  expedition  at 
the  West,  which  was  suspected  of  being  of  a  treasonable 
character.  Though  acquitted,  on  the  trial,  of  the  charge 
of  treason,  it  was  generally  believed  that  he  was  guilty  of 

*  Aaron  Burr  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  in  1756,  and  graduated  at  Princeton  College. 
rie  accompanied  Arnold  in  the  expedition  against  Canada,  and  distinguished  himself 
in  the  battles  of  Quebec  and  Monmouth.  He  died  at  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1836. 
Burr  was  a  man  of  extraordinary  genius  and  ability,  but  was  deficient  in  moral 
principle. 

t  Hamilton  was  born  in  one  of  the  West  India  Islands,  in  1757.  At  the  age  of 
thirteen  he  was  sent  to  New  York  to  be  educated.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolu 
tion  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  take  up  arms  in  behalf  of  the  patriots,  performing  a 
creditable  part  as  captain  of  an  artillery  company  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island.  By 
his  intelligence  and  activity  he  attracted  the  attention  of  Washington  ;  and  after  the 
battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton,  in  both  of  which  he  took  part,  he  accepted  an 
invitation  from  Washington  to  take  a  place  on  his  staff  as  aid-de-camp.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  battles  of  Brandywine,  Germantown,  and  Monmouth. 


,  For  what  was  Burr  tried  ?    Result  of  the  trial  f    His  probable  design  ? 


1807]  ADAMS  AND  JEFFERSON  19? 

an  intention  to  dismember  the  Union  by  separating  the 
Western  from  the  Atlantic  states,  and  founding  an  inde 
pendent  empire  beyond  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  over 
which  he  might  bear  rule. 

14.  Difficulties   with   Great    Britain — -Great    Britain 
and  France    were   at  war  at   this   time,   and   the  United 
States  endeavored  to  carry  out  its  policy  of  being  neutral. 
The  powerful  British  navy  having  swept  from  the  ocean 
nearly  all  the  vessels  of  France,  American  ships  found  full 
employment   in  carrying  merchandise  into  French   ports. 
To  check  this,  the  British  government  declared  the  ports 
of   France   and   her   allies  to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade. 
Napoleon,  who  was  at  the  head  of  the  French  government, 
declared  a  blockade  of  the  British  islands.     In  consequence 
of  these  measures,  very  many  American  vessels  were  seized, 

•and  our  commerce  with  Europe  was  nearly  ruined. 

15.  The   Right   of  Search — A  still  greater  grievance 
of  the  Americans  was  the  so-called  "  right  of  search,"  by 
which  Great  Britain  claimed  to  have  the  right  to  search 
American  vessels  on  the  ocean,  and  to  take  from  them  all 
sailors  of  English  birth,   for   the   purpose  of   impressing 
them,  that  is,  compelling  them  to  serve  in  the  British  navy. 

16.  Affair  of  the  Leopard  and  Chesapeake — In  the 
summer  of  1807,  an  event  occurred  which  greatly  increased 
the    popular    excitement    against    England.     The    British 
frigate  Leopard,  cruising  in  American  waters,  demanded 
permission   to   search   the   American   frigate    Chesapeake, 


14.  What  caused  difficulties  with  Great  Britain  ?  15.  What  other  grievance  had 
the  United  States  ?  16.  Give  an  account  of  the  affair  between  the  Chesapeake  and 
the  Leopard. 


198  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1809 

then  off  the  coast  of  Virginia,  alleging  that  there  were 
British  deserters  on  board.  As  this  was  refused,  she  fired 
into  che  Chesapeake,  and  the  latter,  being  unprepared  for 
action,  struck  her  colors,  after  having  twenty-one  of  her 
crew  killed  or  wounded.  Four  persons,  asserted  to  be 
deserters,  were  then  carried  on  board  the  Leopard,  but 
three  of  them,  as  was  afterwards  proved,  were  native 
Americans. 

17.  President's  Proclamation. — This  outrage  provoked 
the  President  to  issue  a  proclamation  forbidding  British 
armed  vessels  to   enter  the  ports  or  waters  of  the  United 
States.     The  British  government  professed  not  to  approve 
the   conduct    of    the    commander    of    the    Leopard  ;    but 
nothing  was  done  to  atone  for  the  injury  until  four  years 
afterward. 

18.  The  Embargo. — In  retaliation  for  the  injuries  in 
flicted  by  England  upon  American  commerce,  Congress,  in 
1807,  laid  an  embargo  upon  American  vessels,  forbidding 
them  to  leave  port.     This  measure,  being  ruinous  to  the 
shipping  interests   of  this  country,   was  very  much   con 
demned  by  the  people,  and   made  the  administration  un 
popular.     The  Act  was  soon  afterward  repealed,  and  a  law 
passed  prohibiting  all  intercourse  with  England  or  France. 

19.  Retirement    of    Jefferson. — In    1809,    Jefferson's 
second  term   having  expired,  he  retired  from  the  office  of 
president,  and  was  succeeded  by  James  Madison,  of  Vir 
ginia,  the  fourth  president  of  the  United  States. 


17.  Proclamation  of  the  President  ?  Conduct  of  Great  Britain  ?  18.  What  measure 
was  adopted  by  Congress  ?  Its  effect  ?  What  law  was  subsequently  passed  ?  19. 
When  did  Jefferson's  second  term  expire  ?  Who  succeeded  him  ? 


1811] 


MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION 


199 


CHAPTER  XVI 

Madison's  Administration 

1.  Indian    Confederation— Battle    of  Tippecanoe.— 

Before  Madison  became  presi- 
dent,  the  Indians  on  the 
western  frontier,  influenced  by 
British  emissaries,  and  led  on 
by  their  great  chief  Tecumseh, 
began  to  form  a  confederacy 
against  the  United  States.  To 
check  their  hostilities,  General 
Harrison  was  sent  to  the  West, 
and  in  the  important  battle  of 
Tippecanoe  (in  the  western 
part  of  Indiana),  defeated 
them  with  great  loss  (1811). 

2.  War     Declared — Invasion    of    Canada. — As    the 
British  still  continued  their  unjust  claims  and  measures,* 

*  "  Upwards  of  six  thousand  cases  of  alleged  impressments  were  recorded  (at  Wash 
ington).  ...  It  was  admitted  by  the  British  government  that  there  might  have 
been,  at  the  commencement  of  the  year  1811,  sixteen  hundred  bona  fide  American 
citizens  serving  by  compulsion  in  the  British  fleet.  .  .  .  Upon  the  breaking  out  of 
hostilities,  twenty-five  hundred  impressed  sailors,  still  claiming  to  be  American 
citizens,  and  refusing  to  fight  against  their  country,  were  committed  to  Dartmoor  and 
other  prisons  (in  England),  where  most  of  them  were  detained  till  the  end  of  the  war." 
— nudnik's  History  of  the  United  States. 

Map  Questions.— (Map,  p.  200.)  What  river  runs  from  Lake  St.  Clair  to  Lake 
Erie  ?  Ans.  The  Detroit.  Name  four  places,  found  on  the  map,  that  are,  or  were,  on 
the  Detroit  River.  What  river  flows  into  Lake  St.  Clair  from  the  east  ?  What  battle 
was  fought  on  that  river  ?  Where  was  Ft.  Minis  (Map,  p.  203)  ?  Tohopeka  ?  Platts- 
burg  (Map,  p.  154)  ?  Chippewa  (Map,  p.  204)  ?  Lundy's  Lane  ? 

Text  Questions.— 1.  What  confederation  was  formed  ?  Through  whose  influence  ? 
What  victory  was  gained  by  General  Harrison  ?  2.  When  was  war  declared  ?  Who 
invaded  Canada  ?  Where  was  Hull  besieged  ? 


JAMES   MADISON 


200 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1812 


Congress  declared  war 
against  Great  Britain 
in  June,  1812  ;  and 
the  next  month,  Gen 
eral  Hull,  the  governor 
of  Michigan  Territory, 
crossed  the  Detroit 
River,  and  invaded 
Canada.  After  some 
operations  of  little  im 
portance,  he  recrossed 
the  river,  and  took 
post  at  Detroit,  where 
he  was  besieged  by 

General  Brock,*  with  a  force  of  British  and  Indians. 
3.  Surrender    of    Detroit    by 

Hull. — The  Americans  felt  confi 
dent  of   victory   in   the   expected 

battle  ;  but,  to  their  surprise  and 

indignation,  Hull  ordered  a  white 

flag  to  be    hoisted,   and  gave  up 

the  place  without  a  blow  (August 

16).      By  this   act,  the  whole    of 

Michigan    Territory    passed    into 

the  hands  of  the  British.     Hull,  two  years  after,  was  tried 

by  court-martial,  pronounced  guilty  of  cowardice  and  sen- 


SEAL   OF  LOUISIANA 


*  General  Brock  was  killed  the  same  year  at  Queenstown,  which  the  Americans 
invaded  Canada  to  attack.  The  latter  were,  however,  repulsed  with  considerable  lose 
(Oct.  13). 


3.  What  surrender  was  made  ?    Its  result  ?    Punishment  of  Hull  ? 


1813]  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION  201 

tenced  to  be  shot  ;   but,  on  account  of  his  Kevolutionary 
services,  lie  was  pardoned  by  the  President.* 

4.  Victories  on  the  Ocean. — In  1812,  the  Americans 
met  with  nothing  but  disaster  in  their  operations  on  land  ; 
but  on  the  ocean,  several  brilliant  victories  gained  by  Cap 
tain  Hull,  Commodore  Decatur,  and  others,  retrieved  the 
honor  of  the  country.  Of  these  the  most  noted  were  the 
capture  of  the  British  frigate  Guerriere  (gdre-e-ere]  by  the 
Constitution,  under  Captain  Hull  ;  that  of  the  Macedonian 
by  the  United  States,  under  Commodore  Decatur  ;  and 
that  of  the  Java  by  the  Constitution,  under  Captain  Bain- 
bridge, — the  second  victory  gained  by  this  vessel  (after 
wards  called  "Old  Ironsides").  American  privateers,  too, 
scoured  the  ocean,  and  inflicted  severe  injuries  upon 
British  commerce.  During  the  year,  more  than  three 
hundred  vessels,  with  not  less  than  three  thousand  prisoners, 
besides  valuable  cargoes,  were  captured  by  the  Americans. 
5.  Victories  of  Perry  and  Harrison. — On  the  4th  of 
March,  1813,  Madison  commenced  his  second  term  ;  and  it 
was  resolved  to  prosecute  the  war  with  vigor.  The  only 
victories,  however,  of  any  importance,  in  1813,  were  that 
of  Commodore  Perry,  over  a  British  fleet  on  Lake  Erie 
(September  10),  f  and  that  of  General  Harrison,  over  the 

*  A  series  of  letters,  published  in  1824,  and  a  book  published  at  a  later  day,  present 
Hull's  act  of  surrendering  Detroit  in  a  light  more  favorable  to  him  than  it  appeared  at 
his  trial. 

t  The  two  fleets  met  near  the  western  extremity  of  the  lake,  when  a  hard-fought 
battle  of  four  hours  took  place.  Every  vessel  of  the  enemy  surrendered.  Perry  irn- 


4.  Operations  on  land  and  on  the  ocean  ?  What  naval  victories  were  gained  ?  What 
was  done  by  American  privateers  ?  5.  When  did  Madison's  second  term  begin  ? 
What  victory  was  gained  by  Commodore  Perry  ?  What  by  General  Harrison  ?  Result 
of  the  latter  ?  What  Indian  chief  fell  at  the  Thames  ? 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1813 


British   and   Indians,    at   the   Thames   River,    in   Canada 
(October  5).     In  the  latter  engagement,  the  Indian  Chief 


PERRY  AT  THE   BATTLE   OF  LAKE   ERIE 

Tecumseh  was  shot.  By  these  two  victories  the  Ameri 
cans  regained  Michigan  Territory. 

6.  War  with  the  Creeks.— In  the  spring  of  1813,  the 
Indians  of   the   South   (the   Creeks)   were   visited   by   Te 
cumseh  and  persuaded  to  take  up  arms  against  the  whites. 
In  pursuance  of  the  plan   agreed    upon,  fifteen   hundred 
Creek  warriors   surprised    Fort    Minis,    in    Alabama,    and 
massacred   nearly   three    hundred    persons — men,    women, 
and  children. 

7.  This  savage  attack  aroused  the  whole  South.     Several 
battles  followed,  in  which  the  Indians  were  defeated.     At 
length,  a  thousand  warriors  made  a  stand  at  To-ho-pe'-ka, 

mediately  wrote  to  Harrison,  informing  him  of  the  victory  in  the  brief  but  memorable 
dispatch  :  "  We  have  met  the  enemy,  and  they  are  ours.1"  This  victory  established 
the  naval  supremacy  of  the  Americans  on  Lake  Erie. 


6,  War  with  the  Creeks,  its  cause  ?    7.  Final  battle  ? 


1813] 


MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION 


203 


STATE  OF 

ALABAMA 

50      SO 


where  they  were  routed  by  General  Jackson,  011  the  27th 
of  March,  1814,  with  great  slaughter.  Their  subjugation 
was  complete. 

8.  Other  Operations  during  1813.  —  Operations  were 
undertaken  against  Canada,  at  first,  under  General  Dear 
born,*  and  afterwards 
under  General  Wilkin 
son,  but  nothing  was 
accomplished.  The 
navy  achieved  several 
brilliant  victories  dur 
ing  the  year  ;  but  one 
of  the  most  noted 
events  was  the  battle 
between  the  Chesa 
peake,  under  Captain 
Lawrence,  and  the 
British  frigate  Shan 


non,  commanded  by 
Captain  Broke.  The  two  vessels  met  off  Boston  Harbor, 
and,  after  a  terrific  contest  of  fifteen  minutes,  the  Chesa 
peake  was  boarded  by  the  enemy,  and  her  flag  hauled 
down.  Lawrence  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  early  part 
of  the  action,  f 

*  Toward  the  latter  part  of  April,  1813,  Dearborn  crossed  Lake  Ontario,  and  pro 
ceeded  to  attack  York.  The  troops  landed,  led  by  General  Pike,  and  were  carrying 
everything  before  them,  when  the  enemy's  magazine  exploded,  mortally  wounding 
Pike,  and  making  sad  havoc  among  his  men.  After  a  moment's  panic  they  moved  on, 
and  were  soon  in  possession  of  the  town. 

t  Lawrence  had  just  returned  to  the  United  States  after  a  cruise  in  the  sloop-of-war 
Hornet,  during  which,  off  the  coast  of  Guiana,  he  had  encountered  the  British  brig 

8.  What  other  operations  were  undertaken  ?  What  naval  operations  ?  Affair  of  the 
Chesapeake  and  the  Shannon  ? 


204 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


[1818 


9.  Invasion  of  Canada. — In  March,  1814,  an  Ameri 
can  force  under  General  Wilkinson  invaded  Canada  from 
Plattsburg;    but   it   was  repulsed.     Another  force,   under 
General  Brown,  invaded  Canada  near  the  Niagara  frontier, 
and,  on  the  5th  of  July,  defeated  the  British  at  Ohippewa. 
About   three    weeks    afterward,    the   Americans    were   at 
tacked  at  Lundy's  Lane,  where  occurred  the  most  obsti 
nate  battle  of  the  war  (July  25). 

10.  Battle  of  Lundy's    Lane. — Lieutenant  (afterward 

General)  Scott,  who 
led  the  advance, 
bravely  contended 
against  superior  num 
bers,  until  the  arrival 
of  General  Brown.  It 
soon  became  evident 
that  a  battery  which 
the  enemy  held  on  a 
height,  and  which 
swept  all  parts  of  the 
field,  must  be  cap 
tured,  or  the  Ameri 
cans  be  defeated. 
Colonel  Miller  was  asked  if  he  could  take  it.  He  promptly 
answered,  "  Fll  try,  sir."  The  perilous  task  was  un- 

Peacock,  and  in  fifteen  minutes  compelled  her  to  strike  her  colors.  On  his  return  he 
had  been  promoted  to  the  command  of  the  frigate  Chesapeake,  which  was  lying  in 
Boston  Harbor.  With  very  imperfect  equipments  and  an  ill-assorted  crew  he  sailed 
out  of  the  harbor,  and,  the  same  day,  encountered  the  Shannon.  As  Lawrence  was 
borne  below  in  a  dying  condition,  he  exclaimed,  "  Don't  give  up  the  ship  !  " 

9.  What  invasions  of  Canada  took  place  ?    What  battle  was  fought  near  Niagara 
Falls  ?    10.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane. 


1814]  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION  205 

dertaken  and  accomplished ;  and  the  British,  after  vain 
attempts  to  retake  it,  and  after  a  contest  of  six  hours, 
were  compelled  to  retreat.  Brown  and  Scott  were  se 
verely  wounded  in  this  battle. 

11.  Attack  on  Plattsburg. — In  September,   Sir  George 
Prevost,  the    commander-in-chief  of   the  British  army  in 
Canada,    with    a   large   force,    made  a  movement  against 
Plattsbnrg,   then   defended   by  only  a  few  hundred  men, 
under    General   Macomb  (md-JcomV).     At  the  same  time, 
the  British  fleet  on  Lake  Champlain,  commanded  by  Com 
modore  Downie,  sailed  to  attack  the  American  fleet  under 
Commodore  Macdonough. 

12.  Battle    of   Lake    Champlain — While  the  British, 
from  their  batteries,    commenced    the  land  attack,  their 
fleet  engaged  Macdononglr's  vessels,  which  were  at  anchor 
in  the  bay  of  Plattsburg.     In  a  little  more  than  two  hours, 
Macdonough  gained  a  complete  victory.     The  fire  from  the 
land  batteries  then  slackened  ;  and  at  nightfall  Prevost  made 
a  hasty  retreat,  having  suffered  a  heavy  loss  in  the  attack. 

13.  British    Naval    Operations — During    the   greater 
part  of  1814,  the  whole  Atlantic  seaboard  was  locked  up 
by  British  cruisers,  from  which  descents  were  made  upon 
small  towns.     In  August,  Stonington  was  bombarded ;  but 
its  capture  was  not  effected.     A  little  later  in  the  month, 
a  British    squadron   entered  the   Pa-tit x'-ent,   and    landed 
five  thousand  men,   commanded  by  General  Eoss,  whose 
object  was  the  capture  of  Washington. 

11.  What  movement  was  made  by  the  British  army  and  fleet?  Where  is  Lake 
Champlain  (Map,  p.  154)  ?  Plattsburg  ?  12.  Describe  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain. 
13.  The  operations  of  the  British  fleet  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  ?  Where  is  Ston- 
ington  (Map  of  Connecticut)  ? 


206 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1814 


14.  Taking  of  Washing 
ton. — Meeting  with  very 
little  opposition,  he  reached 
the  American  capital  on  the 
24th  of  August,  and  destroyed 
a  large  amount  of  property. 
After  burning  the  capitol, 
with  its  library,  the  Presi 
dent's  mansion,  and  other 
buildings,  the  enemy  made  a 
hasty  retreat.  In  the  mean 
time,  a  part  of  the  British 
fleet  had  ascended  the  Poto 
mac  to  Alexandria,  and  com 
pelled  the  inhabitants  to  sur 
render  their  merchandise  and 
shipping. 

15.  Attack  on  Baltimore.  —  Koss  next  proceeded 
against  Baltimore;  but  on  his  inarch  thither,  was  slain  in. 
a  skirmish.  His  forces,  checked  for  a  short  time  by  the 
militia,  succeeded  in  reaching  the  defenses  of  the  city, 
prepared  to  act  with  the  fleet.  The  bombardment  of  Fort 
McHenry  was  commenced  on  the  morning  of  September 
13th,  and  continued  until  near  the  following  morning. 
No  serious  impression,  however,  was  made  on  the  fort ; 
and  the  British,  hopeless  of  success,  withdrew.* 

*  It  was  during  this  bombardment  that  the  incident  occurred  which  inspired  the 
composition  of  the  "Star-spangled  Banner."      This  national  ode  was  written  by 


14.  The  taking  of  Washington  ?  What  other  place  was  taken  ?  With  what  result  ? 
Where  is  the  Patuxent  (Map,  p.  206)  ?  Washington  ?  Alexandria  ?  Baltimore  ?  15. 
What  officer  was  killed  ?  What  other  place  was  attacked  ?  With.  wh£t  result  ? 


1814] 


MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION 


207 


KEY  AND  THE  STAK-SPANGLED  BANNER 

16.  Movements  of  General  Jackson. — There  were 
other  operations  in  the  South  during  the  year.  The 
British  were  repulsed  from  Mobile  ;  and  Jackson,  finding 
that  the  Spanish  port,  Pensacola,  was  used  by  the  enemy 
as  a  base  of  operations,  marched  to  the  place,  and  boldly 
seizing  it,  compelled  the  British  to  leave.  -  Learning  that 

Francis  S.  Key,  an  American  detained  on  board  one  of  the  bombarding  vessels.  He 
had  watched  with  painful  anxiety  during  the  day  the  national  flag  as  it  floated  above 
the  ramparts  of  the  fort ;  and  during  the  night,  the  glare  of  the  "  bombs  bursting  in 
air,"  showed  the  stars  and  stripes  still  waving  in  triumph.  The  song  expresses  his 
exultation  at  beholding,  "  by  the  dawn's  early  light,11  that  the  flag  still  floated  over 
the  fort.  

16.  What  occurred  in  the  South  ?  Where  is  Pensacola  (Map,  p.  203)  ?  Mobile  ? 
New  Orleans  ? 


208 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1815 


an  invasion  of  Louisiana  was  threatened,  he  hastened  to 
New  Orleans,  in  order  to  put  it  in  a  state  of  defense. 

17.  Battle  of  New  Orleans.— On  the  8th  of  January, 
1815,  the  British,  twelve  thousand  strong,  commanded  by 
Sir  Edward  Pakenham  (pak'n-am),  made  a  general  ad 
vance  against  the  American  intrenchments  before  New 
Orleans.  Volley  after  volley  was  poured  upon  them  with 
such  terrible  effect,  that  they  were  compelled  to  flee. 
Pakenham  was  slain,  and  two  thousand  of  his  men  were 

killed,  wounded,  or  taken  pris 
oners.  The  Americans  lost  only 
seven  killed  and  six  wounded.* 

18.  Porter's  Cruise Dur 
ing  1814,  the  naval  operations 
of  the  Americans  were  gener 
ally  successful.  The  frigate 
Essex,  under  Captain  Porter, 
made  a  successful  cruise  of 
more  than  a  year,  but  was  finally 
attacked  in  the  harbor  of  Val 
paraiso  (vatil-pah-ri'-so),  March 

28th,   by  two  British  vessels,  and  after  one  of  the   most 
desperate  conflicts  of  the  war,  was  forced  to  surrender. 

*  The  American  Commissioners  had  signed  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain 
more  than  a  fortnight  before  this  bloody  battle  was  fought.  "  O  Morse,  O  Field,  why 
were  you  not  ready  with  your  Oceanic  Telegraph  then,  to  tell  those  men  of  both 
armies,  when  they  woke  (on  the  morning  of  the  8th  of  January),  that  they  were  not 
enemies,  but  friends  and  brothers,  and  send  them  joyful  into  each  other's  arms,  not  in 
madness  against  each  other's  arms  ?  "—Parton's  Life  of  Jackson. 


COMMODORE    PORTE K 


17.  Describe  the  battle  of  New  Orleans  ?  18.  What  is  said  of  the  naval  opera 
tions  during  1814  ?  Of  Captain  Porter's  cruise  ?  Where  is  Valparaiso  (Map  of  South, 
America)  ? 


1815]  MADISON'S  ADMINISTRATION  209 

19.  Treaty  of  Peace — In  February,  1815,   the   joyful 
tidings  reached  the  United  States,  that  a  treaty  of  peace 
had  been  signed  at  Ghent,  on  the  24th  of  December,  of  the 
preceding  year.     This  treaty  settled  none  of  the  important 
issues  which  had  caused  the  war — the  encroachments  upon 
American  commerce,  the  right  of  search,  and  the  impress 
ment  of  British  seamen  who  had  become  American  natur 
alized  citizens.     The   close   of  the   war  between  England 
and  France,  however,  rendered  it  unnecessary,  at  the  time, 
to  settle  these  questions. 

20.  Decatur's  Expedition. — During  the  war,  the  Alge- 
rines,  resuming  their   old    practice  of   piracy,   had  seized 
several  American  vessels,  and  insulted  and  plundered  the 
consul    of    the    United    States.      A    naval    force,    under 
Decatur,    in   1815    compelled    the 

Barbary  States — Algiers,  Tunis, 
and  Tripoli,  to  submit  to  terms 
imposed  by  the  United  States  gov 
ernment — to  liberate  the  American 
prisoners  which  they  held,  and  to 
give  up  all  future  claim  to  the 
tribute  paid  since.  1795,  making 

SEAL   OF   INDIANA 

indemnity.,  likewise,  for  all  losses 

sustained  by  American   citizens  at  their  hands. 

21.  During  Madison's   administration,   two    states   were 
added   to  the  Union  :  Louisiana,  in  1812,  and  Indiana  in 
1816.     Madison,  having  served  two  terms,  declined  a  re- 

19.  When  and  where  was  peace  made  ?    Were  the  questions  which  caused  the  war 
settled  ?    Why  was  it  not   necessary  to  insist  upon  their  settlement  ?    20.  Give  an 
account  of  Decatur's  expedition.     What  was  its  result  ?    21.  What  states  were  admit 
ted  in  1812  and  1816  ?    How  long  did  Madison  serve  ?    By  whom  was  he  succeeded  ? 
14 


210 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1817 


election,  following  the  example  of  Washington  and  Jeffer 
son.  He  was  succeeded  by  James  Monroe,  of.  Virginia,  on 
the  4th  of  March,  1817. 


CHAPTER  XVII 
Administrations  from  Madison  to  Polk 

i.  Monroe's    Administration — When   Monroe*   took 
the  presidential  chair,    the  country  was  at  peace  with  all 

the  world,  and  the  people 
were  fast  recovering  from 
the  effects  of  the  late  war. 
The  strife  between  the 
great  political  parties,  the 
Democrats  and  the  Feder 
alists,  had  also  died  out.f 
The  wealth  and  population 
of  the  country,  therefore, 
rapidly  increased. 

2.  Trouble     with     the 
JAMES  MONROE  Seminoles. —  Towards  the 

*  James  Monroe  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1758.  He  entered  the  army  in  1776,  and  was 
present  at  the  battles  of  White  Plains,  Trenton,  Brandywine,  Germantown,  and  Mon- 
mouth.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  when  Washington  resigned  his  commission  ; 
was  subsequently  governor  of  Virginia,  and  successively  minister  to  France.  England, 
and  Holland.  He  died  in  New  York,  in  1831. 

t  "Shortly  after  his  inauguration,  Monroe,  imitating  the  example  of  Washington, 
set  out  on  a  tour  through  the  Eastern  States.  His  declaration  of  principles  in  his  in 
augural  address  had  been  highly  satisfactory  to  the  Federalists  ;  and  at  Boston  he  was 
received  with  the  most  elaborate  pomp.  Imbittered  and  hot-tempered  leaders  of  par 
ties,  who  for  the  last  seven  years  had  hardly  deigned  to  speak  to  each  other,  or  even  to 
walk  on  the  same  side  of  the  street,  met  now  with  smiling  faces,  vying  in  extravagance 


Text  Questions.— 1.  What  was  the  state  of  the  country  when  Monroe  became 
president  ?    2.  What  hostilities  arose  with  the  Seminoles  ?    Jackson's  course  ? 


1819]  MONROE'S  ADMINISTRATION  211 

close  of  1817,  the  difficulties  commenced  with  the  Semi- 
noles,  a  warlike  tribe  of  Indians,  living  in  Florida,  who 
committed  serious  depredations  on  the  frontier  settlements 
of  Georgia.  General  Jackson,  who  had  been  sent  to 
repress  these  outrages,  finding  that  the  Indians  were  en 
couraged  by  certain  persons  in  Florida,  invaded  that  terri- 


SEAL  OF  MISSISSIPPI  SEAL  OF  ILLINOIS 

tory,  although  it  belonged  to  Spain,  with  which  country 
our  government  was  at  peace. 

3.  Cession  of  Florida — He  burned  one  of  the  Indian 
towns,  took  the  Spanish  forts  at  St.  Marks  and  Pensacola, 
and  put  to  death  two  British  traders  who,  he  believed,  had 
supplied  the  Indians  with  arms  and  incited  them  to  hostili 
ties.  This  bold  measure  on  the, part  of  Jackson,  for  a  time, 
threatened  the  country  with  a  war  with  Spain  ;  but  the 
difficulties  were  finally  settled  by  Spain  agreeing  to  sell 
Florida  to  the  United  States  for  five  millions  of  dollars. 

of  republican  loyalty.  The  '  era  of  good  feeling '  having  thus  begun,  the  way  was 
rapidly  paved  for  that  complete  amalgamation  of  parties  which  took  place  a  few  years 
after."— HildretVs  History  of  the  U,  S. 


3.  What  forts  did  he  take  ?  What  persons  put  to  death  ?  What  resulted  from 
this  ?  When  and  how  did  Florida  become  a  territory  of  the  United  States  ?  What 
new  states  were  admitted  from  1817  to  1820  ? 


212 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1821 


A  treaty  to  this  effect  was  made  in  1819,  and  two  years 
later  Florida  became  one  of  the  territories  of  the  United 
States. 

4.  New  States. — The  Mississippi  Territory,*  embracing 
the  present  states  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  was  divided 
in  1817,  and  the  western  portion  admitted  into  the  Union 


SEAL  OP  ALABAMA 


SEAL  OF  MAINE 


as  the  State  of  Mississippi.  Illinois  was  admitted  in  1818. 
Up  to  1800  it  had  been  a  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory, 
and  then,  till  1809,  formed  with  Indiana  the  Indiana  Terri 
tory.  After  the  admission  of  the  latter,  it  constituted  the 
Illinois  Territory.  Alabama  was  admitted  in  1819;  and, 
in  1820,  Maine,  till  then  a  part  of  Massachusetts,  was  also 
admitted  into  the  Union. 

5.  Missouri  Compromise — When  Missouri  applied  for 
admission,  a  violent  and  prolonged  discussion  arose  in  Con 
gress,  because  its  constitution  permitted  the  existence  of 

*  This  territory,  except  the  coast-strip  between  Florida  and  Louisiana,  was  originally 
a  part  of  Georgia  ;  but,  in  1798,  was  organized  as  the  Mississippi  Territory.  The  word 
Mississippi  is  of  Indian  origin,  signifying,  according  to  some  writers,  the  Great  fiiver, 
according  to  others,  the  Great  Father  of  Waters. 


5.  What  is  meant  by  the  Missouri  Compromise  ?    What  led  to  its  adoption  ?    When 
was  Missouri  admitted  ? 


1824] 


MONROE 'S  ADMINISTRA  TION 


213 


SEAL  OF  MISSOURI 


slavery  in  the  new  state,  and  the  people  of  the  North  were 
determined  to  resist  any  increase  of  the  number  and  power 
of  the  slave  states.  The  repre 
sentatives  of  the  Northern  states 
therefore  opposed  the  admission 
of  Missouri  as  a  slave  state.  In 
1820,  during  the  agitation  of  this 
question.,  the  measure  known  as 
the  "Missouri  Compromise"  was 
adopted.  By  this  it  was  provided 
that  slavery  should  be  prohibited 
in  all  the  territory,  except  Mis 
souri,  lying  north  of  the  parallel  36°  30',  and  west  of  the 

Mississippi.  After  the 
adoption  of  this  compro 
mise,  Missouri  was  ad 
mitted  (1821). 

6.  Visit  of  La  Fayette. 
— One  of  the  most  inter 
esting  events  of  this  ad 
ministration  was  the  visit, 
in  1824,  of  Lafayette  to 
the  United  States.  He 
passed  through  the  coun 
try,  everywhere  received 
with  respect  and  grateful 

acclamations  from  the  crowds  who  gathered  to  greet  him, 
all  offering  him  a  most  cordial  welcome,  and  treating  him 


LAFAYETTE 


6.  Describe  the  visit  of  Lafayette.    What  grant  did  Congress  make  to  him  ? 


214 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


[1824 


as  the  honored  guest  of  the  nation.     He  remained  in  the 
country  about  a  year,  and  was  presented  by  Congress  with 

the  sum  of  two  hun 
dred  thousand  dollars, 
and  a  township  of 
land,  as  a  partial 
payment  of  the  debt 
due  him  by  the  United 
States. 

7-  In  the  fall  of 
1824,  the  election  for 
president  took  place  ; 
but,  as  no  one  of  the 
four  candidates  re 
ceived  a  majority  of 
the  electoral  votes, 
the  choice  devolved 
upon  the  House  of 
Representatives,  by 
whom  John  Quincy 
Adams,  of  Massachu 
setts,  was  elected. 
John  C.  Calhoun,  of 
South  Carolina,  was  elected  vice-president.  The  in- 

*  Bunker  Hill  monument,  an  obelisk  two  hundred  and  twenty-one  feet  high,  erected 
in  commemoration  of  the  battle,  now  stands  on  the  spot  where  the  redoubt  was  built 
on  Breed's  Hill.  Its  corner-stone  was  laid  by  General  Lafayette,  on  the  l?th  of  June, 
1825,  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  battle.  An  immense  concourse  of  persons  was 
present  on  the  occasion,  including  nearly  two  hundred  revolutionary  soldiers  with 
forty  surviving  patriots  of  the  battle,  and  President  John  Quincy  Adams,  with  his  en 
tire  cabinet.  Daniel  Webster  delivered  the  oration. 


BUNKER  HILL   MONUMENT  * 


7.  Who  succeeded  Monroe  ?    How  was  John  Quincy  Adams  elected  ? 


1828]  JOHN  Q.  ADAMS'S  ADMINISTRATION  215 

auguration   of   Adarns   took  place  on  the  4th  of   March, 
1825. 

8.  Administration  of  John   Quincy  Adams.* — The 
single  term-  of  this  administration  was  a  period  of  peace, 
during    which    the    nation 

made  rapid  increase  in  pop 
ulation  and  wealth.  By  a 
very  singular  coincidence, 
the  two  venerable  ex-presi 
dents,  John  Adams  and 
Thomas  Jefferson,  died  on 
the  4th  of  July,  1826,  \  the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of 
American  Independence. 

9.  The  American  Sys 
tem. — The    subject  of   do- 

JOHN  QUINCY   ADAMS 

mestic     manufactures     en 
gaged  a  large  share  of  the  president's  attention  ;   and  in 
1828  a  tariff  law  was  passed,  imposing  heavy  duties  upon 


*  John  Quincy  Adams,  son  of  John  Adams,  was  born  near  Boston,  in  1767.  He  was 
alike  remarkable  for  his  accomplishments  and  integrity.  After  his  retirement  as  presi 
dent,  he  served  sixteen  years  in  Congress  ;  and  such  was  his  ability  as  a  speaker  and 
debater,  that  by  general  consent  he  received  the  title  of  "  The  Old  Man  Eloquent.11 
In  1848,  he  was  seized  with  paralysis  while  in  his  seat  in  the  House  of  Representatives, 
and  died  two  days  after. 

t  They  expired  within  a  few  hours  of  each  other  ;  Jefferson  at  Monticello,  Virginia, 
in  the  eighty-fourth  year  of  his  age ;  and  Adams  at  Quincy,  Massachusetts,  in  the 
ninety-first  year  of  his  age.  The  news  of  the  decease  of  these  venerable  patriots,  oc 
curring  by  so  wonderful  a  coincidence,  together,  and  on  the  birth-day  of  the  nation 
which  they  had  so  greatly  contributed  to  establish,  made  a  deep  impression  on  the 
minds  of  the  whole  people.  Everywhere  funeral  ceremonies,  processions,  public  eulo 
gies,  etc.,  testified  the  respec.t  of  the  people  for  the  illustrious  dead. 


8.  What  is  said  of  the  period  of  J.  Q.  Adams's  administration  ?  What  deaths  oc 
curred  ?  Why  remarkable  ?  9.  What  was  the  American  System  ?  By  whom  was  it 
favored  ?  By  whom  opposed  ? 


216 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1829 


certain  imported  articles,  with  the  view  to  encourage  and 
protect  their  manufacture  in  this  country.  This  policy  of 
a  protective  tariff,,  under  the  name  of  the  American  Sys 
tem,  was  earnestly  supported  by  the  representatives  of  the 
Eastern  and  Middle  States ;  but  was  vigorously  opposed  by 
those  of  the  South.* 

10.  Jackson's      Administration — Andrew     Jackson, 
elected  to  succeed  John  Quincy  Adams,  was  inaugurated 

on  the  4th  of  March,  1829, 
and  he  at  once  commenced 
a  series  of  vigorous  meas 
ures,  which  he  firmly  carried 
out  during  the  eight  years 
he  continued  in  office.  The 
practice,  called  "  rotation  in 
office,"  of  removing  govern 
ment  officials,  and  appoint 
ing  the  political  friends  of 
the  President,  was  begun 
by  Jackson. f 

11.  Nullification. — In   1832,  a   convention,    elected   by 
the  people  of  South  Carolina,  declared  the  tariff  law  null 

*  The  Tariff  was  called  a  "Bill  of  Abominations11  by  its  enemies.  The  South  op 
posed  it  as  unconstitutional,  and  partial  in  its  operation,  benefiting  the  states  largely 
engaged  in  manufactures,  but  injurious  to  the  agricultural  states  of  the  South,  the 
people  of  which,  it  was  claimed,  ought  to  have  the  privilege  of  obtaining  such  manu 
factured  articles  as  they  needed  from  the  cheapest  markets. 

t  To  such  an  extent  did  he  carry  this  practice,  that  during  1829  there  were  nearly 
seven  hundred  removals  from  office  ;  while  for  the  forty  years  preceding,  the  whole 
number  of  removals  had  been  only  sixty-four. 


ANDREW   JACKSON 


10.  Who  succeeded  J.  Q.  Adams  ?  What  measures  did  he  adopt  ?  What  practice 
did  he  begin  ?  11.  What  convention  met  in  South  Carolina  ?  What  resolution  was 
adopted  ?  What  measures  did  Jackson  adopt  ? 


1830] 


JACKSON* S  ADMINISTRATION 


217 


and  void,  and  resolved  that,  should  the  United  States  gov 
ernment  attempt  to  enforce  the  law  by  collecting  the 
duties,  the  State  of  South  Carolina  would  secede  from  the 
Union.  President  Jackson  promptly  issued  his  proclama 
tion,  announcing  his  determination  to  enforce  the  law,  and 
containing  the  oft-quoted  words  :  "  The  Union  must  and 
shall  be  preserved."  He  also  sent  troops  under  General 
Scott  to  Charleston.  . 

12.  These  prompt  and  decisive  measures  had  the  desired 
effect.     The  nullifiers,  as  they  were  called,  were  restrained  ; 
and,  soon  afterwards  (in  1833), 

a  "compromise  bill,"  provid 
ing  for  the  gradual  reduction 
of  the  duties,  was  offered  by 
Henry  Clay,  and  passed  by 
Congress.  It  was  accepted  by 
Calhoun,*  Hayne,  and  the 
other  South  Carolina  leaders; 
and  thus  quiet  was  restored. 

13.  Bank    of   the    United 
States. — Jackson,  in  his  first 
annual    message   to    Congress, 

had  taken  ground  against  the  renewal  of  the  charter  of  the 
United  States  Bank;  and  when,  notwithstanding  his  ob- 

*  John  C.  Calhoun,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  American  statesmen,  was  born  in 
South  Carolina,  in  1782.  He  was  Secretary  of  War  in  Monroe's  cabinet,  and  Vice- 
president  during  the  administration  of  J.  Q,.  Adams,  and  the  first  term  of  Jackson. 
He  was  noted  for  the  firmness  and  ability  with  which  he  advocated  the  views  of  the 
people  of  the  Southern  States.  He  died  in  1850. 


HENRY  CLAY 


12.  Result  of  Jackson's  prompt  measure  ?  What  compromise  was  effected  ? 
13.  What  course  did  the  President  pursue  in  regard  to  the  United  States  Bank  ?  What 
did  it  occasion  ? 


218 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


[1832 


JOHN   C.   CALHOUN 


jections,  a  bill  was  passed  to  renew  it,  he  vetoed  the  meas 
ure  (1832).     In  1833,  he  withdrew  the  government  deposits 

from  the  bank,  and  caused 
them  to  be  placed  in  several 
of  the  State  banks.  This  act 
created  great  excitement ;  and 
a  resolution  of  the  Senate  de 
clared  the  act  unconstitution 
al,  and  censured  the  President; 
but  Jackson  triumphed  over 
all  opposition. 

14.  The  State  banks  which 
had  received  the  government 
funds,  increased  their  loans 
to  the  merchants,  and  money 

became  so  abundant,  that  the  price  of  everything  was  ad 
vanced.  This  led  to  speculation,  all  hoping  to  become 
suddenly  rich.  Farms  were  laid  out  for  cities,  and  cut  up 
into  building  lots,  which  sold  at  fabulous  prices  ;  although 
those  who  bought  them  were  unable  to  build  upon  them, 
or  even  to  pay  for  them.  The  ruinous  consequences  of 
this  state  of  things  were  experienced  a  short  time  after 
ward. 

15.  Black  Hawk  War — During  Jackson's  administra 
tion,  an  Indian  war,  known  as  the  Black  Hawk  War* 
broke  out  in  the  Northwest  (1832).  The  Indians  were, 

*  Abraham  Lincoln  served  in  this  war  as  the  captain  of  a  company  of  Illinois 
volunteers  ;  and  Jefferson  Davis,  as  lieutenant  in  the  regular  United  States  army. 

14.  What  was  the  effect  of  Jackson's  course  ?    15.  What  Indian  war  broke  out? 
How  did  it  end  ?    What  was  done  with  Black  Hawk  ? 


1835] 


JACKSON* S  ADMINISTRATION 


219 


however,  soon  subdued  ;  and  their  great  chief,  Black  Hawk, 
with  others  of  the  Winnebagoes,  Sacs,  and  Foxes,  were 
conducted  as  prisoners  through  some  of  the  principal  cities 
of  the  Union,  in  order  to  convince  them  of  the  folly  of 
contending  against  the  whites.  They  were  then  sent  back 
to  their  tribes,  and  a  lasting  peace  was  the  consequence. 

16.  The  Seminole  War.— Towards  the  close  of  1835, 
the  Seminoles  renewed  their  hostilities,  because  an  attempt 
was  made  to  remove  them  to  lands  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
according  to  a  treaty  which  had  been  previously  made  with 
some  of  their   chiefs.     Their   principal  warrior,   Osceola, 
(os-e-o'-lah),  and  others,  did  not  consider  this  treaty  bind 
ing,  and  refused  to  obey  it.     This  chief  having  used  threat 
ening      language,       General 

Thompson,  the  government 
agent,  put  him  in  irons  ;  but 
on  his  professing  penitence, 
and  promising  submission, 
he  was  released. 

17.  But    he    was   resolved 
on  revenge  ;  and  in  Decem 
ber  he  approached  a  house  in 
which  Thompson  and  others 

were  dining,  and  making  a  sudden  attack,  killed  the  gen 
eral  and  four  others  of  the  party.  On  the  same  day, 
Major  Dade,  while  marching  with  more  than  a  hundred 
men  to  join  General  Clinch,  was  attacked,  and  Dade,  with 
his  whole  force,  except  four  men,  was  massacred. 


PART    OF    FLORIDA 


16.  What  caused  a  war  with  the  Seminoles  ?    What  was  done  to  their  chief  ?    17. 
How  did  he  revenge  himself  ?    What  massacre  was  committed  ? 


220 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1837 


SEAL   OF   ARKANSAS 


18.  A  number  of  battles  were  fought  during  the  next 
year  with  these  warlike  Indians,    led  on   by  Osceola,  but 
without  any  decided  result.     In  1837,  Osceola  entered  the 

American  camp  with  a  flag  of 
truce,  when  he  was  seized  and 
sent  as  a  prisoner  to  Fort  Moultrie, 
where  he  died.  Two  months  later, 
Colonel  Taylor  (afterward  Presi 
dent  Taylor)  defeated  the  Semi- 
noles  in  a  desperate  battle  near 
Lake  O-kee-cho'-bee  ;  and,  though 
they  continued  hostile  till  1842, 
they  were  never  able  to  rally  again  in  large  force. 

19.  New  States — Two  states  were   admitted  into  the 
Union  during   the  eight  years    of 

Jackson's  Administration  :  Arkan 
sas,  in  183G;  and  Michigan  in 
1837.  This  made  the  number  of 
the  States,  twenty-six. 

20.  Van  Buren's  Administra 
tion. — At  the  close    of   Jackson's 
second  term,  Martin  Van  Buren,* 
of  New  York,  became  president, 

and   continued   in   office    one    term — from   1837   to    1841. 
The   former   year   is  noted   for   the    bursting   forth   of   a 

*  Martin  Van  Buren  was  born  at  Kinderhook,  in  New  York,  in  1782,  where  he  died 
in  18G2.  He  was  successively  U.  S.  Senator,  Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  Sec 
retary  of  State  in  Jackson's  Cabinet,  Vice-President  of  the  U.  S.  during  Jackson's  sec 
ond  term,  and  President. 

18.  How  was  Osceola  captured  ?  What  decisive  battle  was  fought  ?  19.  What 
new  States  were  admitted  ?  20.  Who  was  Jackson's  successor  ?  What  event  occurred 
in  1£37  ?  Its  result  ? 


SEAL  OF    MICHIGAN 


1841] 


HARRISON  AND   TYLER 


221 


MARTIN  VAN  BUREN 


great  financial  storm,  the  re 
sult  of  the  wild  speculations 
of  Jackson's  time,  which 
caused  general  distress. 
In  the  same  year,  a  rebellion 
broke  out  in  Canada ;  and 
many  citizens  of  the  United 
States  sympathized  with  it. 
Interference  was,  however, 
prevented  by  a  timely  pro 
clamation  of  the  president. 

21.  The  suspension  of  so 
many  banks  caused  great  embarrassment  to  the  govern 
ment.  This  led  to  a  measure,  recommended  by  the  Presi 
dent,  by  which  the  keeping  of 
the  government  money  was 
intrusted,  to  Assistant  Treas 
urers,  in  certain  designated 
places,  called  Sub-Treas 
uries.  This  is  now  the  estab 
lished  policy  of  the  country. 
22.  Administrations  of 
Harrison  and  Tyler.— Van 
Buren's  successor  in  office 
was  William  Henry  Harri- 

HENRT  HARRISON  SOU,*    Of    Ohio,    the    "  h6rO   of 

*  William  Henry  Harrison  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1773.  He  served  under  St.  Clair 
and  Wayne  during  the  Northwestern  campaign  against  the  Indians.  He  had  also 
served  as  governor  of  Indiana  Territory. 

21.  What  embarrassed  the  government?  What  measure  was  adopted  ?  22.  Van 
Burcn's  successor  ?  How  long  was  Harrison  president  ?  Who  succeeded  him  ? 


222 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1841 


Tippecanoe  and  the  Thames  ;  "  but  just  one  month  after 
his  inauguration   he  died,  and   the  Vice-President,  John 

Tyler,*  by  the  provisions  of 
the  Constitution,  became 
president. 

23.  Great  excitement 
grew  out  of  the  proposi 
tion  to  annex  Texas  to  the 
United  States,  as  a  new 
state.  That  country  had 
been  a  province  of  Mexico, 
but  the  inhabitants  had 
revolted,  achieved  their  in 
dependence,  and  set  up  a 

JOHN   TYLER 

republican    government    of 

their  own.f  Hence,  Texas  was  called,  at  the  time,  the 
"  Lone  Star  State/'  The  annexation  of  Texas  was  fa 
vored  by  the  South,  because  it  was  a  slave  state,  but  op 
posed  by  a  large  party  in  the  North  on  that  account, 

*  John  Tyler  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1790.    He  died  in  the  same  State  in  1862. 

t  "The  leader  in  this  revolution  was  Samuel  Houston,  a  Virginian  of  massive  frame 
—energetic,  audacious,  unscrupulous— in  no  mean  degree  fitted  to  direct  the  storm  he 
had  helped  to  raise.  Texas  had  to  defend  her  newly-claimed  liberties  by  the  sword. 
General  Houston  headed  the  patriot  forces,  not  quite  four  hundred  in  number,  and 
imperfectly  armed.  Santa  Anna  came  against  them  with  an  army  of  five  thousand. 
The  Texans  retreated,  and  having  nothing  to  carry,  easily  distanced  their  pursuers. 
At  the  San  Jacinto,  Houston  was  strengthened  by  the  arrival  of  two  field-pieces.  He 
turned  like  a  lion  upon  the  unexpectant  Mexicans,  whom  he  caught  in  the  very  act  of 
crossing  the  river.  He  fired  grapeshot  into  their  quaking  ranks.  His  unconquerable 
Texans  clubbed  their  muskets— they  had  no  bayonets— and  rushed  upon  the  foe!  The 
Mexicans  fled  in  helpless  rout,  and  Texas  was  free.  The  grateful  Texans  elected  Gen 
eral  Houston  president  of  the  republic  which  he  had  thus  saved."— Robert  Mackenzie. 


23.  What  caused  great  excitement  ?  Previous  history  of  Texas  ?  Who  favored 
the  annexation  ?  Why  ?  Who  opposed  it  ?  When  was  the  bill  for  annexing  it  signed  ? 
What  new  state  was  admitted  ? 


1845] 


FOLK'S  ADMINISTRATION 


223 


because  they  were  greatly  averse 
to  any  increase  of  the  slave  power 
in  the  United  States.  Many,  too, 
foresaw  that  it  would  produce  a 
war  with  Mexico.  Three  days  be 
fore  he  went  out  of  office,  Tyler 
signed  a  bill  for  its  annexation. 
Florida  had  been  admitted  a  short 
time  previously  (1845). 


SEAL   OF   FLORIDA 


CHAPTER  XVIII 
Administrations  from  Tyler  to  Lincoln 

i.  Folk's  Administration.— James  K.  Polk*  was  in 
augurated  as  President  on 
the  4th  of  March,  1845. 
On  the  Fourth  of  July  suc 
ceeding,  Texas  became  one 
of  the  United  States,  her 
legislature  having  approved 
the  "annexation  bill" 
passed  by  Congress.  This 
led  to  a  war  with  Mexico, 
as  she  had  not  acknowl 
edged  the  independence  of 
her  revolted  province. 

*  James  K.  Polk  was  born  in  North  Carolina  in  1795.  He  was  a  representative  in 
Congress  from  Tennessee  for  fourteen  years,  and  was  Speaker  of  tha^ouse  three 
terms.  He  died  in  Tennessee  in  1849. 


Text  Questions.— 1.  Who  succeeded  Tyler?    Date  of  inauguration?    When  and 
how  did  Texas-  become  a  state  ?    What  did  this  lead  to  ?    Why  ? 


224 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1846 


SEAL  OP  TEXAS 


2.  War  with  Mexico.— Hostilities  commenced  in  1846, 

near  the  Rio  Grande  (re'-o  grahn'-da),  to  which  General 
Taylor  had  been  sent  to  protect 
the  new  state  from  a  threatened 
invasion  by  the  Mexicans.  The 
latter  made  an  attack  upon  a  party 
of  American  dragoons  sent  to  recon- 
noiter,  arid  crossed  the  Rio  Grande 
apparently  to  move  against  Taylor's 
base  of  supplies  at  Point  Isabel.* 
3.  Taylor's  Campaign.  —  This 

led  to  two  engagements, 

at    Palo    Alto    (paU'-lo 

aliT-to)  and  Resaca  de  la 

Palma    (ra-sah'-kah    da 

lah  paid' -mail],  in  both 

of  which  the  Mexicans 

were   defeated   with  se 
vere  loss  (May  8  and  9). 

In  a  few    days,    Taylor 

took  the  Mexican  town 

of  Matamoras,  and  then 

marching  to  the  fortified  city  of  Monterey, f  compelled  it 

*  The  United  States,  by  the  annexation  of  Texas,  claimed  the  Rio  Grande  as  their 
boundary,  while  Mexico  alleged  that  the  western  limits  of  the  province  never  extended 
beyond  the  Nueces  River.  The  crossing  of  the  latter  river  into  the  disputed  territory 
by  Taylor,  was,  therefore,  considered  by  the  Mexicans  as  the  commencement  of  active 
war,  and  they  consequently  made  the  attack. 

t  This  was  a  city  of  ten  thousand  inhabitants,  situated  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
miles  west  of  the  Rio  Grande.  It  was  surrounded  with  mountains,  and  was  strongly 


"e»a  Vista 
TAYLOR7  S 

CAMPAIGN 

Scale 

6       20     40     60     80     TOO 


2.  When  and  where  did  hostilities  commence  ?  How  ?  3.  What  battles  were 
fought  in  May  ?  With  what  result  ?  What  places  were  subsequently  captured  ? 
With  what  force  ? 


1847] 


FOLK'S  ADMINISTRATION 


225 


to  capitulate  (Sept.  24).  These  victories  were  gained  with 
a  far  inferior  force  to  that  of  the  Mexicans. 

4.  Battle   of  Buena  Vista.— Taylor's  last  engagement 
in  Mexico  was  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista  (biva'-nah  vees1- 
tah)   (23d  of  February,   1847).     At   this  place,   his   small 
force   of   less   than   five   thousand  men,   was  attacked  by 
Santa    Anna    with    an    army    of 

nearly  four  times  that  number  of 
men  ;  but  after  a  determined  con 
test,  which  lasted  from  morning 
till  night,  the  Mexicans  were 
driven  in  disorder  from  the  field.* 

5.  Conquest  of  New  Mexico 
and    California. — In    the    mean 
time,    General    Kearny    (kar'-ne) 
had   marched   with   a   force    into 
New  Mexico,  and  taken  possession 

of  that  province ;  while  Captain  Fremont  had  entered 
California,  and  defeated  the  Mexicans  in  several  skir- 

fortifled,  besides  being  garrisoned  by  an  army  of  ten  thousand  men.  In  spite  of  the 
heavy  fire  of  the  cannon  and  musketry  from  the  Mexicans,  the  Americans  carried  all 
the  outworks  successively,  and  at  last  got  into  the  town,  where,  as  the  fire  of  the 
Mexicans  swept  the  open  streets,  they  cut  their  way  through  the  walls  of  the  houses. 
When  they  were  within  a  short  distance  of  the  Grand  Plaza,  the  city  was  surrendered. 
The  Mexicans  lost  a  thousand  men  ;  while  the  loss  of  the  Americans  in  killed  and 
wounded  was  less  than  one-half  that  number. 

*  Santa  Anna  had  been  made  Dictator,  and  was  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  Mex 
ican  army.  He  had  been  so  sure  of  victory,  that  he  sent  his  cavalry  to  intercept  the 
retreat  of  the  Americans.  The  American  general,  summoned  to  surrender,  replied, 
"  General  Taylor  never  surrenders."  In  the  midst  of  this  dreadful  battle  he  remained 
perfectly  cool,  calling  out  to  his  artillery  officer  at  one  time,  "  A  little  more  grape, 
Captain  Bragg  !  "  The  battle  of  Buena  Vista  entirely  broke  up  Santa  Anna's  splendid 
army  of  twenty  thousand  men. 

4.  Account  of  the  battle  of  Bnena  Vista  ?  5.  What  province  was  conquered  by 
Kearny  ?  What  was  invaded  by  Fremont  ?  How  was  the  conquest  of  California 
completed  ? 


JOHN    C.    FKKMONT 


226 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


OHEXICO, 
CALIFORNIA, 


Map  Questions.— Where  is  Vera  Cruz  ?  Matamoras  ?  Jalapa  ?  Puebla  ?  Sal- 
tillo  ?  Leavenworth  ?  San  Francisco  ?  Into  what. body  of  water  does  the  Rio  Grande 
flow  ?  In  what  direction  is  Santa  Fe  from  Leavenworth  ?  Saltillo  from  Matamoras  ? 
City  of  Mexico  from  Jalapa  ? 


1847] 


FOLK'S  ADMINISTRATION 


227 


Scftlc 


mishes.  The 'conquest  of  California  was  completed  in 
1847  by  means  of  the  American  fleet  under  Commodores 
Slote  and  Stockton,  assisted  by  Fremont  and  General 

Kearny. 

6.  Scott's  Expedition.— In  order   to  conquer  a  peace, 
the   authorities   in  Washington  had    decided    to    send  an 
expedition  to  take  possession  of  the  Mexican  capital ;  and 
General  Scott  was  chosen  to  command  it.     To  strengthen 
the  force  given  him  for  this  purpose,  a  large  number  of 
Taylor's  best   troops   were  withdrawn.     This  it  was  that 
weakened  that  officer's 

army  so  greatly  before 
the  battle  of  Buena 
Vista. 

7.  Taking  of  Vera 
Cruz.  —  Scott     landed 
his  army  near  the  city 
of    Vera   Cruz,    which 
was  defended  by  a  pow 
erful  fortress.     On  the 
22d    of    March,    1847, 
he    opened   a    tremen 
dous  fire  upon  both  city 
and    fortress ;   and    on 

the  27th  both  were  compelled  to  surrender.  On  the  8th 
of  April  following,  he  commenced  his  march  into  the 
interior. 

8.  Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo — At  the  mountain  pass  of 


SCOTT'S 

CAM  PAI  ON 


6.  What  expedition  was  planned  at  Washington  ?    Who  was  placed  in  command  ? 
7.  Account  of  the  taking  of  Vera  Cruz  ?    8.  Of  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  ? 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1847 

Cerro  Gordo  (sdr'-ro  gor'-do],  the  Mexicans,  about  twelve 
thousand  strong,  under  Santa  Anna,  waited  behind  strong 
fortifications  to  resist  the  advance  of  the  invading  army. 
The  Americans  cut  a  way  round  the  mountains ;  and 
while. a  part  made  an  attack  on  the  front,  others  assailed 
the  fortifications  in  the  rear.  The  result  was  a  complete 
victory.  The  Mexicans  fled  in  confusion,  and  Santa  Anna 
narrowly  escaped  capture.* 

9.  Other  successes  followed,  and  on  the  15th  of  May,  the 
invading  army  entered  and  occupied  the  ancient  and  popu 
lous  city  of  Puebla  (poo-d'-Mah).     Here  Scott,  having  sent 
home  a  large  number  of  his  troops,  because  their  terms 
had  expired,  waited  for  three  months  for  reinforcements. 
On  their  arrival,  he  resumed  his  march  toward  the  City  of 
Mexico. 

10.  Occupation  of   Mexico — Finding   that  the  direct 
route  to  the  Mexican  capital  was  strongly  fortified,  Scott 
turned   southward,  and    encamped   about  ten   miles  from 
the  city.     The  approaches  to  it  were  strongly  guarded  by 
powerful  batteries ;  but  these  were  all    successively  taken 
after  severe  conflicts,  in  which  the  American  troops  showed 
the  greatest  determination  and  daring. 

11.  The  last  of  these  places  was  carried  by  assault  on  the 
13th  of  September  ;  and  Santa  Anna  and  his  army,  being 
unable  to  make  any  further  resistance,  fled  from  the  city 
during  the  succeeding  night.     The  next  morning,  General 

*  So  hurried  was  the  flight  of  the  Mexicans,  that  Santa  Anna  was  obliged,  it  was 
said,  to  leave  behind  him  his  wooden  leg. 


9.  What  city  was  occupied  ?    How  long  did  Scott  remain  there  ?    Why  ?    How  did 
Scott  reach  Mexico  ?    11.  When  did  he  enter  the  city  ? 


1847] 


POLK'S  ADMINISTRATION 


229 


Scott,  at  the  head  of  the  American   army,    made   a   tri 
umphal  entry  into  the  city.     At  first  they  were  attacked 


SCOTT  ENTERING    THE  CITY   OF  MEXICO 


from  the  housetops  by  the 
Mexican  populace,  but 
this  opposition  was  soon 
quieted. 

12.  This  event  practically  ended  the  war.  On  the  3d  of 
February,  1848,  a  treaty  of  peace  was  signed,  by  which  all 
the  territory  north  of  the  "Rio  Grande,  and  the  provinces  of 
New  Mexico  and  California  were  relinquished  to  the  United 
States.  On  the  part  of  the  latter,  it  was  agreed  that  the 
sum  of  fifteen  millions  of  dollars  should  be  paid  for  the 
territory  acquired,  and  that  debts  due  from  Mexico  to 
American  citizens,  to  the  amount  of  three  millions  of  dol- 


12.  What  was  the  effect  of  this  ?    On  what  terms  was  peace  made  ? 


230 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1848 


SEAL   OF   IOWA 


lars,  should  be  assumed.  Peace 
was  proclaimed  by  President  Polk 
on  the  4th  of  July,  1848.* 

13.  New  States.  —  Iowa,  the 
twenty-ninth  state,  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  in  1846.  It  origin 
ally  formed  a  part  of  the  Louisiana 
purchase,!  an(^  had  been  succes 
sively  a  part  of  Missouri,  Michigan, 

and  Wisconsin  territories,  until  it  was  organized  as  a  sep 
arate  territory,  in  1838.  Iowa  Territory  at  that  time 
comprehended  nearly  all  of  Min 
nesota  ;  but  was  reduced  to  its 
present  limits  when  admitted  as  a 
state.  Wisconsin  was  admitted  in 
1848.  This  had  been  previously  a 
part  of  Illinois  Territory  and  of 
Michigan  Territory. 

14.  Discovery  of  Gold  in  Cali 
fornia. — The  most  important  event 
during  the  latter  part   of    Polk's   administration  was  the 
discovery  of  gold  in  California.     When  the  news  reached 

*  The  treaty  was  made  by  commissioners  who  met  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  a  small 
town  about  four  miles  from  the  City  of  Mexico  ;  but  the  boundary  between  the  two 
countries  soon  became  a  subject  of  dispute,  which  was  not  settled  till  1853,  when  the 
United  States  purchased  the  Mesilla  Valley,  or,  as  it  was  called,  the  Gadsden  Pur 
chase,  for  ten  millions  of  dollars,  General  Gadsden  having  been  the  agent  employed  by 
the  United  States  in  transacting  the  affair. 

t  A  trading-post  was  established  in  1810  by  a  Frenchman  named  Dubuque,  on  the 
site  of  the  town  afterwards  named  after  him.  The  first  permanent  settlement  of  Iowa 
was  made  at  Burlington  in  1833. 

13.  What  state  was  admitted  in  1846  ?  What  in  1848  ?  What  is  said  of  the  previous 
history  of  Iowa  ?  Of  Wisconsin  ?  14.  Of  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California  ? 
Where  is  San  Francisco  (Map,  p.  226)  ? 


SEAL   OF    WISCONSIN 


1849]  POLKAS  ADMINISTRATION  231 

the  Atlantic  states,  the  excitement  became  intense  and 
wide-spread.  Thousands,  regardless  of  peril  or  hardship, 
flocked  to  the  gold  regions,  some 
daring  the  deadly  climate  of  the 
isthmus,  which  they  had  to  cross 
by  the  shorter  route,  or  taking  the 
more  tedious  voyage  around  Cape 
Horn.  San  Francisco,*  which 
had  been  a  small  quiet  port,  fre 
quented  by  whalers  or  small  fish- 

SEAL   OF   CALIFORNIA 

ing    vessels,     became     in    a    few 

months  an  emporium,  in  the  harbor  of   which  might  be 

seen  ships  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe. 

15.  Growth  of  California  —  Election  of  Taylor.— 
From  nearly  every  part  of  the  world,  emigrants  rushed 
with  eagerness  to  the  "gold  diggings,"  and  the  population 
of  the  territory  increased  with  wonderful  rapidity.  Within 
two  years,  that  of  the  city  of  San  Francisco  numbered 
twenty  thousand,  consisting  of  people  of  all  nations.  It 
was  during  the  excitement  of  the  "gold  fever"  that  Presi 
dent  Folk's  term  of  office  expired.  His  successor  was 

*  Before  1779,  eight  establishments,  missionary  and  military,  were  formed  by  the 
Spaniards  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  the  most  southern  being  San  Diego, 
the  most  northern,  San  Francisco  ;  and  during  the  five  years  preceding  that  date, 
three  exploring  voyages  were  made  by  order  of  the  Spanish  government,  in  which  the 
coast  was  examined  as  far  north  as  the  sixtieth  parallel.  (See  page  35,  note.)  By  the 
year  1800,  as  many  as  sixteen  Spanish  missions  had  been  established  in  various  parts 
of  Upper  California.  Here  the  Indians  were  gathered,  and  the  Catholic  missionaries 
taught  them  the  arts  of  civilized  life,  and  imparted  to  them  the  truths  of  Christianity. 
After  Mexico  had  become  independent,  the  mission  lands,  comprising  several  million 
acres,  were  occupied  by  the  Mexican  government,  and  the  missions  were  gradually 
abandoned. 


15.  Describe  the  rush  to  the  "gold  diggings."    What  is  said  of  the  growth  of  San 
Francisco  ?    Who  succeeded  James  K.  Polk  as  President  ? 


232 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1849 


Zachary  Taylor,*  the  most  popular  hero  of  the  Mexican 
War,  who  was  inaugurated  on  the  5th  of  March,  1849,  the 
4th  being  Sunday. 

16.  Taylor's    Administration.  — In   September,    1849, 

there  was  a  sufficient  num 
ber  of  settlers  in  California 

4«MgjSir_,  \  ^°  ^orm  a  state  ;  and  a  con- 

^  \  stitution  having  been  agreed 

upon,  application  was  made 
to  Congress  to  admit  it. 
This  led  to  another  violent 
agitation  of  the  "  slavery 
question/'  for  the  constitu 
tion  of  the  new  state  pro 
hibited  slavery.  Before  the 
decision  of  the  question, 
President  Taylor  died  (July 

9th,    1850),   and   was    succeeded    by   the    Vice-president, 

Millard  Fillmore,f  of  New  York. 

17.  Fillmore's    Administration — Other  questions  be- 

*  Zachary  Taylor  was  a  Virginian,  born  in  1784.  He  entered  the  army  as  lieutenant 
when  about  twenty-four  years  of  age,  and  rapidly  obtained  promotion,  serving  in  the 
War  of  1812  and  the  Black  Hawk  War.  His  victory  over  the  Seminoles,  in  1837,  gave 
him  considerable  distinction ;  but  it  was  in  the  Mexican  War  that  he  won  his  greatest 
laurels  as  a  soldier  ;  and,  by  his  simplicity,  directness,  and  indomitable  daring,  ac 
quired  the  popular  favor.  His  soldiers  used  to  call  him  "Old  Rough  and  Ready." 
His  laconic  expressions  at  Buena  Vista,  "  General  Taylor  never  surrenders  !  "  and,  "A 
little  more  grape,  Captain  Bragg,"  were  often  quoted  during  the  presidential  campaign 
which  resulted  in  his  election. 

t  Millard  Fillmore  was  born  in  Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1800.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  State  legislature  for  several  years,  and  in  1832  was  elected  a  representative  in  Con 
gress.  He  died  in  1873. 

16.  What  led  to  another  agitation  of  the  slavery  question  ?  Why  ?  When  did 
President  Taylor  die  ?  Who  succeeded  him  ?  17.  What  led  to  a  bitter  partisan 
opposition  ?  How  was  a  compromise  effected  ? 


1850] 


FILLMORE'S  ADMINISTRATION 


233 


sides  the  admission  of  California  had  been  introduced  into 

Congress,  and  were  under  discussion  at  this  time.     This 

caused   a  hitter   and    vio-     . 

lent   controversy  between 

the  opposing  parties, 

which  appeared  to  menace 

the  safety  of  the  Union. 

The     great     orator     and 

statesman,   Henry    Clay,* 

by  his  fervid  eloquence,  did 

much  to  allay  this  strife  ; 

and  finally  a  compromise 

was    effected,    by    which 

California    was    admitted 

as  a  free  state  (1850). 

18.  The  Compromise  of  1850. — At  the  same  time  New 
Mexico  and  Utah  were  organized  as  territories  ;  the  slave- 
trade  was  abolished  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  the 
"Fugitive  Slave  Law"  was  passed,  providing  for  the 
return  to  their  owners  of  slaves  escaping  to  a  free  State. 
Daniel  Webster,  f  a  member  of  the  United  States  Senate, 

*  Henry  Clay  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1777.  He  served  in  Congress  first  as  a  repre 
sentative  of  Kentucky,  afterwards  as  Speaker  for  several  years,  and  then  as  senator. 
He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  that  signed  the  Treaty  of  Ghent  in  1814.  He  died  in 
Washington  in  1852. 

t  Daniel  Webster  was  born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1782.  The  principal  part  of  his  life 
was  passed  at  Washington,  where  he  served  as  a  member  of  Congress  or  of  the  Cabinet. 
He  was  Secretary  of  State  under  'Tyler,  and  negotiated  a  treaty  with  Lord  Ashburton, 
settling  the  dispute  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  relation  to  the 
boundary  of  Maine.  He  was  greatly  distinguished  for  his  eloquence,  statesmanship, 
and  knowledge  of  constitutional  law.  The  latter  entitles  him  to  the  name  which  he 
received  of  "  Expounder  of  the  Constitution."  He  died  in  1852. 


MILLARB   PILLMORE 


18.  What  was  the  compromise  ?    What  was  the  "  Fugitive  Slave  Law  "  ?    How  was 
it  viewed  at  the  North  ?    Who  aided  in  effecting  a  compromise  ? 


234 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1853 


contributed  his  aid  in  effecting  this  compromise.,  which, 
although  it  allayed  the  excitement  between  the  two  sections 

of  the  country,  gave 
great  offense  to  a  large 
party  in  the  North,  who 
were  opposed  to  all 
concessions  to  the  slave 
power. 

19.  Pierce's  Admin 
istration. — Franklin 
Pierce,*  of  New  Hamp 
shire,  succeeded  to  the 
presidency  on  the  4th 
of  March,  1853.  The 
next  year,  the  agitation 
of  the  "  slavery  ques 
tion  "  was  again  revived 
by  the  passage  of  a  law  by  Congress  organizing  the  terri 
tories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  This  law  repealed  the 
Missouri  compromise,  and  substituted  for  it  what  was 
called  by  some  "  Squatter  Sovereignty  ; "  the  right  of  the 
people  in  each  territory  to  decide  whether  they  would  have 
slaves  or  not.  This  measure  again  .produced  an  intense 
excitement  in  the  North,  f 

*  Franklin  Pierce  was  born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1804.  He  was  a  brigadier-general 
in  Scott's  army  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  took  part  in  the  battles  preceding  the  taking 
of  the  City  of  Mexico.  He  died  in  1869. 

t  This  year,  1854,  is  noted  for  Commodore  Perry's  expedition  to  Japan,  which 
resulted  in  partly  opening  that  country,  closed  so  long  against  the  world,  to  American 
commerce. 

19.  Who  succeeded  Fillmore  ?  What  caused  a  further  agitation  of  the  slavery 
question  5  What  was  meant  by  "  Squatter  Sovereignty  "  ? 


DANIEL  WEBSTER 


1856] 


PIERCERS  ADMINISTRATION 


285 


FRANKLIN    TIERCE 


20.  Civil  War  in  Kansas — But  it  did  not  turn  out  as 
the   friends   of    slavery   had    expected.     The   slave   states 
exerted    themselves    to    the 

utmost  to  send  settlers  to 
the  new  territory  of  Kan 
sas  ;  but  those  from  the 
free  states  were  the  most 
numerous.  Civil  war  en 
sued  ;  for  the  border  ruf 
fians  of  Missouri,  and  others 
in  favor  of  slavery,  would 
not  submit  to  be  outvoted, 
and  the  peaceful  citizens 
were  resolved  to  defend  their 
rights.  This  state  of  things 

for  a  considerable  time  rendered  Kansas  a  scene  of  law 
lessness  and  bloodshed. 

21.  Organization  of  the   Republican    Party. — Anew 
political  party,  styled  the  Republican  Party,  arose,  organ 
ized  in  the  support  of  the  "free  soil"  principle,  that  is,  of 
not  permitting  any  extension  of  slavery  into  free  territory. 
This  party,  in  1856,  nominated  for  the  presidency  John  C. 
Fremont,  noted  for  his  connection  with  the  invasion  and 
conquest  of  California  during  the  Mexican  War. 

22.  Election    of  Buchanan. — The    Democratic    Party, 
including  nearly  all  the  people  of  the  South,  as  well  as  a 
large  portion  of  those  of  the  North,  who  were  anxious  to 
appease   the   discontent   of   the  former   by  every  possible 

20.  What  caused  civil  war  in  Kansas  ?  21.  What  new  political  party  arose  ?  On 
what  principle  was  it  organized  ?  Whom  did  it  nominate  for  the  presidency  ?  22. 
Who  was  elected  ?  By  what  party  ? 


236 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1859 


constitutional  measure,  suc 
ceeded  in  electing  their  can 
didate,  James  Buchanan,  of 
Pennsylvania,  who  was  ac 
cordingly  inaugurated  on 
the  4th  of  March,  1857. 

23.  Buchanan's  Admin 
istration — Brown's  Raid. 
—  The  agitation  of  the 
slavery  question  was  con 
tinued  ;  and  "John  Brown's 
Raid,"  in  1859,  still  further 

increased  the  bitterness  of  feeling  between  the  two  sec 
tions.       Brown,*  who  was   enthusiastic   in    his  hatred  of 

slavery,    desired    to     set    free    as 

many  slaves  as  he  could  ;  and  with 

this    object    he     and     twenty-one 

associates    seized     the    arsenal    at 

Harper's  Ferry,  for  the  purpose  of 

making     it    a    rendezvous.       The 

movement,  however,  entirely  failed. 

Those  engaged  in  it  were  overpow- 


JAMES   BUCHANAN 


SEAL,   OF   MINNESOTA 


*  John  Brown  was  the  descendant  of  a  Puritan  family,  and  at  an  early  age  imbibed 
a  bitter  hostility  to  the  institution  of  slavery.  After  the  passage  of  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Bill,  he  went  with  his  six  sons  to  Kansas,  to  aid  in  the  settlement  of  the  ter 
ritory.  With  such  boldness  and  determination  did  he  oppose  the  violence  of  the  pro- 
slavery  party  there,  that  his  name  became  a  terror  to  them.  He  was  styled  "  Osawato- 
mie  Brown,"  because  at  that  place  he  encountered,  with  a  mere  handful  of  men,  a 
force  of  nearly  five  hundred  Missourians,  and  after  killing  thirty -five  of  their  number, 
made  good  his  retreat.  Just  previous  to  this,  one  of  his  sons  had  been  shot  dead  by  a 
border  ruffian. 


23.  Describe  "Brown's  Raid 
(Map,  p.  206)  ? 


How  did  it  result  ?     Where  is  Harper's  Ferry 


1860]  BUCHANAN'S  ADMINISTRATION  237 

ered  by  Virginia  troops,  assisted  by  the  national  forces  ; 
thirteen  of  them  were  killed,  two  escaped,  and  the  rest, 
including  Brown,  were  tried,  and,  under  the  laws  of  Vir 
ginia,  executed.* 

24.  Election    of  Abraham    Lincoln.— As  Buchanan's 
term  of  office  drew  toward  its  close,  no  less  than  four  can 
didates  f    were    nominated    to    succeed    him.     Of    these, 
Abraham  Lincoln,];  the  candidate  of  the  Republicans,  was 
successful ;  although  the  Southern  leaders  had  threatened 
that,  if  he  should  be  elected,  the  States  of  the  South  would 
secede,  or  withdraw  from  the  Union,  as  they  claimed  the 
right  to  do. 

25.  Secession  of  South  Carolina. — Accordingly,  public 
meetings  were  held  in  South  Carolina,   to  bring  about  a 
secession  of  that   State ;  and  on  the  .20th   of   December, 
1860,  an  ordinance  was  passed  by  a  state  convention  held 

*  The  famous  "Dred  Scott  Decision,"  increased  the  hostile  feeling  in  the  North 
against  the  slave  power.  Dred  Scott  and  his  wife  were  slaves,  who  had  been  carried 
by  their  master  into  Illinois,  but  were  afterwards  taken  into  Missouri.  They  claimed 
that  having  been  carried  into  free  territory  by  their  master,  they  had  been  made  free  ; 
but  Chief  Justice  Taney  decided  that  slave  masters  could,  under  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  take  their  slaves  into  any  State  without  any  forfeiture  of  their  prop 
erty  in  them,  just  as  they  could  take  their  horses  or  cattle.  This  decision,  it  was  as 
serted  by  the  Republicans,  changed  slavery  from  a  local  to  a  national  institution  ;  and 
they  resisted  it  accordingly. 

t  The  extreme  pro-slavery  party  nominated  John  C.  Breckenridge,  who  had  been 
Vice-President  under  Buchanan  ;  the  "  Squatter  Sovereignty "  party,  Stephen  A. 
Douglas.  These  two  divided  the  Democratic  party.  The  American  party  nominated 
John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  with  the  simple  party  platform,  "  The  Union,  the  Constitu 
tion,  and  the  Enforcement  of  the  Laws." 

%  Abraham  Lincoln  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1809.  He  served  as  captain  in  the 
Black  Hawk  War,  afterwards  as  a  member  of  the  Illinois  legislature  ;  and  in  1846  he 
was  chosen  representative  in  Congress.  His  plainness  and  simplicity  of  address, 
homely  wit,  and  incorruptible  integrity,  had  made  him  very  popular,  and  caused  him 
to  be  very  generally  called  "  Honest  Old  Abe.1' 


24.  How  many  candidates  were  nominated  to  succeed  Buchanan  ?  Who  was 
elected  ?  What  threat  had  been  used  by  the  Southern  leaders  ?  25.  What  took  place 
in  South  Carolina  ? 


238 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1861 


SEAL  OF  OREGON 


in  Charleston,  which  formally  declared  that  the  "  Union 
now  subsisting  between  South  Carolina  and  other  States, 
under  the  name  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  is  hereby  dis 
solved." 

26.  Occupation  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter — Six  days  afterward,  Major 
Anderson,  commanding  at  Fort 
Moultrie,  withdrew  the  garrison 
of  eighty  men  from  that  fort,  and 
removed  to  Fort  Sumter,  a  place 

of  greater  security.     This  was  considered  a  hostile  act  by 
the    South    Carolinians,    and    they    at    once    seized  'the 
custom-house   at    Charleston,   and  other   property   of   the 
general  government,  and  commenced 
operations  in  order  to  compel  Ander 
son  to  surrender  the  fort. 

27.  Organization  of  the  Confed 
erate  States. — Six  other  Southern 
States,  following  the  lead  of  South 
Carolina,  at  the  commencement  of 
1861  passed  secession  ordinances  :  Mis 
sissippi,  Florida,  Alabama,  Georgia, 
Louisiana,  and  Texas.  On  the  4th 

of  February,  a  congress  of  delegates  from  these  States 
(except  Texas)  met  at  Montgomery,  and  organized  a  new 
union  among  themselves,  adopting  a  constitution,  and 


MAJOR  ANDERSON 


26.  What  was  done  by  Major  Anderson  ?  How  was  this  act  viewed  by  the  Seces 
sionists  ?  Where  is  Fort  Sumter  (Map,  p.  142)  ?  27.  What  other  states  passed  seces 
sion  ordinances  ?  What  Congress  met  ?  What  was  done  by  it  ? 


1861] 


BUCHANAN'S  ADMINISTRATION 


239 


FOKT    SUMTEK 


assuming  the  title  of  the  "  Confederate  States  of  America." 
Jefferson  Davis  was   elected   by  the   Congress  provisional 
President  of  the 
Confederacy    for 
one  year. 

28.  Proceed 
ings  of  the  Se 
cessionists — 
The  steamer 
"  Star  of  the 
West,"  sent  from 

New  York  with  supplies  and  reinforcements  for  Fort 
Sumter,  arrived  off  Charleston,  January  10th  ;  but  being 
fired  upon  by  the  batteries  erected 
by  the  Secessionists  at  Charles 
ton,  was  compelled  to  put  back. 
Forts,  arsenals,  navy-yards,  cus 
tom-houses,  and  other  property  of 
the  nation,  were  seized  by  state 
authority  for  the  Confederacy. 
Fort  Pickens,  near  Pensacola,  Fort 
Sumter,  and  the  forts  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Florida, 

were  all  that  remained  to  the  general  government  within 
the  limits  of  the  seceded  states.  Buchanan,  in  the  mean 
time,  did  nothing  to  vindicate  the  government.* 

*  This  inaction  on  the  part  of  the  president  caused  great  dissatisfaction  and  alarm. 
It  was  ascertained  that  some  of  the  members  of  the  Cabinet  were  either  leaders  in  the 
secession  movement,  or  abettors  of  it.  Thus,  it  was  found,  that,  seemingly  in  prepara- 


28.  What  attempt  was  made  to  reinforce  Fort  Sumter  ?    With  what  result  ?    What 
other  proceedings  by  the  Secessionists  ?    What  forts  remained  to  the  United  States  ? 


240 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1861 


2g.  New  States — Kansas  was 
finally  admitted  as  a  free  state 
without  excitement  in  January, 
1861.  Previous  to  this,  under 
Buchanan,  two  other  states  were 
admitted  :  Minnesota,  in  1858,  and 
Oregon,*  in  1859.  At  the  conclu 
sion  of  his  term  of  office,  Buchanan 
retired  to  his  residence  at  Wheat- 
land,  near  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania. 


SKAL   OF   KANSAS 


CHAPTER  XIX 
Lincoln's  Administration.— The    Great    Civil  War 

i.  The  affairs  of  the  country,  when  Abraham  Lincoln 
entered  upon  the  office  of  president,  March  4th,  1861,  were 
in  a  sadly  distracted  condition.  His  inauguration  took 
place  in  the  presence  of  a  large  military  force,  under  the 
command  of  General  Scott ;  for  a  disturbance  had  been 
anticipated.  The  president's  inaugural  address  was  mild 

tion  for  it,  the  national  troops  had  been  ordered  to  distant  parts,  the  navy  widely 
scattered,  and  everything  possible  done  to  weaken  the  general  government,  and  further 
the  plans  of  the  Secessionists.  Buchanan  declared  that  the  Constitution  gave  him  no 
authority  to  use  coercive  measures  ;  and  the  cry,  "  No  Coercion,"  became  general  with 
all  who  sympathized  with  the  South. 

*  In  1792,  Captain  Gray,  in  the  ship  Columbia,  entered  the  Oregon  River,  and  gave 
it  the  name  of  his  ship.  In  1804  an  expedition  under  Lewis  and  Clark  explored  the 
headwaters  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  descended  the  Columbia  to  its  mouth.  Astoria, 
a  trading-post  at  its  mouth,  was  established  by  John  J.  Astor  in  1811.  In  1848,  this 
region  was  organized  as  a  territory,  extending,  under  the  name  of  Oregon  Territory, 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  and  from  British  America  to  California.  It 
is  now  wholly  covered  by  the  three  states,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho. 

Text  Questions. —  29.  What  states  were  admitted?  1.  Condition  of  affairs  when 
Lincoln  became  president  ?  What  is  said  of  the  inauguration  ?  Of  the  inaugural 
address  ? 


ABRAHAM   LINCOLN 


PART  OF 

MARYLAND 

AND 

EASTERN  PART 
OF 

VIRGINIA 


1861]  LINCOLN'S  ADMINISTRATION-  243 

and  conciliatory,  declaring,  with  special  emphasis,  that 
there  was  no  intention  on  the  part  of  the  administration  to 
interfere  with  slavery  where  it  existed  ;  and,  further,  that 
the  general  government  "  had  no  right  to  do  so."  * 

2.  Course  of  the  Southern  Leaders. — This  assurance, 
however,  had  no  effect  upon  the  Southern  leaders.     Avow 
ing  their  duty  to  their  states  as  more  binding  upon  them 
than  their  obligations   to   the   general   government,   they 
organized    an    army,    and    ordered    General    Beauregard 
(bo1 -re- gar  d)  to  reduce  Fort  Sumter. 

3.  Taking  of  Fort  Sumter. — After  a  bombardment  of 
thirty-four  hours,  the  defense  being  necessarily  feeble,  as 
the   garrison  was   small  f  and    their   ammunition    scanty, 
Anderson  was  compelled  to  yield.     According  to  the  con 
ditions,  the  garrison  were  allowed  to  march  out  of  the  fort 
with  their  colors  and  music,  to  salute  the  national  flag,  and 
return  home  with  their  private  property. 

4.  Effect   of  the    Surrender  — The   President's  Call 

*  The  closing  paragraph  of  this  address  had  a  peculiar  and  quite  affecting  pathos  : 
"I  am  loath  to  close.  We  are  not  enemies,  but  friends.  We  must  not  be  enemies. 
Though  passions  may  have  strained,  they  must  not  break  our  bonds  of  affection. 
The  mystic  chords  of  memory,  stretching  from  every  battle-field  and  patriot  grave,  to 
every  living  heart  and  hearthstone  all  over  this  broad  land,  will  yet  swell  the  chorus  of 
the  Union,  when  again  touched,  as  surely  they  will  be,  by  the  better  angels  of  our 
nature.1' 

t  There  were  only  seventy  men  to  defend  the  fort  against  an  attacking  force  of 
seven  thousand.  Anderson's  account  to  the  Secretary  of  War  was  as  follows  : — "Hav 
ing  defended  Fort  Sumter  for  thirty-four  hours,  until  the  quarters  were  entirely 
burned,  the  main  gates  destroyed,  the  gorge-wall  seriously  injured,  the  magazine  sur 
rounded  by  flames,  and  its  door  closed  from  the  effects  of  the  heat,  four  barrels  and 
three  cartridges  of  powder  only  being  available,  and  no  provisions  but  pork  remain 
ing,  I  accepted  terms  of  evacuation  offered  by  General  Beauregard,  and  marched  out 
of  the  fort  on  Sunday  afternoon,  the  14th  instant,  with  colors  flying  and  drums  beat 
ing,  bringing  away  company  and  private  property,  and  saluting  my  flag  with  fifty  guns." 

2.  What  was  the  course  of  the  Southern  leaders  ?  3.  How  was  Fort  Sumter 
taken  ?  Conditions  of  the  surrender  ?  4.  What  was  the  effect  of  the  surrender  ? 
President's  proclamation  ?  How  received  in  the  North  ? 


244  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1861 

for  Troops. — The  indignation  at  the  North,  when  the  news 
was  flashed  over  the  country  that  the  national  flag  had  been 
fired  upon  and  the  fort  surrendered,  was  universal  and  in 
tense.  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  calling  for 
seventy-five  thousand  men,  which  was  at  once  complied 
with  by  all  the  free  states.  Political  differences  were  for 
gotten  in  the  patriotic  impulse  to  defend  the  national  gov 
ernment,  and  protect  the  Union  against  those  who  had 
combined  to  destroy  it. 

5.  Attack  by  the  Mob  at    Baltimore. — It  was,  how 
ever,  difficult  to  reach  Washington,  as  the   troops  had  to 
pass  through  Maryland,  where   the    secession   feeling  was 
strong.     A  Massachusetts  regiment,  on  its  way  to  the  cap 
ital,  was  attacked,  April  19th,  in  the  streets  of  Baltimore, 
by  a  mob  of  Southern  sympathizers  ;  and  two  of  the  sol 
diers  were  killed.     Thus  the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of 
Lexington  was  signalized  by  the  commencement  of  blood 
shed  in  the  Great  Civil  War. 

6.  Proclamations    by    Davis    and    the    President. — 
Two  days  after  President  Lincoln's  call  for  troops,  Jefferson 
Davis   issued   a    proclamation    inviting    and    authorizing 
privateers  to  prey  upon  the  commerce  of  the  United  States. 
On  the  19th  of  April,  President  Lincoln  declared  the  ports 
of  the  Confederate  States  to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade. 

7.  Secession  of  Other  States. — Delaware  alone,  of  the 
slave  states,   promptly  arrayed  itself   on  the  side  of    the 
Union.     Before  June,  Virginia,  Arkansas,  Tennessee,  and 

5.  Why  was  it  difficult  to  reach  Washington  ?  What  attack  was  made'  at  Balti 
more  ?  The  date  of  this  event  ?  6.  What  proclamation  was  issued  by  Davis  ?  What 
by  Lincoln  ?  7.  Which  of  the  slave  states  obeyed  the  President's  call  for  troops  ? 
What  other  states  passed  ordinances  of  secession  ?  What  places  were  seized  ? 


1861]  THE  GREAT  CIVIL   WAR  245 

North.  Carolina  passed  secession  ordinances.  Virginians 
seized  the  armory  at  Harper's  Ferry  and  the  navy-yard  at 
Norfolk,  after  a  large  part  of  the  property  they  contained 
had  been  destroyed  by  the  Union  officers  in  charge. 

8.  Movements  of  the  Union  Troops — Scarcely   any 
offensive  movements  were  made  by  the  national  troops  pre 
vious  to  the  24th  of  May,  when  General   Scott,  the  com 
mander  of   the  Union  army,   sent  a  force  into  Virginia, 
which  occupied  Arlington  Heights  and  Alexandria.     Gen 
eral  Butler  also  ordered  a  movement  from  Fortress  Monroe 
against  the  Confederate  works  at  Big  Bethel  ;  but  the  at 
tack  was  repulsed  with  severe  loss,  Major  Winthrop  being 
among  the  killed.      In  West  Virginia  the  Union  forces, 
under  General  McClellan,  gained  several  victories.* 

9.  Position  of  the  Confederate  and  Union  Armies. 
—After  the  secession  of  Virginia,  Richmond  became  the 
capital   of   the    Confederacy  ;    and    its    army,    numbering 
about  one  hundred  thousand  men,  occupied  a  line  through 
Virginia  from   Harper's  Ferry  to  Norfolk.     In  the  mean 
while,  regiment  after  regiment  from  the  Union  States  had 
poured  into  Washington,  till  an  immense  army  had  been 
collected. f     The  troops  were  all  eager  to  defend  the  integ- 

*  The  people-  of  the  western  part  of  Virginia  refused  to  sanction  the  ordinance  of 
secession  adopted  by  the  state.  It  was  accordingly  occupied  by  Confederate  troops  ; 
but  these  were  defeated  by  McClellan  at  Philippi,  Rich  Mountain,  and  Carriers 
Ford.  Subsequently,  another  Confederate  force  was  defeated  by  General  Rosecrans 
at  Carnifex  Ferry.  West  Virginia  was  thus  preserved  to  the  Union,  and  afterwards 
became  a  separate  State. 

t  "By  the  end  of  May  not  less  than  fifty  thousand  men — raw  and  undisciplined,  in- 
deed,  but  mainly  of  the  best  material  for  soldiers — held  the  line  of  the  Potomac,  or 


8.  Movement  by  General  Scott  ?  By  General  Butler  ?  Result  of  the  attack  on  Big 
Bethel  ?  Who  was  killed  ?  What  was  done  in  West  Virginia  ?  9.  What  was  the 
capital  of  the  Confederacy  ?  Position  of  the  Confederate  army  ?  Troops  in  Wash 
ington  ?  Their  character  ? 


248  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1861 

rity  of  the  nation  ;  but,  being  raw  and  inexperienced, 
General  Scott,  who  had  the  chief  command  under  the 
President,  hesitated  to  order  a  general  advance  against 
the  enemy. 

10.  Order  to  Advance  against  Richmond. — The  pub 
lic  mind,  however,  was  greatly  excited,   and  much  impa 
tience  was  expressed  that  no  movement  was  made  to  attack 
the   Confederate   forces,    in   order   to   disperse   them   and 
march  "on  to  Richmond/'  thus  ending  the  war.     Finally, 
therefore,  about  the  middle  of  July,  orders  were  given  to 
General  McDowell,  with  a  large  part  of  the  Union  forces, 
to  attack  the  Confederates,  under  the  command  of  Beaure- 
gard,  at  Manassas  Junction. 

11.  Battle  of  Bull  Run.— On  the  21st  was  fought  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run,   a  desperate  conflict,  in  which  more 
than  forty  thousand  men  were  engaged.     The  advantage, 
at  first,  was  upon  the  side  of  the  Union  army ;  but  the 
Confederates,  being  largely  reinforced,  at  last  prevailed  ; 
and  the  national  troops,  exhausted  and  panic-stricken,  fled 
in  disorder  toward  Washington. 

12.  McClellan  placed  in  Command — This  great  de 
feat  at  first  disheartened  the  Northern  people  ;  but  their 
determination  and  courage  soon  revived.     Congress  voted 
to  raise  more  money  and   men.  -«  The  aged  Scott  retired 
from  the  command  of  the  army,  which  was  conferred  on 
General   McClellan,    who    had    distinguished    himself    so 

guarded  the  approaches  to  the  capital.  And  still,  from  every  side,  the  people  of  the 
loyal  States  were  urging  more  regiments  upon  the  Government,  and  begging  permission 
to  swell  the  ranks  of  the  Union  armies." — Greeley's  American  Conflict. 

10.  Demand  of  the  Northern  people  ?    What  movement  was  ordered?    11.  What 
battle  was  fought  on  the  21st  of  July  ?    Its  result  ?    12.  What  events  followed  it  ? 


1861]  THE  GREAT  CIVIL   WAR  249 

highly  in  West  Virginia.  The  fortifications  around  Wash 
ington  were  strengthened  so  as  to  protect  the  capital  from 
sudden  capture. 

13.  The    War  in   Missouri — The  efforts  of  the  Seces 
sionists  to  take  Missouri  out  of  the  Union  were  frustrated, 
mainly  through  the  prompt  action  of  General  Lyon,  aided 
by  Colonel  Sigel  (se'-gel).     The  former  was  slain  in  an  un 
successful  attack  upon  the  Confederates  at  Wilson's  Creek, 
near   Springfield   (August   10).     General    Fremont,    com 
manding  the  Western  Department,  drove  the  Confederate 
army,  under  Price,  southward   as  far  as  Springfield  ;  but 
he  was  superseded  by  the  authorities  at  Washington,  and 
the  command  given,  at  first,  to  General  Hunter,  and  after 
ward  to  General  Halleck. 

14.  Operations  of  the  Union   Navy. — Meantime,  the 
Union  navy  had  been  increased  from  less  than  fifty  vessels 
to  more  than  two  hundred,  a  large  number  of  which  were 
required  to  blockade  the  Southern  ports.     Two  important 
expeditions  were  sent   to  the  South  in  the  summer  and 
fall  of  1861.     The  former,  under  Commodore  Stringharn 
(string '-am) ,  aided  by  a  military  force  under  General  But 
ler,  captured  the  forts  at  Hatteras  Inlet,  North  Carolina ; 
the  latter,  under  Commodore  Dupont'  and  General  Sher 
man,  took  the  forts  at  Port  Eoyal  entrance,  South  Carolina.* 

*  Blockade-running  was  extensively  carried  on  by  British  vessels,  which  made  Nassau 
and  the  Bermuda  Islands  places  of  refuge  and  shelter.  The  profits  of  this  business  were 
immense,  notwithstanding  the  frequent  capture  of  the  vessels  ;  for  the  war  had  made 
the  products  of  the  South — cotton,  tobacco,  etc. — very  dear  in  Europe,  and  there  was  a 
great  demand  for  European  products  in  that  section. 


13.  How  were  the  Secessionists  foiled  in  Missouri  ?  Where  was  Lyon  slain  ?  What 
was  done  by  Fremont  ?  Who  afterward  took  the  command  ?  14.  Describe  the  opera 
tions  of  the  Union  navy  ? 


250  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1862 

15.  Seizure  of  Mason  and   Slidell — About  the  same 
time,    Captain   Wilkes,    commanding   the    United    States 
frigate  San  Jacinto  (jd-sin'-to),  took   from   the   English 
steamer  Trent  the  Confederate  Commissioners  Mason  and 
Slidell,  who  were  on  their  way  to  Europe  to  obtain  a  recog 
nition  of  the  Confederacy  by  foreign  powers.     This  seizure 
being  contrary  to  the  rights  of  neutral  vessels,  the  Com 
missioners  on  the  demand  of  the  British  government  were 
given  up.* 

16.  Confederate    Privateers. — The   Confederates  fitted 
out  a  number  of  privateers,  of  which  one  of  the  most  suc 
cessful  was  the  steamer  Sumter,  under  Captain  Semmes 
(semz).     This  vessel  succeeded  in  running  the  blockade  at 
New  Orleans  in  June.     After  capturing  a  number  of  ves 
sels,    she   crossed   the   Atlantic,   and   entered  the   Bay  of 
Gibraltar,   where  she  was    overtaken  by  a  United  States 
gunboat.    Not  being  able  to  escape,  she  was  sold.     Semmes 
and  her  crew  then  went  to  England  and  obtained  a  faster 
vessel,  which,  under  the  name  of  the  Alabama,  afterward 
became  famous  for  its  capture  and  destruction  of  American 
ships,  f 

17.  Capture     of   Forts    Henry    and    Donelson. — In 
February,  1862,   Commodore   (afterward   Admiral)  Foote, 

*  A  feeling  of  indignation  existed  in  the  North  against  Great  Britain  for  having,  in 
May,  1861,  recognized  the  Confederacy  as  a  belligerent  power,  setting  an  example 
which  France  and  other  European  powers  soon  followed.  The  prompt  surrender, 
however,  of  these  Commissioners,  was  an  act  of  prudence  ;  for,  had  war  ensued  with 
Great  Britain,  it  would  have  greatly  aided  the  secession  cause. 

t  This  vessel  was  finally,  in  June,  1864,  met  by  the  United  States  frigate  Kearsarge 
(ke'-ar-sarge),  Captain  Winslow,  and,  after  a  short  contest,  was  sunk. 


15.  What  was  done  by  Captain  Wilkes  ?    Why  were  the  Commissioners  given  up  ? 

16.  What  is  said  of  the  privateer  Sumter  ?    What  other  vessel  did  Semmes  obtain  1 

17.  How  were  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson  taken  ?    What  was  the  result  1 


1862]  THE  GREAT  CIVIL   WAR  251 

commanding  a  fleet  of  gunboats,  sailed  up  the  Tennessee, 
and  took  Fort  Henry.  A  few  days  later,  General  Grant,* 
with  the  aid  of  Footers  gunboats,  captured  Fort  Donelson, 
on  the  Cumberland  River,  taking  about  ten  thousand  pris 
oners.  The  taking  of  these  forts  caused  the  evacuation  of 
Columbus,  on  the  Mississippi,  and  of  Nashville,  the  capital 
of  Tennessee,  f 

18.  Capture    of  Confederate    Posts  on   the    Missis 
sippi. — Foote,  with   his   gunboats,  descended  the  Missis 
sippi,  and  with  the  aid  of  General  Pope,  captured  Island 
No.   10,    one  of   the  strongest   of  the    Confederate   posts. 
Memphis  was  taken  a  short  time  after,   the   Confederate 
fleet     of     gunboats    having    been    defeated     and     partly 
destroyed.     The  successes  of  the  Union  fleet  were  stopped 
at  Vicksburg,  which  was  very  strongly  fortified. 

19.  Battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing. — General  Grant,  after 
the  victory  at  Fort  Donelson,  proceeded  up  the  Tennessee 
as  far  as  Shiloh,  near  Pittsburg  Landing,  where,  on  the  6th 
of  April,  he  was  attacked  by  a  large  force  under  General  A. 
S.  Johnston.     The  Union  troops  were  driven  to  the  river, 
and  saved  from   destruction  only  by  the  gunboats  ;    but 
Johnston  was  killed.    The  next  day,  reinforcements  having 

*  General  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  had  served  in  the  Mexican 
War  ;  but  at  the  commencement  of  the  Civil  War  was  concerned  in  a  tannery  in  Galena, 
Illinois.  He  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Union  forces  at  Cairo  ;  and  on  November 
10th,  1861,  attacked  and  destroyed  the  Confederate  camp  at  Belmont. 

t  Generals  Floyd  and  Pillow,  when  they  found  that  Fort  Donelson  could  no  longer 
be  held,  fled  up  the  river  in  a  steamboat.  When  General  Buckner,  the  next  morning, 
asked  Grant  for  an  armistice  to  arrange  a  capitulation,  the  latter  replied  :  "No  terms 
but  unconditional  surrender  can  be  accepted.  I  propose  to  move  immediately  upon 
your  works.11  This  led  to  the  title  U(nconditional)  S(urrender)  Grant. 


18.  What  successes  on  the  Mississippi  ?    10.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Pitts 
burg  Landing.    Who  took  the  command  ? 


252 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


Map  Questions.— Where  is  Port  Hudson  ?  Baton  Rouge  ?  Natchez  ?  Vicksburg  ? 
Memphis  ?  Fort  Pillow  ?  Island  No.  10  ?  Paducah  ?  Bowling  Green  ?  Fort  Donel- 
eon  ?  Fort  Henry  ?  Arkansas  Post  ?  Shreveport  ?  Pea  Ridge  ?  Springfield  ?  Cor 
inth  ?  New  Orleans?  Port  Gibson  ?  Huntsville? 


1862] 


THE  GREAT  CIVIL    WAR 


253 


arrived,  the  Confederates,  commanded  by  Beauregard,  were 
driven  from  their  position,  and  retreated  southward.  Gen 
eral  Halleck  arrived  soon  after,  and  took  command  of 
Grant's  victorious  army. 

20.  Taking  of  New  Orleans. — In  Louisiana  the  Union 
cause  met  with  a  success  of  great  importance.  This  was  the 
capture  of   New  Orleans, 

on  the  25th  of  April.  The 
Union  fleet,  commanded 
hy  Farragut  and  Porter, 
ascended  the  Mississippi 
in  defiance  of  the  forts, 
which  they  bombarded  and 
passed.*  After  reaching 
the  city,  General  Butler 
took  formal  possession  of 
it,  and  placed  it  under 
martial  law. 

21.  Naval  Operations 
on  the  Atlantic   Coast. 

— Important  successes,  meanwhile,  attended  the  efforts 
of  the  Unionists  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  A  land  and  naval 


*  Two  strong  forts,  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  built  by  the  United  States,  were  held  by 
the  Confederates.  These  were  situated  on  opposite  sides  of  the  river,  about  seventy- 
five  miles  below  the  city.  An  immense  chain  had  also  been  stretched  across  the  river 
under  the  guns  of  the  forts,  which  was  guarded  also  by  a  strong  fleet,  including  a  large 
iron-clad  steamer,  and  a  formidable  steam  ram,  called  the  Manassas.  All  these  obsta 
cles  were  overcome  with  the  greatest  skill  and  gallantry.  Vessels  were  sent  under 
cover  of  a  dark  night  to  cut  the  chain  ;  the  Union  vessels  engaged  and  destroyed  the 
Confederate  fleet,  and  pushed  on  to  New  Orleans.  The  Confederate  troops,  after  de 
stroying  vast  quantities  of  supplies,  cotton,  etc.,  abandoned  the  city. 


AUMIKAL    FAKKAGUT 


20.  Give  an  account  of  the  taking  of  New  Orleans  ?    What  general  took  possession 
of  it  ?    21,  What  naval  operations  on  the  Atlantic  coast  ? 


254 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1862 


expedition,  under  General  Burnside  and  Commodore  Golds- 
borough,  took  Roanoke  Island,  February  8th.  This  success 
was  followed  by  the  destruction  of  a  Confederate  flotilla  at 
Elizabeth  City,  and  the  capture  of  that  place.  Burnside 
also  gained  a  victory  at  Newbern  ;  and  an  expedition,  fitted 
out  at  Port  Royal,  took  Fort  Pulaski. 


FIGHT   BETWEEN   THE    MERRIMAC   AND   THE   MONITOR 

22.  Attack  of  the  Merrimac — The  Merrimac,*  one  of 
the  vessels  which  had  been  sunk  at  Norfolk  by  the  Union 
commander  there,  when  the  place  was  taken  by  the  Con 
federates,  was  subsequently  raised,  cut  down  almost  to  the 

*  This  was  one  of  the  finest  vessels  of  the  American  navy.  She  was  nearly  three 
hundred  feet  long,  and  more  than  fifty  feet  wide.  As  altered  by  the  Confederates,  she 
became  a  vast  floating  iron-clad  battery,  impenetrable  by  any  gnns  then  in  use. 


22.  Give  an  account  of  the  attack  of  the  Merrimac  ? 


1862]  TEE  GREAT  CIVIL    WAR  255 

water's  edge,  and  covered  with  a  thick  plating  of  iron.  A 
new  name  was  then  given  to  her — the  Virginia,  This  ves 
sel,  on  the  8th  of  March,  steamed  out  from  Norfolk  and 
destroyed  the  Federal  ships  of  war  Cumberland  and  Con 
gress,  which,  unprepared  for  an  encounter  with  such  a  ves 
sel,  could  make  no  effectual  resistance. 

23.  Fight  between  the  Merrimac  and  the  Monitor. 
— Only  the  coming  on  of  night  had  prevented  the  destruc 
tion  of  the  other  national  vessels,  and  it  was  anticipated 
that  on  the  next  day  the  iron-clad  monster  would  complete 
her  work.  During  the  night,  however,  a  newly-invented 
floating  battery,  called  the  Monitor,*  arrived  from  New 
York.  This  vessel  was  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Worden. 
When,  therefore,  the  Merrimac  steamed  out  the  next  day, 
she  met  with  a  very  different  reception.  Iron-clad  against 
iron-clad,  the  battle  raged  long  and  fiercely  ;  but  at  last  the 
Merrimac,  being  too  much  disabled  to  continue  the  fight, 
retreated  to  Norfolk.  The  Monitor  was  only  slightly  dam 
aged,  and  no  one  on  board  was  seriously  injured  except  her 
brave  commander.! 

*  This  vessel  was  designed  and  built  at  New  York  by  Captain  Ericsspn.  She  was 
about  one  hundred  and  seventy  feet  long,  and  as,  owing  to  the  great  weight  of  iron  on 
her  surface,  she  projected  but  slightly  above  the  water,  she  looked  like  a  raft  bearing 
a  round  turret  about  twenty  feet  in  diameter  and  nine  feet  high.  "A  cheese-box  on  a 
raft !  "  was  the  exclamation  of  some  who  first  saw  her.  She  was  covered  with  nine- 
inch  plates  of  iron,  and  her  turret  bore  two  heavy  eleven-inch  guns.  She  was  worked 
by  a  steam-engine  entirely  protected  from  the  enemy's  shot.  When  the  plan  of  the 
Monitor  was  proposed,  it  met  with  derision  from  the  officials  ;  but  this  remarkable 
and  timely  victory  made  this  kind  of  vessel  very  popular.  Several  others  were  sub 
sequently  built  and  did  most  important  service. 

t  As  he  was  looking  out  of  the  pilot-house  through  an  eye-hole,  a  shell  exploded 
against  the  house  in  front  of  the  hole,  driving  the  powder  into  his  face  and  eyes  with 
so  much  force  as  to  render  him  blind  and  helpless.  It  was  many  months  before  he 
was  able  to  resume  active  service. 


23.  Of  the  fight  between  the  Merrimac  and  the  Monitor. 


256  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1862 

24.  Movement   of  McClellan    against   Richmond. — 
In  the   mean  time,  a  vast  army  had  been  collected  near 
Washington  under  McClellan,  the  object  of  which  was  to 
take  the  Confederate  capital,  Richmond.     Early  in  March, 
1862,  an  advance  was  ordered  ;   and  McClellan  embarked 
his  troops  for  Fortress  Monroe,  whence,  April  4th,  he  com 
menced  his  march  up  the  peninsula  between  the  York  and 
James  Rivers. 

25.  Battle   of  Williamsburg — Taking  of  Norfolk.— 
Compelling  the  Southern  troops  to  retreat  from  Yorktown, 
after  a  month's  siege,  McClellan  gained  a  victory  at  Wil 
liamsburg,  May  5th  ;    and  then  pushed  on  to  within  seven 
miles  of  Richmond.     Meanwhile,  General  Wool,  proceed 
ing  from  Fortress  Monroe,  took  possession  of  Norfolk,  in 
consequence  of   which    the    Confederates   destroyed   their 
famous  iron-clad,  the  Merrimac,  or  Virginia. 

26.  Battle  of  Fair  Oaks.— At  Fair  Oaks,  McClellan's 
army  was  attacked  on  the  31st  of  May,  and  a  bloody  but 
indecisive  battle  ensued,  lasting  nearly  two  days.     General 
Joseph  E.  Johnston,  the  Confederate  general -in-chief,  hav 
ing  been  severely  wounded,  was  relieved  from  duty,  and 
General  Robert  E.  Lee  appointed  »to  the  command.     Gen 
eral  T.  J.  (Stonewall)  Jackson,*  having  defeated  or  eluded 
the  Union  armies  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  joined  Lee, 


*  "  The  appellation  Stonewall  owed  its  origin  to  a  remark  of  General  Bee,  just  before 
he  fell  at  the  battle  of  Manassas,  on  the  21st  of  July,  1861.  While  rallying  his  men, 
he  said,  'There  is  Jackson,  standing  like  a  stone  wall.' " 


24.  What  movement  was  made  by  McClellan  ?  25.  What  battle  was  fought  on  the 
Peninsula  ?  What  city  was  taken  ?  26,  What  battle  was  fought  on  the  31st  of  May  ? 
What  followed  ? 


1862] 


THE  GREAT  CIVIL   WAR  257 


and  by  a  rapid  movement  threatened  the  communications 
of  McClellan's  army. 

27.  The    Seven    Days'    Battles.— Believing   that   the 
forces  at  his  disposal  were  not  sufficient  to  protect  his  lines, 
McClellan  transferred  his  base  of  operations  to  the  James 
River.     While  effecting  this  movement,  he  was  attacked  by 
the  Confederates,  and  a  series  of  destructive  battles  ensued, 
which  continued  during  seven  days  (June  25-July  1).     In 
the  last  of  these  engagements  at   Malvern  Hill,   Lee  was 
repulsed,  and  McClellan  was  thus  enabled  to  retire  to  Har 
rison's   Landing,    on    the   James    River.     The    Peninsular 
campaign  thus  proved  a  failure. 

28.  The  Army  of  Virginia — An  army  was  then  organ 
ized  by  the  President,   called  the  army  of  Virginia,  and 
General  Pope  was  called  from  the  West  to  take  command 
of  it.     The  remnant  of  McClellaii's  army  was  recalled  to 
join  this  army  under  its  new  commander,  who  proposed  to 
march  on  Richmond  by  a  new  route. 

29.  Second    Battle  of  Bull  Run. — Relieved   from  the 
task  of  defending  their  capital  against  McClellan's  troops, 
the  Confederates  now  moved  toward  Washington.     Jack 
son,  commanding  the  advance,   attacked  the  force  under 
General    Banks    at    Cedar   Mountain,    and    compelled   its 
retreat.     The  main  army,   under    Pope,    met  with   a  dis 
astrous  defeat  at  Bull  Run  ;   and  Lee,  taking  advantage  of 
his  victory,  crossed  the  Potomac  into  Maryland. 

30.  Battles  of  South  Mountain  and  Antietam — Mean- 

27.  What  battles  were  fought  in  June  and  July  ?  The  result  ?  28.  What  army  was 
organized  ?  Who  was  appointed  to  the  command  ?  29.  Give  an  account  of  the 
second  battle  of  Bull  Run.  Its  result  ?  30.  What  battles  were  fought  in  Maryland  ? 
Their  result  ?  Who  was  appointed  to  succeed  McClellan  ? 

17 


258  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1863 

while,  McClellan  had  been  recalled  from  the  James,  and 
had  again  been  entrusted  with  the  command  of  the  army. 
He  checked  Lee's  invading  army  at  South  Mountain  (Sep 
tember  14th),  and  a  few  days  afterward  defeated  Lee  in  the 
great  battle  of  Antietam  (an-te'-tam),  after  which  the  Con 
federates  retreated  across  the  Potomac  into  Virginia.  But 
McClellan,  with  his  customary  delay,  remained  in  Maryland 
till  October ;  and  the  President,  dissatisfied  at  his  inaction, 
appointed  General  Burnside  in  his  stead. 

31.  Battle   of  Fredericksburg.— Under   its   new   com 
mander,  the  army  advanced  to  Fredericksburg,  which  was 
taken  ;  but  in  an  attempt  to  storm  the  Confederate  works, 
on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  t*he  Union  forces  were  re 
pulsed  with  terrible  slaughter  (December  13).     This  put  a 
stop,  for  a  time,  to  all  attempts  to  take  Richmond. 

32.  Battle  of  Murfreesboro'.— While  Lee  was  invading 
Maryland,  a  large  Confederate  force,  under  General  Bragg, 
advanced  into  Kentucky,  with  the  design  of  making  it  a 
Confederate  State,  as  many  of  its  inhabitants  desired.     On 
the  31st  of  December,    General  Rosecrans,*  with  a  large 
army,  met  the  Confederates  at  Stone  River,  near  Murfrees 
boro'.     The   battle    lasted    during    the   day   without   any 
decided  result  ;  and  on  the  2d  of  January  it  was  resumed 
by  Bragg,  but  he  was  signally  defeated,  and  compelled  to 
retreat. 


*  General  Rosecrans  had  just  won  a  victory  at  Corinth  in  Mississippi,  where,  with  a 
considerably  inferior  force  he  repulsed  an  attack  by  Generals  Van  Dorn  and  Price  with 
an  army  of  nearly  forty  thousand  men.  Corinth,  after  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  became  a 
Union  post,  and  large  stores  had  been  collected  there. 


31.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg.    32.  Of  the  battle  of  Mur 
freesboro'. 


1863] 


THE  GREAT  CIVIL    WAR 


259 


33.  Battle   of  Chancellorsville. — Burnside  having,   at 
his   own   request,  been  relieved  of   the  command  of   the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  General  Hooker  *  was  appointed  in 
his   place.     The   army,    being   thoroughly  reinforced  and 
put  in  excellent  con 
dition,  advanced   in 

April,  and  crossed 
the  Rappahannock. 
At  Chancellorsville, 
it  encountered  the 
Confederate  army, 
under  Lee,  and  after 
a  terrific  battle,  was 
defeated  with  heavy 
loss  (May  3d  and 
3d).f  Hooker,  find 
ing  his  advance 
effectually  checked, 
recrossed  the  river. 

34.  Invasion  of  the  North  by  Lee. — Lee,  encouraged 
by  his  success,  now  began  a  movement  northward,  and  in 
vaded   Maryland   and   Pennsylvania.     The   minds   of    the 
Northern   people,   were  greatly  alarmed,  for  a  large  and 
splendid  army  had  just  been  driven  back,  seeming  to  be 

*  General  Joseph  Hooker  had  gained  a  splendid  reputation  for  courage  and  skill  in 
the  previous  campaign  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  Hence  the  name  sometimes  ap 
plied  to  him  of  '^-Fighting  Joe." 

t  The  Confederates,  at  this  time,  lost  one  of  their  ablest  generals— Stonewall  Jackson 
—who  was  wounded  during  a  night  attack,  it  is  said  by  the  fire  of  his  own  men,  mis 
taking  his  party  for  a  corps  of  the  enemy.  He  was  wounded  on  the  2d  of  May,  and 
died  on  the  10th. 

33.  Of  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville.  34.  What  movement  did  Lee.  undertake  ? 
Its  effect  at  the  North  ?  What  was  done  ? 


ROBERT   E.   LEE 


260  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1863 

powerless  to  repel  the  invaders.  Hooker  was  removed, 
and  General  Meade  appointed  to  the  command.  Militia 
forces  were  hurried  to  the  seat  of  war,  for  the  Confederate 
general,  it  was  said,  had  scornfully  boasted  that  he  would 
water  his  horses  at  the  Delaware  and  the  Hudson,  and 
dictate  terms  of  peace  at  Philadelphia  or  New  York. 

35.  Battle    of  Gettysburg.— The   Union  forces  finally 
made  a   stand    at    Gettysburg,   a   place    well    selected    for 
defense;  and  on  the  1st,  ;>d,  and  3d  of  July,  one  of  the 
most    terrific    battles  of  the   war  was  fought.     Day  after 
day,-  Lee  advanced  his   veterans  against  the  lines  of  the 
Unionists ;   but   all    in    vain,   and   at   last,   after   losing  a 
third   of   his  grand   army,   he  was   compelled    to    retreat. 
This  was  probably  the    most  important   and    decisive   en 
gagement  of  the  war.* 

36.  Opening   of  the    Mississippi.— It    was    the    chief 
object  of    General    Grant,   who   commanded   the    national 
forces  in  the  Southwest,  to  open  the  Mississippi,  which  was 
effectually  closed  by  the  fortifications  of  Vicksburg,  and, 
further  south,  by  those  of  Port   Hudson.     By  a  series  of 
skillful  movements,   Grant  seized  a  position  suitable  for 
operations,  and  defeated  in  the  open  field  the  Confederate 
generals    Pernberton   and    Johnston,    finally   shutting   up 
Pernberton   and    his   army  within   the    intrenchments    of 

*  "The  Federal  loss  was  about  twenty  thousand  ;  that  of  the  Confederates  was,  in 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  not  less  than  thirty  thousand,  a  loss  which  they  were  ill 
able  to  repair.'1— .4.  H.  Stephens.  Meade  reported  his  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing,  at  twenty-three  thousand,  one  hundred  and  eighty-six. 

35.  Describe  the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  What  was  its  result  ?  36.  Where  was  the 
Mississippi  closed?  How  was  Vicksburg  taken?  When?  Port  Hudson?  The 
effect  ? 


1863]  THE  GREAT  CIVIL    WAR  261 

Vicksburg,  which,  after  a  long  siege,  surrendered  on  the 
4th  of  July,  1863.*  The  Confederates,  on  learning  the 
fate  of  Vicksburg,  also  surrendered  Port  Hudson  f  (July 
9th),  and  thus  the  Mississippi  was  opened,  and  the  Confed 
eracy  cut  in  twain. 

37.  Battle  of  Chickamauga. — After  the  battle  of  Mur- 
freesboro',  the  forces  of  Rosecrans  and    Bragg   remained 
inactive  till  June.     Then  Rosecrans  advanced,  compelled 
Bragg  to  retreat,  and,  by  threatening  his  communications, 
forced  him  (September  8)  to  evacuate  Chattanooga.     Mean 
while,  Lee,  having  reached  a  secure  position  on  the  Rapidan, 
in  Virginia,   hurried  reinforcements  to   Bragg,   and  thus 
enabled  him  to  turn  on  his  pursuers.     The  two  armies  met 
near  Chickamauga  Creek,  and  a  battle  of  two  days  ensued 
(September  19  and  20),  the  result  of  which  was,  that  the 
Federal    army    was    partially    routed,    being   only    saved 
from  destruction  by  the  determined   heroism   of  G.eneral 
Thomas.  J 

38.  Battle  of  Chattanooga.  —  Driven   behind   the  in- 

*  The  Confederates  lost,  by  this  surrender,  two  hundred  guns  and  an  army  of  thirty 
thousand  men,  who  were  released  on  parole.  Lee's  invasion  of  Maryland  and  Penn 
sylvania  was  partly  intended  to  relieve  this  place  by  drawing  off  some  of  the  besieging 
force  ;  but  Grant  held  on  with  his  characteristic  tenacity,  till  he  had  accomplished  his 
object.  Scarcely  ever  have  the  inhabitants  of  a  besieged  city  suffered  more  dreadful 
hardships  than  did  the  wretched  people  of  Vicksburg  during  the  relentless  bombard 
ment  to  which  it  was  subjected,  compelled  to  burrow  in  cellars  and  caves,  to  escape 
the  fury  of  the  iron  storm,  which,  day  after  day,  poured  upon  them.  The  garrison, 
too,  suffered  terribly  from  the  Union  sharp-shooters.  A  hat  held  above  the  works  was 
pierced  almost  instantly  with  fifteen  rifle-balls. 

t  It  had  been  besieged  for  several  months  by  Banks,  and  the  surrender  was  made  to 
that  general. 

\  It  was  here  that  this  heroic  general  won  the  title  which  was  afterwards  conferred 
upon  him— the  "Rock  of  Chickamauga.'1 


37.  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  ?    Its  result  ?    38.  The  battle  of  Chat 
tanooga  ? 


262  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  [1863 

trench  merits  of  Chattanooga,  with  the  Confederates  holding 
the  surrounding  hills,  and  cut  off  from  escape,  the  position 
of  the  Union  forces  was  critical  indeed.  Reinforcements 
under  Hooker  were  rushed  by  rail  to  their  aid,  and  Grant 
assumed  the  command.  The  battle  of  Chattanooga  soon 
followed,  and  after  three  days'  desperate  fighting,  Bragg 
was  driven  into  Georgia  (November  25).* 

39 — About  the  same  time  the  Confederate  forces  under 
Longstreet  were  repulsed  by  Burnside,  at  Knoxville.  A 
bold  raid  was  made  into  Indiana  and  Ohio  by  the  partisan 
ranger  Morgan  ;  but  he  was  pursued  day  and  night  for  a 
distance  of  nearly  seven  hundred  miles,  and  his  band  were 
killed,  captured,  or  scattered.  Morgan  himself  was  taken 
prisoner. 

40.  Draft  Riot  in  New  York.— In  order  to  obtain  the 
necessary  recruits  for  the  army,  the  President  having 
called  for  three  hundred  thousand  m-ore  men,  it  was  found 
requisite  to  resort  to  a  draft.  This  excited  great  opposi 
tion  ;  and,  in  New  York,  a  riot  broke  out  on  the  13th  of 
July,  which  lasted  four  days,  and  was  only  put  down  by 
the  most  determined  efforts  of  the  police  and  the  military. 
Many  buildings  were  sacked  and  burned,  and  a  large 
number  of  persons  killed.  The  colored  population  of  the 


*  The  attack  on  the  Confederate  army  on  Missionary  Ridge  and  Lookout  Mountain 
was  one  of  the  bravest  exploits  of  the  war.  The  Union  soldiers  marched  up  the 
ascent,  storming  ridge  after  ridge,  and  entrenching  themselves  at  every  point  gained, 
till  they  had  reached  the  heights  above  Chattanooga.  Bragg's  army  was  completely 
routed  ;  and  he  was  soon  after  relieved  of  his  command,  being  succeeded  by  General 
Joseph  E.  Johnston. 


39.  Other  operations  ?    Give  an  account  of  Morgan's  raid.     40.  Describe  the  draft 
riot  in  New  York. 


1863]  TEE  GREAT  CIVIL    WAR  263 

city,  being  an  object  of  particular  hatred  to  the  rioters, 
suffered  severely. 

41.  Admission  of  West  Virginia. — The  people  in  the 
western  counties  of  Virginia  were, 

from  the  beginning  of  the  war,  en 
tirely  opposed  to  secession.  They 
refused,  therefore,  to  obey  the  ordi 
nance  passed  by  the  State  legisla 
ture,  and  took  early  measures  to 
effect  a  separation  from  the  old 
State,  and  obtain  admission  as  a 

SEAL   OF    WEST    VIlUilNIA 

State    into    the   Union.     This   was 

accomplished  in  1863,  the  State  being  admitted  under  the 

name  of  West  Virginia. 

42.  Rearrangement  of  the  Army. — All  eyes  were  now 
turned  on   Grant,  as  the  best  and  most  successful  of  the 
Union  generals  ;  and  the  President  conferred  on  him  the 
command  of  all  the  forces  of  the  United  States,  under  the 
title  of  Lieutenant-General.*     Sherman  assumed  the  com 
mand    of   the    army  at  Chattanooga,  while  Meade,  under 
Grant,  commanded  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.     Both  these 
armies  were  to  act  in  concert,  moving  at  the  same  time, 
the  one  against  Atlanta,!  and  the  other  against  Richmond. 

*  An  act  of  Congress  was  passed  in  February,  1864,  providing  for  the  appointment  of 
a  Lieutenant-General  to  command  all  the  armies  of  the  Union,  an  honor  which  had 
never  previously  been  conferred  on  any  other  than  Washington  and  Scott.  President 
Lincoln  immediately  nominated  General  Grant  for  the  office,  and  the  nomination  was 
confirmed  on  the  3d  of  March. 

t  Atlanta  was  a  great  railroad  center,  and  had  immense  magazines,  workshops,  and 
stores,  all  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  Confederate  government.  Hence  this  city 
became  one  of  the  chief  objective  points  of  the  war  at  this  time. 


41.  What  State  was  admitted  in  1863  ?    42.  What  change  in  the  army  commanders  ? 
What  were  the  objective  points  ? 


264 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1864 


43.  Red  River  Expedition. — About  the  same  time,  an 
expedition  against  Shreveport,  Louisiana,  under  the  com 
mand  of  General  Banks,  aided  by  Porter's  fleet,  met  with  a 
series  of  disasters,  which  caused  its  entire  failure.  The 


vessels,  in  consequence  of  a 
fall  in  the  Red  River,  were 
saved  from  capture  and  de 
struction  only  by  the  construction  of  a  dam  across  the 
river,  by  means  of  which  the  boats  were  enabled  to  go  over 
the  falls.*  The  loss  of  men  and  material,  occasioned  by 
this  failure,  was  very  great  (March  and  April). 


*  In  less  than  nine  days  a  dam  of  timber  and  stone  was  constructed  across  the  river, 
a  little  below  the  falls.  The  width  of  the  river  at  that  point  was  758  feet,  its  depth  4  to 
6  feet,  and  the  rapidity  of  the  current  10  miles  an  hour.  By  the  dam,  the  depth  was 
increased  over  5  feet,  making  the  stream  passable  for  the  largest  vessels.  It  was  a 
perilous  descent,  however.  The  first  gunboat  that  tried  it  "took  the  chute  without  a 
balk,  and  then  rushed  like  an  arrow  through  the  narrow  aperture  in  the  lower  dam  ; 


1864]  THE  GREAT  CIVIL    WAR  265 

44.  Massacre  at  Fort  Pillow — The  absence  of  troops 
to  aid  Banks  in  the  Red  River  expedition,   induced  the 
Confederates,  under  General  Forrest,  to  make  a  raid  into 
the  western  part  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky.     Union  City 
was  captured.     An  attack  upon  Fort  Pillow  (April  12th) 
was  bravely  resisted  ;  but,  at  last,  the  place  was  carried  by 
assault,  and  three  hundred  of  its  defenders,  mostly  colored 
troops,  were  massacred. 

45.  Capture    of    Atlanta. — Sherman    moved    against 
Johnston  in  May,  and  by  outflanking  him  with  his  larger 
force,  drove  him  from  one  position  after  another,  till,  in 
July,  he  had  nearly  reached  Atlanta.     The    Confederate 
government    becoming    dissatisfied    with  Johnston's   con 
tinual   retreats,    then   put    General    Hood    in    command. 
This  general,  however,  met  with  still  greater  disaster.     His 
determined  assaults   upon  the  Union  army  were  repulsed 
with  heavy  loss  ;  and,  at  last,  when  Sherman  began  to  sur 
round  Atlanta,  and  had  again  defeated  a  large  division  of 
his  army,  he  abandoned  the  city  (Sept.  2). 

46.  Battle  of  Nashville. — Sherman,  finding  that  Hood 
had  gone  northward,  with  the  design  of  destroying  the  com 
munications  of  the  Union  army,  instead  of  pursuing  him, 
sent  Thomas  to  defend  Tennessee,  while  he,  himself,  re 
solved  to  march  through  Georgia  to  the  coast.     At  Nash- 

pitched  down  the  roaring  torrent ;  hung  for  a  moment  on  the  rocks  below  ;  and  was 
then  swept  on  into  deep  water."  All  passed  with  but  little  damage,  and  the  loss  of  but 
one  man,  who  was  swept  overboard.  This  device  was  suggested  by  Colonel  Bailey, 
formerly  a  Wisconsin  lumberman. 


44.  What  raid  was  made  ?  What  massacre  occurred  ?  45.  How  did  Sherman 
reach  Atlanta  ?  Who  was  appointed  in  Johnston's  place  ?  What  was  the  result  of 
his  attacks  ?  When  and  why  was  the  city  abandoned  by  Hood  ?  46.  What  course 
did  Sherman  take  ?  Who  was  sent  to  Tennessee  ?  When  and  where  was  Ilooff  defeated  ? 


266 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          [1864 


ville,  Hood's  army  was  defeated  and  nearly  destroyed  by 
Thomas  in  a  terrific  battle  of  two  days  (Dec.  15,  16). 

47.  Sherman's 
March  to  the 
Coast. —  Breaking 
away  entirely  from 
his  northern  com 
munications,  Sher 
man,  on  the  15th 
of  November,  com 
menced  his  ever 
memorable  march 
to  the  sea -coast. 
Passing  through 
Georgia  and  living 
upon  the  country 
as  he  advanced,  he 
successively  occupied  the  State  capital  and  other  large 
towns,  until,  he  reached  Fort  McAllister,*  which  he  carried 
by  assault,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  21st  of  December,  he 
entered  Savannah,  wrhere  he  captured  immense  stores  and 
one  hundred  and  fifty  guns,  besides  twenty-five  thousand 
bales  of  cotton,  f 

*  In  five  weeks,  the  army,  protected  by  the  cavalry  under  Kilpatrick,  marched  more 
than  three  hundred  miles.  During  this  time,  Sherman  and  his  troops  were  unheard  of 
at  the  North,  and  great  anxiety  was  felt  on  their  account.  The  first  news  of  the  suc 
cess  and  safety  of  Sherman's  army  was  brought  by  scouts  who  left  it  as  it  was  ap 
proaching  Savannah.  Hiding  in  the  rice  swamps  by  day,  and  paddling  down  the  river 
at  night,  they  succeeded  in  passing  Fort  McAllister,  and  were  picked  up  by  the  Union 
gunboats. 

t  Sherman  presented  these  products  of  his  victory  to  President  Lincoln,  as  a 
"  Christmas  present  to  the  nation.1' 

47.  Describe  Sherman's  march  to  the  coast.  What  fort  was  taken  ?  When  was 
Savannah  entered  ?  What  was  captured  ? 


GENERAL   SHERMAN 


1864]  THE  GREAT  CIVIL    WAR  26? 

48.  Campaign  in  Virginia. — The  campaign  in  Virginia 
was  planned  by  Grant,  and  conducted  by  him  in  person, 
Meade  having  the  subordinate  command  of  the  army.     On 
the  4th  of  May,  the  army  crossed  the  Eapidan;  and  on  the 
following  day  Grant  encountered  Lee  in  a  terrific  contest, 
known  as  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  which  raged  for  two 
days.     Grant,  with  his  large  army,  was  enabled  to  outflank 
the  Confederates,  who  retreated   and  took  up  successively 
positions  at  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  North  Anna,  and 
Cold  Harbor,  at  each  of  which  a  terrible  battle  was  fought, 
without   any  decisive   result.*     In  this   series  of   battles, 
Grant  lost,  probably,  sixty  thousand  men. 

49.  Siege    of    Petersburg. — Bntler,    co-operating   with 
Meade,  sailed  from  Fortress  Monroe,  and  secured  a  position 
on  the  south  side  of  the  James  ;  and  on  the  14th  of  June 
Grant  transferred  his  army  to  that  side  of  the  river,  where 
the  troops  were  confronted  by  the  strong  fortifications  of 
Petersburg,  which,  in  spite  of  every  effort  of  the  Union 
general,  were  held  by  the  Confederates  till  the  following 
spring. 

50.  Operations    in   the    Shenandoah    Valley — Third 
Invasion  of  the  North. — In  the  mean  time,  the  Shenan- 


*  After  the  battle  at  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  Grant  sent  a  dispatch  to  the  War 
Department,  in  which  he  said,  "We  have  now  (May  11)  ended  the  sixth  day  of  very 
heavy  fighting.  The  result,  to  this  time,  is  much  in  our  favor.  Our  losses  have  been 
heavy,  as  well  as  those  of  the  enemy.  7  propose  to  fight  it  out  on  this  line,  if  it  takes 
all  summer.'''' 

48.  Who  planned  the  Virginia  campaign  ?  When  did  Grant  set  out  ?  What  bat 
tles  were  fought  ?  The  result  ?  What  was  Grant's  loss  ?  49.  Where  was  the  army 
transferred  ?  Where  did  the  Confederates  make  a  stand  ?  How  long  was  Petersburg 
held  ?  50.  Where  had  there  been  constant  warfare  ?  Who  was  sent  to  invade  Mary 
land  ?  What  was  done  by  Early  ?  How  far  did  the  invaders  go  ?  What  obliged  them 
to  retreat  ? 


268  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1864 

doah  Valley  had  been  the  scene  of  almost  constant  warfare. 
Lee,  after  reaching  his  strong  position  at  Petersburg,  de 
tached  a  considerable  force  under  General  Early  to  invade 
Maryland.  Passing  down  the  Valley,  he  defeated  the 
Union  forces,  crossed  the  Potomac,  and  threatened  Wash 
ington  and  Baltimore.  A  body  of  Confederates  advanced 
into  Pennsylvania  and  set  fire  to  Chambersburg,  but  was 
afterward  pursued  and  compelled  to  retreat. 

51.  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley.— Grant  de 
spatched  a  strong  force    under    General    Sheridan  to  the 
Valley  ;  and,  on  the  19th  of  September,  that  officer  attacked 
and  routed  Early  near  Winchester,  and  three  days  after,  at 
Fisher's  Hill,  gained  a  second  victory.     The  next  month, 
during  the  absence  of  Sheridan,  his  army  was  suddenly 
attacked  at  Cedar  Creek,  and  driven  in  disorder  from  its 
position.      Sheridan,    on  his   return,    hearing    the   firing, 
came    up  at  full   speed  as  the  army  was   in   retreat.     He 
at   once   rallied    the   men,  formed  them    in   line,  charged 
the    Confederates,  who    were   plundering   the    camp,    and 
utterly  routed  them.      This  ended   the    campaign    in   the 
Shenandoah. 

52.  Farragut  at   Mobile.— In   July,   a   powerful    fleet, 
under  Admiral  Farragut,   aided   by  a  land  force,  was  sent 
against  Mobile,  the  harbor  of  which  was  strongly  defended 
by  Forts  Morgan  and  Gaines,  as  well  as  a  Confederate  fleet. 
Farragut  successfully  passed  the  forts,  and  gained  a  com 
plete  victory  over  the  fleet.     The  two  forts  were  then  cap- 


51.  Who  was  despatched  to  the  Valley  by  Grant?  What  victories  did  Sheridan 
gain  ?  -What  occurred  at  Cedar  Creek  ?  How  was  the  army  saved  ?  52.  What  was 
done  by  Parragut  in  Mobile  Bay  ? 


270 


HISTORY  OF   THE    UNITED  STATES 


[1865 


PABROTT   GUN 


tured.     This  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  achievements  of 
the  war.* 

53.  Sherman's  Campaign  of  1865 — Sherman,   having 

halted  at  Savannah  only 
long  enough  to  refit  his 
army,  was  again  in  mo 
tion  by  the  first  of  Feb 
ruary.  On  the  17th  he 
captured  Columbia, 
and  thus  compelled  the 
Confederates  to  evacu 
ate  Charleston,  which 
was  immediately  occu 
pied  by  General  Gilmore  (February  18),  who  had  besieged 
it  for  nearly  two  years,  f  Fort  Sumter  was  abandoned  at 
the  same  time,  and  once  more  the  Union  flag  was  raised 
over  the  fort,  now  a  pile  of  ruins. 

54.  Sherman   continued    his  march  northward,  passing 
into  North  Carolina,  where  he  met  and  defeated  a  Confed- 


*  The  cool  heroism  displayed  by  Farragut  in  this  terrific  naval  battle,  was  very  re 
markable.  He  caused  himself  to  be  lashed  to  the  main-top  of  his  flag-ship,  the  Hart 
ford,  in  order  that  he  might  be  able  clearly  to  observe  and  direct  the  movements  of  the 
fleet. 

t  Gilmore  had  obtained  a  position  near  enough  to  bombard  Charleston  with  his 
heavy  guns.  One  of  these,  a  monster  in  size,  called  the  "Swamp  Angel,"  had  done 
considerable  execution.  When  Charleston  was  entered  by  the  Union  forces,  its  con 
dition  was  thus  described  :  "  Not  a  building  for  blocks  here  is  exempt  from  the  marks 
of  shot  and  shell.  All  have  suffered  more  or  less.  Here  is  a  fine  brown-stone  bank 
building,  vacant  and  deserted,  with  great  gaping  holes  in  the  sides  and  roof,  through 
which  the  sun  shines  and  the  rain  pours  ;  windows  and  sashes  blown  out  by  exploding 
shell  within  ;  plastering  knocked  down  ;  counters  torn  up,  floors  crushed  in,  and  frag 
ments  of  Mosaic  pavement,  broken  and  crushed,  lying  around  on  the  floor." 


53.  Describe  Sherman's  march  through  South  Carolina.  When  was  Columbia 
entered  ?  Charleston  ?  Fort  Sumter  ?  54.  What  other  events  in  Sherman's  cam. 
paign  ?  Where  did  he  join  Terry  ?  What  city  wag  taken  in  January  preceding  this  ? 


1865]  TEE   GREAT  CIVIL    WAR  271 

erate  army  under  General  Hardee  (March  16),  and  four 
days  later  gained  a  victory  over  General  Johnston,  who 
withdrew  his  army  to  Raleigh,  leaving  Sherman  to  form  a 
junction  with  Schofield  and  Terry,  the  latter  of  whom,  in 
January,  had  taken  Wilmington. 

55.  Close  of  Grant's   Campaign — Capture    of   Rich 
mond. — On   the   29th  of   March,  the    final   movement  of 
GranVs  forces  was  commenced.     A  force  under  Sheridan 
and  Warren   was  sent   to  attack   the  right  flank  of   Lee's 
army.     This  led  to  the  hattle  of  Five  Forks,  in  which  the 
Confederates  were  defeated  (April  1).     A  general  attack  on 
their  line  followed,  which  was  pierced  at  several  points. 
Lee  at  once  abandoned  Petersburg  and  Richmond,*  which 
were  occupied  by  the  Union  forces  on  the  3d  of  April. 

56.  Surrender  of   Lee    and  Johnston — Close  of  the 
"War. — Lee  retreated  to  the  southwest,  hoping  to  be  able  to 
join  Johnston  in  North  Carolina  ;  but  the  retreating  troops 
were  hotly  pursued  by  Sheridan ;  and  on  the  9th,  Lee,  over 
taken  and  surrounded,  surrendered  to  General  Grant  near 
Appomattox  Court  House,  f      The  surrender  of  Johnston 
soon  followed,  and  the  GREAT  CIVIL  WAR  was  at  an  end. 

*  When  Lee  found  that  his  position  at  Petersburg  could  no  longer  be  held,  he  sent  a 
telegram  to  Davis  in  Richmond,  containing  very  nearly  the  following  words:  "My 
lines  are  broken  in  three  places,  Richmond  must  be  evacuated  this  evening."  This 
occurred  on  Sunday,  April  2d,  and  the  dispatch  reached  Mr.  Davis  while  he  sat  in 
church,  where  it  was  handed  to  him  amid  the  fearful  silence  of  the  congregation.  He 
hurried  out  of  the  church,  and  the  rumor  at  once  sptead  that  the  city  was  to  be 
abandoned. 

t  "  On  this  occasion  Grant  exhibited  the  greatest  magnanimity.  He  declined  to  re 
ceive  the  sword  of  Lee,  and  in  his  capitulation  paroled  him  and  the  less  than  eight 
thousand  Confederates  who  then  and  there  grounded  their  arms."— Alex.  H.  Stephens. 


55.  When  was  Grant's  final  movement  made  ?  What  led  to  the  battle  of  Five 
Forks  ?  Its  result  ?  What  followed  ?  When  were  Petersburg  and  Richmond  occu 
pied  by  the  Union  forces  ?  56.  What  caused  Lee's  surrender  ?  Johnston's  ? 


273  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1865 

57.  Assassination  of  President  Lincoln. — The  joy  of 

the  Northern  people  at  this  triumph  of  the  Union  cause, 
was  soon  and  suddenly  turned  into  mourning.  President 
Lincoln,  re-elected  in  the  Fall  of  1864,  had  entered  on  his 
second  term  on  the  4th  of  March  following.  In  less  than  a 
week  after  Lee's  surrender*  he  was  assassinated  f  in  a  thea 
tre  at  Washington  by  a  person  named  Booth,,  Avho,  sympa 
thizing  with  the  Confederate  cause,  had  become  frenzied 
by  its  failure,  and  fancied  that  in  killing  the  President  he 
was  avenging  the  wrongs  of  his  section. J  Lincoln  died  on 
the  morning  after  lie  was  shot  (April  15). 

58.  General  Remarks  on  the  War. — Probably  no  other 
war,  in  the  history  of  the  world,  called  forth  such   mighty 
efforts  as  were  made  by  both  parties  in  the  great  "Amer 
ican  Conflict  •"  nor  was  any  similar  struggle  ever  waged  on 
so  grand  a  scale,  or  with  so  vast  a  destruction  of  men  and 
material,  especially  in  proportion  to  the  time  of  its  duration 


*  Jefferson  Davis  fled  southward  on  the  abandonment  of  Richmond  ;  but  soon  a 
party  of  cavalry  started  on  his  track.  They  followed  him  through  the  Carolinas  into 
Georgia,  where  they  suddenly  came  upon  his  hiding  place  ;  and,  notwithstanding  an 
attempt  to  escape,  he  was  discovered  and  seized.  He  was  conveyed  a  prisoner  to 
Fortress  Monroe,  where  he  was  kept  in  confinement  until  1867,  when  he  was  released. 

t  As  the  President  sat  in  his  box  in  Ford's  theater,  with  his  wife  and  friends,  the 
assassin  stealthily  approached,  entered  the  box,  and  shot  his  victim  in  the  back  of  the 
head.  Then  leaping  to  the  stage,  he  waved  his  pistol,  and  shouted,  "Sic  semper  ty- 
rannis  !  "  (the  motto  of  Virginia— So  be  it  to  tyrants),  and  rushed  away.  In  jumping, 
however,  his  spur  had  caught  in  the  American  flag  which  draped  the  box,  and  he  fell 
and  broke  his  leg.  He  nevertheless  succeeded  in  his  escape,  and  fled  into  Maryland, 
where  he  was  tracked  to  his  hiding-place,  and  refusing  to  surrender,  was  shot  by  one 
of  the  soldiers. 

%  Another  assassin,  with  similar  feelings  of  revenge,  on  the  same  evening  broke 
into  Secretary  Seward's  chamber,  where  he  was  lying  sick,  and  made  an  almost  fatal 
attack  upon  his  life. 

57.  Give  an  account  of  the  assassination  of  Lincoln.  When  did  his  death  occur  ? 
58.  What  is  said  of  the  magnitude  of  the  war  ?  Its  destructiveness  ?  The  efforts, 
put  forth  on  each  side  ? 


1865] 


THE  GREAT  CIVIL   WAR 


273 


• — about  four  years.  The  perseverance  and  determination 
manifested  by  each  section  were  very  remarkable ;  and, 
considering  that  the  contending  parties  belonged,  in  gen- 


PREPARED   FOR   THE   BATTLE 


eral,  to  the  same  race  and  country,  it  is  not  surprising  that 
splendid  generalship  should  have  been  exhibited  by  the 
officers  of  both  armies. 

59.  Enlistments  and  Losses.— On  the  side  of  the  Na 
tional  government  nearly  two  million,  seven  hundred  thou- 


59.  Number  of  men  enlisted  by  the  Union  government  ?    By  the  Confederate  ? 
Losses  by  death  ?    In  the  aggregate  ? 

18 


274  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1865 

sand  men  were  enlisted  during  the  war,  of  whom  at  least 
one  million  and  a  half  were  actually  and  effectively  engaged 
in  the  service.  The  Confederates,  it  is  said,  could  only 
enlist  about  six  hundred  thousand  men.  The  losses  by 
death,  on  both  sides,  probably  amounted  to  about  six 
hundred  thousand  ;  and,  with  the  wounded  and  disabled, 
did  not  fall  far  short  of  a  million. 

60.  Sanitary  and  Christian  Commissions. — The  efforts 
put  forth  by  the  North  to  sustain  the  Union  cause  were  not 
confined  to   the  government  and  the  army.     The  people 
actively  showed  their  interest  in  the  cause,  and  their  sym 
pathy  with   those  who   had  engaged   in  it.     Associations 
were   formed   to   relieve   the    necessities   of   the    soldiers. 
Food,    clothing,    and    medicine   were   forwarded    in   large 
quantities;   and  women  from  all   ranks  of  society  volun 
teered  to  act  as  nurses  of  the  sick  and  wounded.     Of  all 
the  relief  organizations,  the  Christian  and  Sanitary  Com 
missions,    especially   the   latter,    did    the    most    extensive 
work  ;  and  many  a  Avounded  soldier  owed  his  life  to  the 
far-reaching  hand  of  mercy  stretched  thousands  of  miles  by 
these  noble  associations.* 

61.  Cost  of  the  War. — The  national  debt,  at  the  close 


*  "  The  Sanitary  Commission  was  a  genuine  expression  of  the  spirit  of  the  people. 
It  was  to  America  in  this  century  what  the  orders  of  chivalry  were  to  Europe  in  their 
(]ay_" — Carlyle.  "  From  Maine  to  Oregon  it  had  its  army  of  workers  ;  and  for  every 
soldier  that  the  government  could  put  into  the  field,  there  was  at  least  one  worker  for 
his  support  among  the  million  laborers  enlisted  in  aid  of  the  Commission.  To  the  end 
of  time  the  Sanitary  Commission  will  stand  in  history  as  a  worthy  monument  of  the 
patriotism,  the  humanity,  and  the  religion  of  a  Christian  democracy." — North  Ameri 
can  Beview. 


60.  How  did  the  people  aid  the  government  ?  What  relief  sent  to  the  army  ?  What 
commissions  were  formed  ?  61.  National  debt  at  the  close  of  the  war  ?  How  the 
money  was  raised  ?  The  Confederate  debt  ?  Aggregate  cost  of  the  war  ? 


^v*iV  *&.vi*\o   o 

*** 


1865]  THE  GREAT  CIVIL    WAR  275 

of  the  war,  amounted  to  about  twenty-seven  hundred  mil 
lions  of  dollars.  To  raise  the  enormous  sums  required  to 
carry  on  the  war,  the  Federal  government  had  asked  for 
loans  which  were  freely  granted  ;  the  duties  on  imported 
goods  were  increased  ;  taxes  were  imposed  on  incomes  and 
manufactures  ;  and  revenue  stamps  were  required  for  vari 
ous  written  instruments,  such  as  bonds,  deeds,  receipts, 
etc.  The  Confederate  debt,  which  must  have  amounted  to 
a  vast  sum,  was  never  paid.  The  aggregate  cost  of  the 
war,  including  the  loss  and  sacrifice  of  property,  has  been 
estimated  at  eight  thousand  millions  of  dollars. 

62.  Emancipation   of  the  Slaves. — One  of  the   most 
important  events  of  the  war  was  the  emancipation  procla 
mation.     After   the   invasion  of   Maryland,    in   1862,    the 
President  saw  clearly  that  the  war  could  not  be  successfully 
waged  without  declaring  freedom 

to  the  slaves  in  the  South;  and 
on  the  1st  of  January,  1863,  he 
issued  his  memorable  proclama 
tion,  by  which  the  slaves  in  all 
States  and  districts  at  war  with 
the  National  government  were 
declared  to  be  forever  free. 

63.  New  States.— In  addition 
to  West  Virginia,  which  became 
a   State   in   1863,    Nevada,    the 

thirty-sixth  State,  was  admitted  in  1864.     This  was  oriffi- 

o 

nally  a  part  of  the  territory  of  California,  acquired  from 

62.  Emancipation  Proclamation,  when  issued  ?    63,  What  new  States  were  ad 
mitted  ? 


276 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1865 


Mexico.  Its  mineral  wealth  led  to  its  rapid  settlement 
and  increase  in  population.  It  was  named  from  the 
mountain  range  on  the  west,,  called  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
or  Snow-covered  Mountains. 


CHAPTER  XX 
Later  Administrations 

i.  Funeral  of  Abraham  Lincoln — On  the  death  of  the 
lamented  Lincoln,  Andrew  Johnson,  the  Vice-president,  at 
once  assumed  the  duties  of  President.  The  funeral  obse 
quies  of  the  late  President  occupied  for  a  short  time  the 
attention  of  the  whole  people.  The  remains  were  borne 
to  Springfield,  in  Illinois,  the  former  home  of  the  deceased ; 
and  as  the  procession  moved  on  its  long  journey  of  nearly 

Text  Questions.  — 1.  Who  succeeded  Lincoln  as  President?    What  is  said  of  the 
funeral  obsequies  of  the  late  President  ? 


1865] 


JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTRATION 


277 


two  thousand  miles,  the  people  everywhere  sought  to  give 
expression  to  their  reverential  sorrow.  At  the  great  cities 
the  body  lay  in  state,  and  all  business  was  suspended. 

2.  Proclamations    of 
Amnesty,    etc. — On     the 
29th  of  April,  Johnson  is 
sued  a  proclamation  remov 
ing    restrictions    on     com 
merce   in   the    South  ;  and 
a   month    later,    he    issued 
another    proclamation.,    de 
claring    amnesty,,    or    par 
don,    to   all  who  had  been 
concerned  in  the  late  war* 
except      certain      specified 
classes  of  persons. 

3.  Abolition  of  Slavery. — Congress  had  previously  pro 
posed  an  amendment  (the  Thirteenth)  to  the  Constitution, 
abolishing  slavery  in  every  part  of  the  United  States.     This 
proposition  having  been  approved  by  three-fourths  of  the 
States,  slavery  was  declared  to  be  constitutionally  abolished 
on  the  18th  of  December,  1865. 

4.  Reconstruction   Acts. — The  manner  in   which  the 
States  of  the  South  should  be  restored  to  their  former  po 
litical  standing,  arid  the  conditions  that  should  be  imposed 
to  insure  the  protection  of  the  emancipated  slaves,  occu 
pied  the   attention   of  the  President  and    Congress  for  a 

2.  What  proclamations  were  issued  by  Johnson  ?  3.  What  amendment  to  the 
Constitution  was  adopted  ?  When  was  slavery  declared  to  be  abolished  ?  4.  What  oc-> 
cupied  the  attention  of  the  President  and  Congress  ?  Did  they  agree  ?  What  Acts 
were  passed  ? 


ANDREW    JOHNSON 


278  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1867 

considerable  time,  as  they  were  not  able  to  agree  upon  the 
proper  policy  to  be  pursued.  In  March,  1867,  Congress 
passed  over  the  President's  veto  "  reconstruction  acts/' 
defining  the  terms  upon  which  the  Southern  States  should 
be  allowed  representation.  (See  Fourteenth  Amendment  to 
the  Constitution.} 

5.  Nebraska  and  Alaska.— During  the  year  1867,  Ne 
braska  *  was  admitted  into  the  Union  ;  and  the  territorial 
possessions  of  the  United  States 
were  very  greatly  enlarged  by  the 
addition  of  A-las'-ka,  formerly 
known  as  Russian  America.  This 
vast  tract  of  land  was  purchased  of 
Russia  for  about  seven  millions  of 
dollars  in  gold. 

6.  Impeachment  of  the  Presi 
dent. — On  the  24th  of  February, 
1868,  the  bitter  quarrel  which  had  existed  for  some  time 
between  Johnson  and  Congress  was  brought  to  an  issue  by 
the  passage  of  a  resolution  in  the  House  of  Representa 
tives,  impeaching  the  President  of  high  crimes  and  misde 
meanors.  The  impeachment  articles,  eleven  in  number, 
were  duly  submitted  to  the  Senate,  and  the  President  was 
tried  on  three  of  them  ;  but  he  was  acquitted  by  a  close 
vote,  and  the  Senate  as  a  court  adjourned  (May  26). 


*  The  word  Nebraska  is  of  Indian  origin,  signifying  Ne,  water,  and  braska,  wide  or 
shallow.  It  was  first  applied  to  the  Platte  River,  and  transferred  to  the  territory 
crossed  by  that  stream.  x1 


SEAL   OF     NEBRASKA 


5.  What  State  was  admitted  ?    What  territory  was  purchased  ?    For  what  sum  ? 
6,  Give  an  account  of  the  impeachment  of  the  President.     Was  he  convicted  ? 


1869] 


GRANT'S  ADMINISTRATION 


279 


7.  Election  of  Grant  and  Colfax. — In  the  presidential 
campaign  of  1868,  the  Republicans  nominated   for  Presi 
dent   General   Grant ;    the  Democrats,   Horatio  Seymour. 
The  former  was  elected  by  a  very  large  majority  ;  and,  at 
the   same  time,   Schuyler  Colfax  was   elected  Vice-presi 
dent. 

8.  Grant's  Administration. — This  administration  com 
menced  on  the  4th  of  March,  18G9.     During  that  year  the 
three  States,  Virginia,  Mis 
sissippi,  and  Texas,  were  re 
stored   to   representation   in 

Congress,  and  thus  the  "  Re 
construction  of  the  Union  " 
was  fully  accomplished. 
The  Fourteenth  Amend 
ment  to  the  Constitution 
had,  however,  already  been 
adopted  (July  28,  1868). 

9.  Fifteenth     Amend 
ment.—  T  he     Fifteenth 
Amendment   to  the   Consti 
tution,  guaranteeing  the  right  of  .suffrage  to  all  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  without  regard  to  "  race,  color,  or  pre 
vious  condition  of    servitude,"  having   been   proposed  by 
Congress,  and  approved  by  three-fourths  of  the  States,  was 
declared  adopted,  March  30,  1870. 

10.  Destructive    Conflagrations. — In    October,    1871, 


ULYSSES   S.   GRANT 


7.  Who  were  elected  President  and  Vice-president  in  1868  ?  8.  By  what  event  was 
"  reconstruction  "  completed  ?  9.  What  other  amendment  to  the  Constitution  was 
adopted  ?  10.  What  extensive  conflagrations  occurred  ? 


280  HISTORY  OP  THE   UNITED  STATES          [1878 

the  most  destructive  fire  in  the  history  of  this  country 
occurred  at  Chicago.  About  eighteen  thousand  buildings 
were  consumed,  and  the  total  loss  amounted  to  over  one 
hundred  millions  of  dollars.  During  the  same  month, 
forest  fires  raged  in  parts  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Minnesota,  and  were  scarcely  less  destructive  than  the 
Chicago  conflagration.* 

11.  Re-election  of  Grant.— In   1872,    the   presidential 
campaign  resulted  in  the  re-election  of  General  Grant  as 
President  ;  and  his  inauguration  for  a  second  term  took 
place  on  the  4th  of  March,  1873.     Henry  Wilson,  of  Mas 
sachusetts,  was  chosen  Vice-president  at  the  same  time. 

12.  Alabama  Claims. — Great  Britain  at  first  refused  to 
make  any  compensation  for  the  damages  done  to  American 
commerce  by  the  Alabama  and  other  English-built  priva 
teers  of  the  Confederates.     This  caused  much  ill-feeling  on 
the  part  of   the   people  of  the  United   States   toward   the 
British  government,  and  even  threatened  war.    Commission 
ers  were,  however,  appointed  by  the  two  governments,  who 
met  at  Washington,  and  agreed  upon  the  basis  of  a  treaty, 
which  was  adopted  by  the  two  countries.     By  this  treaty 
"all  causes  of  difference"  were  settled. 

13.  Geneva  Award.— In  pursuance  of  this  treaty,  five 
arbitrators  f  were  appointed  to  examine  into  and  decide  all 

*  In  a  little  more  than  a  year  after,  a  fire  occurred  in  Boston  (November,  1872),  which 
destroyed  seven  hundred  and  seventy-six  buildings,  causing  a  total  loss,  in  houses  and 
merchandise,  of  about  seventy-five  millions  of  dollars. 

t  These  arbitrators  consisted  of  one  from  each  of  the  following  countries:  the  U 
States,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Brazil. 

1 1  Who  were  elected  President  and  Vice-president  in  1872  ?  12.  What  difficulties 
arose  out  of  the  Alabama  Claims  ?  How  were  they  settled  ?  13.  Where  did  the 
arbitrators  meet  ?  What  sum  was  awarded  ? 


1876]  GRANTS  ADMINISTRATION  281 

the  claims.  They  met  in  Geneva,  in  Switzerland,  and 
finally  awarded  the  sum  of  fifteen  million  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars  to  be  paid  in  gold,  by  Great  Britain  to  the 
United  States,  in  satisfaction  of  all  the  claims  (September 
14,  1872).  That  amount  was  accordingly  paid  a  year  later. 

14.  Centennial  Anniversary  of  American  Independ 
ence. — The  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  (July  4th,  1876),  was  celebrated  with  great 
rejoicing  in  all  parts  of  the  country.     As  this  year  ended 
the  first  centennial  period  of  the  nation's  existence,  it  was 
viewed  with  special  interest,  and  was  marked  by  various 
events. 

15.  International    Exhibition  of   1876. — Among  these 
events',  the  most  interesting  was  the  great  International 
Exhibition  which  was  held  in  Philadelphia  from  May  until 
November.      For    this    "  World's 

Fair,"  nearly  two  hundred  build 
ings  were  erected  in  Fail-mount 
Park,  the  six  principal  ones  cover 
ing  more  than  sixty  acres.  The 
main  building  was  1,880  feet  in 
length  and  464  feet  in  width,  and 
covered  an  area  of  twenty  acres. 

16.  In  these  buildings  were  ex 
hibited  specimens  of  the  farming 

products  and  the  manufactured  goods  of  nearly  every  State 
in  the  Union,  and  of  the  most  important  foreign  coun- 


14.  What  was  celebrated  with  great  rejoicing  in  1876  ?  How  was  that  year  viewed  ? 
Why?  15,  16.  What  was  held  in  Philadelphia?  For  what  period?  What  further 
can  you  state  of  the  Exhibition  ? 


SEAL,   OP   COLORADO 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES          [1877 


tries.  Beautiful  works  of  art,  and  other  articles  designed 
to  show  the  progress  made  by  different  States  and  countries 
in  science  and  education  were  also  exhibited.  Thousands 
of  visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  from 

abroad  were  constantly  in 
attendance  during  the  six 
months  the  "  Fair  "was  open.^ 

17.  Other  Events  of  1876. 
—The  other  important  events 

of  the  year  were  the  admis 
sion  into  the  Union  of  Colo 
rado,,  hence  called  the  "  Cen 
tennial  State  ; "  and  the  twen 
ty-third  presidential  election. 

18.  Hayes  Declared  Pres 
ident.  —  The   result   of   the 
election  was  for  several  months 

in  doubt,  the  votes  being  nearly  equally  divided.  The 
dispute,  in  consequence,  was  very  exciting ;  but  the  votes 
were  finally  counted,  and  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  of  Ohio, 
was  declared  to  be  the  President  elect.  His  inauguration 
took  place  on  the  5th  of  March,  1877,  the  4th  being  Sunday. 
19.  Fishery  Question — The  question  as  to  the  right 
of  the  people  of  the  United  States  to  fish  off  the  coast  of 
Newfoundland,  and  in  other  British-American  waters,  had 
long  been  in  dispute.  This  privilege,  which  the  British 
had  conceded  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  (see  p.  172, 

17.  What  other  important  events  occurred  in  1876  ?  18.  What  can  you  state  of 
the  election  ?  Who  became  President;?  Who  Vice-president  ?  (See  Table  of  Presi 
dents  and  Vice-presidents.)  When  was  Hayes  inaugurated  ?  19.  Give  an  account 
of  the  fishery  dispute. 


BTJTHERFORD    B.   HAYES 


1880]  GARFIELfrS  ADMINISTRATION  283 

T  57),  they  claimed  had  been  annulled  by  the  war  of  1812. 
The  dispute  was  now  (1877)  brought  to  a  termination 
by  a  grant  of  the  right  claimed,  for  a  period  of  twelve 
years,  for  which  the  United  States  paid  the  sum  of 
$5,500,000. 

20.  Chinese    Immigration. — In    California   and   other 
parts  of  the  West,  a  strong  feeling  of  alarm  had  for  some 
time  been  manifested  at  the  rapidly  increasing  number  of 
Chinese   immigrants,   and   the   effect    of   this   vast   influx 
of  foreign  laborers  upon  the  interests  of  a  large  and  indus 
trious  class  of   the  native  people  ;  since  the  practical  ten 
dency  was  seen  to  be  to  reduce  the  wages  of  labor,  and 
thus  to  deprive  American  workmen  of  emplo3^ment  except 
at   starvation    rates.     Commissioners   sent   to    China   suc 
ceeded  in  arranging  a  treaty  by  which  emigration  from 
that  country  to  the  United   States  may  now  be  regulated 
and  restricted. 

21.  Election    of    Garfield. — During    the    summer    of 
1880    preparations    were    begun    for     the    twenty-fourth 
presidential  election.     The  Republicans  nominated  James 
A.    Garfield,    of  Ohio  :  the  Democrats  presented  as  their 
candidate   the    distinguished    soldier    General   Hancock.* 
The  canvass  was' exceedingly  spirited,   being  marked  by 
immense  meetings  of  the  people  and  by  great  torchlight 
processions.     The  result  was  in  favor  of  the  Republicans. 

*  Winfield  Scott  Hancock  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1824.  His  military  education 
was  acquired  at  West  Point,  and  he  won  distinction  and  promotion  for  merit  in  the 
war  with  Mexico.  He  held  important  commands  during  the  Great  Civil  War,  and  for 
his  good  conduct  at  Gettysburg,  in  which  conflict  he  was  severely  wounded,  he  was 
awarded  the  thanks  of  Congress. 

20.  What  is  said  of  Chinese  immigration  ?  How  was  the  evil  brought  to  an  end  ? 
21.  What  is  said  of  the  twenty-fourth  presidential  election  ? 


284 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1881 


22.  The  successful  candidate — Garfield — had  risen  from 
a  very  humble  position   in  life.     In  his  boyhood,  with  ax 

and  hoe,  and  by  driving 
the  oxen  before  the  plow, 
he  helped  on  his  father's 
farm.  He  was  never  idle. 
Later,  when  he  was  not 
earning  money  among  his 
neighbors  in  the  hayfield, 
he  was  earning  it  in  a  car 
penter  shop,  or  in  chop 
ping  wood,  or  in  driving 
horses  on  the  canal.  He 
had  a  strong  passion  for 
books,  and  a  great  ambi 
tion  to  get  an  education.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was 
a  school-teacher,  at  twenty-four  a  professor  of  Greek  and 
Latin,  at  twenty-seven  a  college  president,  at  twenty-eight 
a  State  Senator,  at  thirty  a  colonel  in  the  army,  at  thirty- 
one  a  general,  at  thirty-three  a  member  of  Congress.  His 
inauguration  as  President  of  the  United  States  took  place 
on  the  4th  of  March,  1881. 

23.  His  administration  promised  to  be  a  very  useful  and 
brilliant  one,  but  soon  became  clouded  by  political  dissen 
sions,  caused  by  his  nominating  for  an  important  office  in 
New  York  a  person  who  was  obnoxious  to  the  Senators  of 
that  State.     A  sad  tragedy  terminated  the  career  of  the 


JAMES   A.    GAHFIELB 


22.  Give  a  sketch  of  Garfield's  career.  When  did  his  inauguration  take  place  ? 
23.  What  is  said  of  his  administration  ?  How  did  it  end  ?  Who  became  President  ? 
When  was  he  inaugurated  ? 


1884] 


ARTHUR'S  ADMINISTRATION 


285 


President ;  for,,  within  four  months  from  his  inauguration, 
he  was  shot  by  an  assassin  at  a  railroad  depot  in  Washing 
ton  (July  2).  He  lingered  until  the  19th  of  September, 
when  he  died,  at  Long  Branch,  whither  he  had  been 
removed.  This  mournful  event  caused  a  feeling  of  uni 
versal  regret  in  this  country,  and  called  forth  expressions 
of  sympathy  from  every 
civilized  nation.  The  \rice- 
president,  Chester  A. 
Arthur,  on  taking  the 
oath,  then  became  Presi 
dent  (Sept.  20). 

24.  The     administration 
of     President    Arthur    was 
marked    by    prudence,    in 
telligence,  and  moderation. 
The    official    changes   were 
not  numerous,  and  political 
dissensions  were  in  a  good 

degree  appeased,  and  party  factions  reconciled.  A  pen 
sion  of  $5,000  a  year  was  granted  by  Congress  to  the 
widow  of  President  Garfield.  His  assassin,  after  a  long  and 
exciting  trial,  was  executed  in  June,  1882.  In  pursuance 
of  treaty  stipulations,  Chinese  immigration  was  restricted 
for  a  period  of  ten  years.  An  international  exhibition  was 
held  in  New  Orleans  in  1884-5. 

25.  In  1884  the  Republican  and  Democratic  conventions 


24.  What  was  the  character  of  Arthur's  administration  ?  What  were  the  principal 
events  ?  25.  Who  were  nominated  for  the  office  of  President  in  1884  ?  Who  wag 
elected  ?  Who  was  elected  Vice-president  ?  When  were  they  inaugurated  ? 


CHE8TBB  A.   AllTHUK 


286  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1885 

nominated   respectively   for   President,  James   G.    Elaine, 
of   Maine,  and  Grover  Cleveland,  Governor   of   the   state 

of  New  York.  The  contest 
between  the  two  great  par 
ties  was  unusually  close  and 
exciting,  and  resulted  in  the 
election  of  the  Democratic 
candidates.  Cleveland  was 
inaugurated  March  4,  1885, 
as  President,  and  Thomas 
A.  Hendricks,  of  Indiana, 
as  Vice-president. 

26.    Death    of    General 

GROVER  CLEVELAND  _  ,.,  ,  -. 

Grant.— The  protracted 

sickness  of  General  Grant  had  for  some  time  engaged 
the  sympathy  of  the  people.  His  death  occurred  in  1885 
(July  23),  at  Mount  MacGregor,  near  Saratoga  Springs 
(Map,  p.  154),  whence  his  remains  were  conveyed  to  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  in  solemn  procession  borne  to  the 
tomb  prepared  for  them  in  Eiverside  Park,  overlooking 
the  Hudson  River.  The  most  affectionate  tributes  were 
paid  to  his  memory  by  the  people  in  all  sections  of  the 
country,  as  to  an  illustrious  soldier  and  a  true  patriot,  to 
whose  eminent  services  had  been  due  in  great  part  the 
salvation  of  the  Union. 

27.  Statue  of  Liberty  Unveiled — One  of  the  most  in 
teresting   events    of    the    second    year   of    the    Cleveland 

26.  What  is  said  of  the  character,  death,  and  funeral  of  General  Grant  ?  27.  Who 
was  Bartholdi  ?  What  can  you  state  of  his  work  ?  Where  now  is  the  great  statue  ? 
Where  was  it  made  ?  Ans.  In  Paris.  State  the  particulars  as  to  the  ceremony  of  its 
presentation  to  our  country. 


1885] 


CLEVELAND'S  ADMINISTRATION 


287 


administration  was  the  unveiling  (Oct.  28)  of  the  colossal 
statue  of  "Liberty  Enlightening  the  World" — the  work  of 
a  French  artist  named 
Bartholdi,  and  the  gift 
of  France  to  the  peo 
ple   of    the    United 
States.    It  was  erected 
on   an   island    in   the 
harbor  of  New  York, 
upon  a  beautiful  and 
lofty     pedestal      con 
structed  for  it.    Count 
de  Lesseps,  the  plan 
ner  of  the  Suez  Canal, 
made  the  presentation 
address,  and  President 
Cleveland,    in    behalf 
of  the  United  States, 
accepted  the  gift.    M. 
Bartholdi,  the  artist, 
took  part  in  the  cere 
mony  .  of    unveiling ; 
and  some  of  the  most 
eminent    orators    and 
statesmen  in  the  coun 
try     participated     in 
this  dedication  of  the  statue,  as  an  emblem  of  the  "friend 
ship  of  nations  and  the  peace  of  the  world." 

28.  Chinese  Immigration — In  1888  Congress  passed  a 

28.  What  h\vs  against  the  coming  of  the  Chinese  to  our  shores  have  been  enacted  ? 


STATUE   OP  LIBERTY 


288 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


more  stringent  law  against  Chinese  immigration,  declaring 
that  "it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  Chinese  person  to  enter 
the  United  States  "  (page  283).  Chinese  officials,  teachers, 
students,  merchants,  and  travelers  for  pleasure  or  curiosity 
are,  however,  excepted  ;  but  such  persons  are  required  to 
obtain  permission  of  the  Chinese  Government,  or  of  what 
ever  government  they  are  subject  to.  Moreover,  all  Chinese 
laborers  who,  after  residing  in  this  country,  have  left  it, 
are  not  permitted  to  return. 

29.  Twenty-sixth  Presidential  Election. — The  Demo 

cratic  Convention  of  1888  nom 
inated  President  Cleveland  for  a 
second  term,  and  with  him  Allen 
G.  Thurman,  of  Ohio,  for  Vice- 
President.  The  Republican  can 
didate  for  President  was  Benja 
min  Harrison,  of  Indiana,  grand 
son  of  General  Harrison,  the  ninth 
President  (page  221).  Levi  P. 
Morton,  of  New  York,  was  nom 
inated  by  the  Republicans  for 
Vice-President.  There  were  other 
parties  by  whom  candidates  were  placed  in  nomination, 
but  the  real  contest  was  between  the  Democrats  and  the 
Republicans. 

30.  The  canvass  was  an   unusually  exciting  one.     The 


29.  Who  were  the  candidates  for  President  and  Vice-President  in  1888  ?  What 
can  you  state  of  Harrison's  ancestors  ?  (See  pages  198,  200,  221,  App.  page  4.) 
30.  What  is  stated  in  relation  to  the  tariff  ?  What  account  can  you  give  of  previous 
tariffs  ?  (Pages  214,  215,  217.)  What  was  the  result  of  the  election  of  1888  ?  When 
and  where  did  the  inauguration  take  place  ? 


Copyright,  1899,  by  Pach 

BENJAMIN  HARRISON 


1889]  HARRISON'S  ADMINISTRATION  289 

chief  question  at  issue  between  the  two  great  parties  related 
to  the  tariff.  The  Democrats  favored  a  reduction  of  duties  ; 
but  the  Kepublicans  were  opposed  to  this  change,  and  de 
sired  that  a  protective  tariff,  or  the  American  System  (see 
page  214,  ^[  9),  should  be  maintained.  The  election  (Nov. 
6)  resulted  in  the  choice  of  a  majority  of  Republican  elec 
tors,  and  on  the  13th  of  February,  1889,  the  electoral  votes 
were  counted  in  the  presence  of  the  two  Houses  of  Congress, 
and  the  election  of  Harrison  and  Morton  was  duly  declared. 
The  inauguration  ceremonies  took  place  on  the  4th  of 
March  following. 

31.  Centennial  Celebration. — In  his  address  that  day, 
the  new  President  alluded  to  the  near  approach  of  the  cen 
tennial  of  the  first  inauguration  of  the  first  President  (p. 
181).     Congress  having  already  declared  that  this  centen 
nial  day  (April  30)  should  be  a  general  holiday,  the  memor 
able  event  was  celebrated  in  all  the  large  cities  of  the  Union. 
In  New  York,  where  the  first  inauguration  took  place,  the 
celebration  was  the  most  imposing.     Standing  where  Wash 
ington   stood   just  a  hundred   years   before,  Harrison  ad 
dressed  a  great  crowd  of  men  and  women  who  stood  in  the 
streets  before  and  about  him.     A  hundred  thousand  men 
and  five  thousand  school-boys  marched  in  procession. 

32.  New  States. — This   administration    was   noted   for 
the  large  number  of  additions  to  the  Union.     Four  States — 
North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana,  and  Washington— 

31.  What  centennial  was  alluded  to  by  Harrison  ?  What  had  Congress  previously 
decided  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  celebration.  Where,  in  New  York,  did  Harrison 
stand  when  making  the  address  ?  What  now  marks  that  spot  ?  Ans.  A  statue  of 
Washington.  32.  For  what  was  Harrison's  administration  noted  ?  Name  the  six 
States,  stating  when  each  was  admitted. 
19 


290  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1890 

were  admitted  before  the  close  of  1889,  and  two  others — 
Idaho  and  Wyoming — were  admitted  in  1890. 

33.  The  region  covered  by  the  two  Dakotas,  Montana, 
and  a  portion  of  Wyoming  was  once  a  part  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  (p.  193).     The  entire  domain  that  in   1848  was 
organized  as  the  Oregon  Territory  (p.  240)  is  now  appor 
tioned  to  the  three  States,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho. 
The  word  Dakota,  meaning  a  league,  was  commonly  applied 
to  the  Sioux  tribes  of  Indians.     Montana  is  the  Spanish 
word  for  mountain.     The  word  Wyoming,  meaning  a  large 
plain,  was  derived  from  an  Indian  term. 

34.  As  to  the  word  Idaho,  the  account  given  by  a  mem 
ber  of  Congress  in  an  address  before  the  House  of  Repre 
sentatives  meets  with  popular  favor.     Said  he  :   "  Two  offi 
cials  were  traveling  one  bright  morning  over  a  lonely  moun 
tain  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  range.     An  Indian  woman  came 
out  of  a  wigwam,  and  in  a  far-reaching  voice  called  several 
times  the  word  Idaho,  or,  as  it  sounded,  Ed-dah-hoo-oo-oo. 
The  call  was  answered  by  the  appearance  of  a  comely  Indian 
girl.    The  travelers  inferred  that  this  word  was  the  name  of 
the  girl,  but,  on  inquiry,  could  find  no  definition  for  it  in 
the  language  of    her  kindred.     Being  impressed  with  the 
comely  appearance  of  the  little  maiden  in  that  lonely  abode, 
they  concluded   that   Gem  of  the  Mountains  would  be  a 
fitting  translation  of  the  word." 

35.  Oklahoma. — As  far  back  as   1834  a  large  domain 
was  set  apart  for  the  abode  of  Indian  tribes,  and  called 


33.  State  what  you  can  of  their  previous  history,  and  of  their  names.  34.  Repeat 
what  is  related  respecting  the  name  Idaho.  35.  What  is  said  of  the  name  Oklahoma  ? 
Give  the  history  of  the  Indian  Territory.  Of  the  Oklahoma  Territory. 


1892]  HARRISON'S  ADMINISTRATION  291 

the  Indian  Territory.  In  1889,  by  cession  from  the 
Indians,  a  part  of  this  domain  was  created  into  a  tem 
porary  government  by  the  name  of  the  Territory  of  Ok-la- 
ho'ma,  meaning,  in  the  Indian  language,  beautiful  land. 
In  April  it  was  opened  for  settlement,  and  within  a  few 
hours  was  occupied  by  a  large  population.  Enlarged,  it 
was  next  year  organized  like  the  other  territories. 

36.  Anniversary  of  the  Discovery  of  America. — In 
October,  1893,  occurred  the  400th  anniversary  of  the  dis 
covery  of  America  by  Columbus.      It  had  been  decided 
to  celebrate  the  event   with  a  World's  Fair  and   various 
demonstrations  of  rejoicing.     With  the  countenance  and 
aid  of  Congress,  preparations  were   begun  in  Chicago  for 
the  fair,  to  be  held  there  the  following  year  ;  and  by  order 
of  Congress  the  21st  day  of  the  month  (1892)  was  named 
as  a  general  holiday  (note  f  ,  page  55).     On  that  and  other 
days  immense    processions    of    men    and    school-children 
passed  through  the  streets  of  the  principal  cities.     In  the 
harbor  of  New  York  there  was  a  naval  parade  in  which 
were   about  three   hundred  steam   vessels,  including  war 
ships  of  the  United  States  and  many  foreign  countries. 

37.  Twenty-seventh  Presidential    Election Harri 
son  was  again  the  candidate  of  the  Eepublicans  for  Presi 
dent,  and  Cleveland  of  the  Democrats.     James  B.  Weaver, 
of   Iowa,    was   the   candidate   of   a   new  party  styled   the 
People's  Party,  the  members  of  which  were  called  Popu 
lists.     As  between   the   Republicans   and   Democrats,   the 
tariff  law  of  1890  was  the  principal  issue  in  the  canvass. 
It  had  been  enacted  by  a  Republican  Congress,  and  was 

36.  What  anniversary  occurred  in  1892  ?    How  was  it  celebrated  ? 


292  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1892 

commonly  known  as  the  "McKinley  Bill/'  from  the  name 
of  the  chairman  of  the  committee  in  Congress  that  framed 
it.  By  it  more  than  half  of  all  the  imports  in  value  were 
admitted  free  of  duty,  but  on  other  imports  a  protective 
duty  was  imposed  (see  p.  214).  A  feature  of  the  law  gave 
to  the  President  authority  to  make  Reciprocal  Treaties 
with  other  nations,  the  object  being  to  increase  the  export 
trade  of  the  United  States  by  concessions  in  return  for 
concessions.  Several  such  treaties  were  accordingly  made. 

38.  The   Republicans    commended   the    tariff    law,    the 
Democrats    denounced    it.      The    Populists,    making    no 
direct  reference   to  the  law,  favored  an  income  tax,  also 
government  ownership  of   railroads,  telegraphs,  and  tele 
phones.     The  election  resulted  in  favor  of   Cleveland  by 
a  large  majority,  and  with  him,  for  Vice-President,  Adlai 
E.  Stevenson,  of  Illinois. 

39.  Behring    Sea    Dispute. — Alaska,    as  we  have  seen 
(p.  278),  became  a  possession  of  the  United  States  in  1867. 
Some  of  its  islands  in  Behring  Sea  had  long  been  a  resort 
for  the   seals  whose   furs   were  of  great  value.     So   long 
as  Alaska  was  a  Russian  possession  the  sealing  vessels  of 
no  other  power  than  Russia  ventured  into  Behring  Sea  ; 
but,  soon  after  the  transfer  to  the  United -States,  British 
vessels  appeared  there,  and  in  the  efforts  of  their  crews  to 
capture  seals,  guns  being  used,  thousands  ofUhe  disabled 
animals  sunk  before  they  could  be  reached. 

40.  In  consequence,  a  dispute  arose  as  to  Russia's  for 
mer  rights  in  the  sea  and  as  to  the  extent  to  which  such 
rights   had    been    transferred    by   Russia    to    the  United 
States,    our   government   being    anxious    to    prevent    the 


1893] 


HARRISON'S  ADMINISTRATION 


extermination  of  the  seals.  The  dispute  was  settled  by 
arbitrators  who  met  in  Paris.  They  decided  that  British 
vessels  are  entitled  to  as  much  freedom  in  Behring  Sea 


SEAL  INDUSTRY'   IN   ALASKA 

Driving  the  seals  up  from  the  sea 

as  any  other  vessels ;  but,  to  protect  seal  life  from  utter 
destruction,  they  decided  against  the  future  use  of  guns 
in  sealing,  against  the  killing  of  seals  anywhere  in  the  sea 
during  certain  months,  and  against  the  killing  of  seals 
at  any  time  within  sixty,  miles  around  the  seal  islands 
(Aug.  15,  1893). 

41.  Business  and  the  Tariff. — Merchants,  farmers,  and 
mechanics  were  complaining.  Business  was  depressed. 
Many  thought  that  the  law  requiring  the  government  to 
purchase  4,500,000  ounces  of  silver  every  month  was  in 
large  part  the  cause.  The  President  called  an  extra  ses 
sion  of  Congress,  and  the  law  was  repealed  (1893).  The 


294  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1896 

depression  continuing,  this  time  it  was  laid  to  uncertainty 
as  to  the  future  of  the  tariff,  the  Democrats  having  gained 
control  in  Congress.  This  uncertainty  ended  when  next 
year  a  tariff  law  was  enacted  less  protective  than  the  one 
it  displaced. 

42.  Utah. — Nearly  fifty  years  before,  a  religious  sect 
called  Mormons,  or  Latter  Day  Saints,  left  Illinois  for  that 
part  of  Mexico  which  was  soon  after  acquired  by  the  United 
States  (p.  229).  There  the  Mormons  founded  Salt  Lake 
City,  and  rapidly  grew  in  population,  wealth,  and  power. 
As  early  as  1849  they  asked  Congress  to  admit  their  terri 
tory  into  the  Union  as  the  State  of  Deseret,  but  this  and 
other  applications  of  the  kind  were  denied,  Congress  not 
being  willing  to  sanction  polygamy,  which  the  Mormons 
avowed  and  practiced.  Meanwhile  other  settlers  found 
homes  in  the  territory,  to  which  Congress  gave  the  name 
Utah.  The  last  application  for  admission  was  accom 
panied  by  a  Constitution  which  forbade  polygamy.  Con 
gress  could  no  longer  object,  and  on  the  4th  of  January, 
1896,  Utah  became  a  State.  The  Utahs  were  a  tribe  of 
Indians. 

CHAPTER  XXI 
Civil  Progress  of  the  Nation 

i.  Events  previously  Related. — It  will  be  seen  from 
what  has  been  related  that  the  Revolution,  or  overturning 
of  the  Colonial  government,  was  only  effected  by  means  of 
a  long  war,  and  that  the  Great  Civil  War  was  caused  by  the 

Text  Questions. — 1.  Subject  of  preceding  chapters  ? 


CIVIL  PROGRESS  OF  THE  NATION  295 

attempt  of  the  Southern  States  to  separate  themselves  from 
the  Union  and  establish  an  independent  nation. 

2.  Political  and  Civil  History — A  nation  is  organized 
by  means  of  its  government ;  its  organization,   indeed,  is 
its   government ;     and    hence    an    account    of    the    wars 
which  it   has  waged  with  other   nations   constitutes   also 
a  part  of  its  political  history.     Civil  history  relates  to  its 
progress  in  civilization,  its  growth  in  population,  and  the 
improvements  which  it  has  made  in  the  useful   and    fine 
arts,  in  manufactures,  commerce,  education,  literature,  etc. 

3.  Population. — The  first  census  was  taken  in  1790,  and 
showed  a  total  population  in  the  thirteen  States,  and  in  all 
the  national  territory,  of  about  four  millions.     Philadelphia 
was  then  the  largest  city  in  the  Union,  and  contained  a 
population  of  less  than  forty-five   thousand ;    while  New 
York  had  only  about  thirty-three  thousand.     New  Orleans, 
then  a  French  settlement,  was  a  very  small  town. 

4.  The  census  of  1880  showed  a  population  in  the  United 
States  of  over  fifty  millions  ;   and  that  of  New  York  had 
grown  to  1,206,090.     All  the  great  cities  of  the  West  have 
attained    their    astonishing    growth    within    the    present 
century.     Cincinnati,  in  1805,   contained  only  about  five 
hundred  inhabitants  ;    and  Chicago,  in  1831,  was  a  small 
village.     St.   Louis  was  but  a  small  trading  town,  when, 
with  Louisiana,  it  came  under  the  United  States  govern 
ment. 

5.  Agriculture. — The  vast  fertile  domain  of  our  country, 

2.  How  is  a  nation  organized  ?  To  what  does  civil  history  relate  ?  3.  What  did 
the  census  of  1790  show  ?  What  is  said  of  Philadelphia  ?  Of  New  York  ?  New 
Orleans  ?  4.  What  did  the  census  of  1880  show  ?  Cities  of  the  West  ?  St.  Louis  ? 
5,  Leading  pursuit  ?  Why  ?  Chief  products  of  the  North  ?  Of  the  South  ? 


296  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

constantly  presenting  new  fields  for  farming  industry,  lias 
made  agriculture  the  leading  pursuit,  except  in  some  small 
sections.  The  immense  production  of  the  cereal  grains,  such 
as  wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye,  oats,  and  barley,  in  the  Northern 
States;  and  of  cotton,  rice,  sugar,  etc.,  in  the  Southern, 
has  offered  a  splendid  reward  to  the  farmer  and  the  planter. 

6.  Cotton  Culture. — The  cultivation  of  cotton  has  been 
a  prominent    feature   in   the   agricultural    history   of    this 
country,  and  its  results  have  revolutionized  the  commerce 
of  the  world.     In  1790,  it  had  hardly  commenced;  but,  in 
1860,  before  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  it  reached 
the  enormous  aggregate  of  two  thousand  million  pounds, 
or  four  millions  of  bales,  and  was  the  chief  article  of  export 
of  the  country. 

7.  Railroads — The  rapid  construction  of  railroads  has 
aided  very  much  the  growth  of  the  country.     More  than 
fifty  thousand  miles  of  railroads  have  been  built  during  the 
last  forty  years.     Of  these,  the  Pacific  Railroad  is  the  most 
interesting.      It   extends   from    Omaha,    in   Nebraska,    to 
San  Francisco,    being  nearly   two   thousand   miles    long, 
and  brings  the  great  Eastern  cities  within  a  week's  journey 
from  San  Francisco. 

8.  Telegraphs.  —  The    magnetic    telegraph    has    been 
another   mighty  agent  in  advancing  the  interests  of  the 
nation.     It  was  invented  by  Professor  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  who, 
in  1844,  erected  between  Baltimore  and  Washington  the 
first  magnetic  telegraph  ever  used  in  the  world.     The  next 


6.  What  is  said  of  the  cotton  culture  ?  7.  Railroads  ?  How  many  miles  built  ? 
Pacific  Railroad  ?  8.  Magnetic  telegraph  ?  By  whom  invented  ?  First  telegraph  ? 
How  many  miles  in  1860  ?  At  present  ? 


ELI   WHITNEY 


CIVIL  PROGRESS  OF  THE  NATION  297 

year  it  was  extended  to  Philadelphia,  New  York,  and 
Boston.  In  1860,  there  were  over  fifty  thousand  miles  of 
telegraph  wires  in  operation ;  and,  at  the  present  time, 
there  cannot  be  less  than  twenty  times  that  amount. 

9.  Atlantic  Cable.— One  of  the  most  valuable  and  in 
teresting  achievements  of  science  was  the  laying  of    the 
Atlantic  Cable — a  telegraph^ 

stretching  from  Ireland  to 
Newfoundland,  upon  the 
bed  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
After  failing  in  the  attempt 
in  1857,  1858,  and  1865, 
it  was  at  last  accomplished, 
in  1866,  by  means  of  the 

Great   Eastern,   the  largest,,^    and  ^  inventi(m    of  the 
steam      vessel      ever      con-  [QW^  an  American    machinist, 
structed.     The  Atlantic  Ca-  ftWe   giftg  to   civilization   ever 
ble  is  about  two  thousand. Hy    hafl    a]go    giyen    ug    that 
six  hundred  miles  long,  and      ^  cylind(?r  me,?   bv  ^^ 
its  strength  is  sufficient  to  bear  a  strain  of  nearly  twenty- 
eight  tons.     The  success  of  this  enterprise  was  largely  due 
to  the  intelligence  and  untiring  energy  of  Cyrus  W.  Field. 

10.  Steam  Vessels. — In  1807,  the  little  steamboat  Cler- 
mont,  constructed  under  the  direction  of  Robert  Fulton, 
ascended  the  Hudson  River,*  and  thus  proved  that  it  was 

*  In  the  autumn  of  1807,  the  "Albany  Gazette  "  contained  the  following  advertise 
ment  :  "  The  North  River  Steamboat  will  leave  Paulus  Hook  on  Friday,  the  fourth  of 
September,  at  9  o'clock,  A.M.,  and  will  arrive  in  Albany  on  Saturday  at  9  o'clock,  P.M. 
Fare,  seven  dollars."  The  announcement  was  realized,  the  Clermont  completing  the 


9.  Atlantic  Cable  ?    When  laid  ?    How  ?    Through  whose  efforts  ?    10.  The  Cler 
mont  ?    Result  of  Fulton's  voyage  ? 


298 


HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


possible  to  navigate  the  water  by  steam.  Although  others 
had  previously  made  successful  experiments  of  a  similar 
character,  Fulton's  voyage  to  Albany  gave  an  impetus  to 


6.  Cotton  Culture.— The  cuj 
a  prominent    feature    in    the 
country,  and  its  results  have 

of  the  world.     In  1790,  it  ha< 
1860,  before  the  breaking  oui 
the  enormous  aggregate  of  tvfl 
or  four  millions  of  bales,  and  wl 
of  the  country. 

7.  Railroads.— The  rapid 

aided  very  much  the  growth  r  STEAMBOAT 

fifty  thousand  miles  of  railroasoon   created  ft  revolution  in 

last  forty  years.     Of  these,  th^  palaceg  haye  taken  the 

^tetfPftd  JLfxi™d?J?f-not  so  large  as  the  smallest 
ferry-boat  of  our  day — and  steamships  of  immense  size  and 
magnificence  ply  regularly,  and  frequently  across,  all  the 
great  oceans  of  the  world. 


trip,  as  advertised,  in  thirty-six  hours.    During  a  part  of  the  way  she  was  gazed  at  by 
crowds  of  wondering  spectators  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson. 

*  Fulton  thus  described  to  a  friend  the  disheartening  circumstances  under  which  the 
construction  of  the  first  steamboat— nicknamed  by  the  Americans  "  Fulton's  Folly  "— 
was  patiently  persevered  in  by  himself.  He  records  as  follows:  "  When  I  was  building 
my  first  steamboat  at  New  York,  the  project  was  viewed  by  the  public  with  indiffer. 
ence  or  with  contempt,  as  a  visionary  scheme.  My  friends,  indeed,  were  civil,  but 
they  were  shy.  They  listened  with  patience  to  my  explanations,  but  with  a  settled 
cast  of  incredulity  on  their  countenances.  Never  did  a  single  encouraging  remark,  a 
bright  hope,  a  warm  wish,  cross  my  path.  Silence  itself  was  but  politeness  veiling  its 
doubts  or  hiding  its  reproaches.1" 


CIVIL  PROGRESS  OF  THE  NATION 


299 


ELI   WHITNEY 


ii.  Useful  Inventions — Perhaps  no  country  in  the 
world  has  been  more  distinguished  for  useful  inventions 
than  the  United  States.  It 
was  the  discoveries  of  Dr. 
Franklin  in  electricity  that 
led  to  its  practical  applica 
tions  ;  and  Morse,  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  made 
the  most  useful  of  these  in 
the  invention  of  the  electro 
magnetic  telegraph.  The 
cotton-gin,  invented  by  Eli 
Whitney*  in  1792,  in 
creased  a  hundredfold  the 

value  of  the  cotton  culture  ;  and  thje  invention  of  the 
sewing-machine  by  Elias  Howe,  an  American  machinist, 
was  one  of  the  most  valuable  gifts  to  civilization  ever 
made.  American  ingenuity  has  also  given  us  that 
wonder-working  contrivance,  the  cylinder  press,  by  means 
of  which  twenty-five  thousand  copies  of  a  newspaper  may 
be  struck  oif  in  a  single  hour.  To  these  may  be  added 
a  host  of  other  valuable  inventions,  including  farming 
implements  of  the  greatest  utility  and  importance. 

*  Three  or  four  years  before  Watt  patented  his  engine  and  Arkwright  his  spinning^ 
frame,  there  was  born  in  a  New  England  farmhouse  a  boy  whose  work  was  needed  to 
complete  theirs.  His  name  was  Eli  Whitney.  Eli  was  a  born  mechanic.  It  was  a 
necessity  of  his  nature  to  invent  and  construct.  As  a  mere  boy  he  made  nails,  pins, 
and  walking-canes  by  novel  processes,  and  thus  earned  money  to  support  himself  at 
college.  In  1792,  he  went  to  Georgia  to  visit  Mrs.  Greene,  the  widow  of  General 
Greene  ;  and  during  that  visit  the  cotton-gin  was  invented. 


11.  Useful  inventions  in  the  United  States  ?  The  cotton  gin,  by  whom  invented  ? 
When  ?  Its  result  ?  Sewing-machine,  by  whom  invented  ?  Its  result  ?  Cylinder 
printing-press  ? 


300 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


12.  Printing,  Newspapers,  and  Books. — The  improve 
ments  made  in  this  country  in  the  means  of  spreading  in 
formation,  have  kept  pace  with  every  other  kind  of  civil 
progress.  The  press,  that  mighty  engine  of  civilization, 
has  been  ever  busy — ever  increasing  its  power  to  meet  the 

demands  of  the  people  for 
knowledge.  In  1898  twenty 
thousand  periodicals  were 
issued  in  the  United  States, 
from  every  day  to  quarterly; 
and  the  number  of  books 
published  in  the  same  time 
was  nearly  five  thousand. 

13.  Literature. — Ameri 
can  literature  is  rich  in 
works  of  genius.  The 


ELIAS    HOWE,    .IK. 


writings  of  Washington 
Irving*  are  everywhere  admired  for  their  easy,  natural, 
and  beautiful  style,  their  kindly  influence,  and  playful 


*  Washington  Irving  was  born  in  New  York  city,  in  1783.  He  at  first  devoted  him 
self  to  legal  studies,  which  he  soon  abandoned  for  the  pursuits  of  literature.  His  first 
writings  consisted  of  contributions  to  the ;1  Morning  Chronicle,"  a  journal  edited  by  his 
brother,  Peter  Irving.  tl  Salmagundi ''  appeared  in  1807,  a  series  of  amusing  articles' 
partly  written  by  himself,  James  K.  Paulding,  and  his  brothers,  Peter  and  William. 
The  production  which  first  gave  him  a  decided  reputation  was  the  famous  "History  of 
New  York,  by  Diedrich  Knickerbocker,11  published  in  1809.  This  is  a  work  of  inimi 
table  humor,  and  was  read  with  the  greatest  delight  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Sir 
Walter  Scott  was  charmed  with  it.  The  "  Sketch  Book  "  was  published  in  London, 
and  greatly  increased  the  author's  reputation.  It  contains  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  touching  pieces  of  composition  in  the  language.  He  also  published  "  Life  and 
Voyages  of  Columbus.11  "  The  Alhambra,11  "Bracebridge  Hall,11  "Life  of  Washing 
ton,11  and  many  other  popular  works.  Irving  died  at  Tarrytown  in  1859. 


12.  The  press  ?    What  is  said  of  it  ?    Periodicals  ?    Books  ?     13.  American  litera 
ture  ?    Irving  ?    Cooper  ?    Bancroft,  etc.  ? 


CIVIL  PROGRESS  OF  THE  NATION 


301 


humor.  Cooper,  .the  American  novelist,  has  never  been 
surpassed  in  the  power  of  description,  particularly  of  the 
peculiar  features  of  Indian  life,  and  life  on  the  ocean. 
Bancroft,*  Hil- 
dreth,  Prescott, 
and  Motley, 
stand  among  the 
best  writers  of 
history  the  world 
has  ever  pro- 
due  e  d  .  The 
History  of  the 
United  States, 
by  George  Ban 
croft,  is  a  work 
of  wide-spread 
fame.  It  occu 
pied  many  years 
of  its  gifted  au 
thor's  life,  and  is 
read  in  every  part 
of  the  world. 

14.  American  poets  may  justly  claim  a  place  with  the 
most  celebrated  of  all  countries.  William  Cullen  Bryant  f 
has  written  poems  which  must  be  as  lasting  as  the  language 

*  George  Bancroft  was  born  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  the  year  1800.  He  early  mani 
fested  remarkable  talent,  graduating  at  Harvard  College  with  the  highest  honors,  at 
the  age  of  seventeen.  The  publication  of  his  great  work,  "  The  History  of  the  United 
States,"  was  commenced  in  1834.  He  filled  several  important  political  offices,  dying 
in  1891. 

t  William  Cullen  Bryant  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1794,  and  died  in  1878.  He 
was  distinguished  not  only  as  a  poet  but  as  a  journalist. 


WILLIAM   CULLJ5N   BKYANT 


302  HISTORY  OF   THE   UNITED  STATES  [1896 

itself.  There  are  few  school  children  w.ho  have  not  learned 
to  admire  "  Thanatopsis,"  the  "Planting  of  the  Apple 
Tree,"  and  a  host  of  others,  which  have  been  used  as  the 
means  of  cultivating  the  taste  of  our  youth,  and  impress 
ing  upon  their  minds  sentiments  of  truth,  beauty,,  and 
tenderness.  Longfellow  *  and  Whittier  f  must  also  be 
added  as  among  the  great  poets,  not  only  of  our  own 
country,  but  of  the  world.  This  brief  list  would  be 
greatly  extended  if  we  should  include  all  who  have 
achieved  for  themselves  fame,  and  added  luster  to  the 
literature  of  their  country. 

CHAPTER  XXII 

Recent  Administrations 

1.  Twenty-eighth    Presidential    Election. — The    Re 
publicans  were  the  first  to  move.     Their  platform  of  "  facts 
and  principles"  favored  a  protective  tariff,  and  opposed  the 
"  free  coinage  of  silver  except  by  international  agreement 
with  the  leading  commercial  nations  of  the  world."     For 
President   they    nominated   William   McKinley,    of    Ohio. 
Their  candidate  for  Vice-President  was  Garret  A.  Hobart, 
of  New  Jersey. 

2.  The  Democrats  "  demanded  the  free  and  unlimited 
coinage  of  gold  and  silver  at  the  present  legal  rate  of  16^  to 
1,"  meaning  that  16   ounces  of   coined   silver   should  be 

*  Henwj  W.  Longfellow  was  born  in  Portland,  Maine,  in  1807.  He  held  the  position 
of  professor  in  Bowdoin  and  Harvard  Colleges.  His  chief  poems  are  "  Evangeline  ""and 
"  Hiawatha  ";  but  many  of  his  minor  pieces  are  very  widely  popular.  He  died  in  1882. 

t  John  G.  Whittier  was  bom  near  Haverhill,  in  Massachusetts,  in  1807.  His  death 
occurred  in  1892. 


1896]  RECENT  ADMINISTRATIONS  303 

equal,  as  money,  to  1  ounce  of  gold.  They  put  in  nomina 
tion  for  President,  William  J.  Bryan,  of  Nebraska,  and 
Arthur  Sewall,  of  Maine,  for  Vice-President.  This  demand 
as  to  the  free  coinage  of  silver  displeased  many  "  Sound 
Money  Democrats/'  in  consequence  of  which  a  Democratic 
National  Convention  was  held,  when  other  candidates  were 
put  in  nomination,  not,  however,  with  any  expectation  of 
winning,  but  to  help  the  Republicans. 

3.  The  Populists  followed  the  lead  of  the  Democrats  in 
respect  to  the  coinage  of  silver  and  gold,  and  also  nomi 
nated    William   J.    Bryan,    for    President.     Other   parties 
made  nominations ;    but  the  contest  was  mainly  between 
the  Republicans  and  the  Democrats.     After  the  most  ex 
citing  canvass  since  the  great  Civil  War,  the  Republicans 
were  successful  (November  3,  1896). 

4.  Venezuela  and  the  Monroe  Doctrine. — A  month 
later  President  Cleveland's  last  annual  message  was  sent  to 
Congress.     In  it  he  announced  that  the  long-standing  dis 
pute  between  Great  Britain  and  Venezuela  in  regard  to  the 
boundary  between  the  latter  republic  and  British  Guiana 
was  about  to  be  settled  by  arbitration,  as  had  been  proposed 
by  our  government.     In  a  previous  message  he  had  declared 
"  that  this  government  is  firmly  opposed  to  a  forcible  in 
crease  by  any  European  power  of  territorial  possessions  on 
this  continent/'     This  was  said  under  a  conviction  that  the 

Text  Questions.— 1,  2,  3.  How  was  the  Presidential  canvass  in  1896  opened? 
What  stand  did  the  Republicans  make  as  to  the  coinage  of  money  ?  The  Democrats  ? 
The  Populists  ?  How  were  the  Democrats  divided  ?  What  candidates  were  put  in 
nomination  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  election  ?  4.  What  announcement  was 
made  as  to  Venezuela  ?  What  previous  declaration  had  been  made  ?  What  induced 
Cleveland  to  make  that  declaration  ?  What  do  you  understand  by  the  Monroe  Doc 
trine  ?  How  does  Cleveland's  declaration  differ  from  Monroe's  (note)  ?  What  is  said 
of  a  commission  ? 


304  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1897 

English  meant  to  seize  the  lands  in  dispute,  and  was  a  new 
form  of  the  declaration  made  by  President  Monroe  seventy- 
three  years  before,  hence  known  as  the  Monroe  Doctrine.* 
Congress  consenting,  the  President  appointed  a  commission 
of  four  persons  to  determine  "the  true  division  line  be 
tween  Venezuela  and  British  Guiana,"  but  before  the  com 
mission  was  ready  to 
report,  the  President 
made  the  announcement 
as  already  stated. 

5.   McKinley's    Ad 
ministration The 

new  President,  William 
McKinley,  had  been  a 
college  student,  a  Union 
soldier  in  the  great  Civil 
War,  a  lawyer,  a  repre 
sentative  in  Congress  (p. 
240),  and  Governor  of 

WILLIAM  MCKINLEY 

Ohio.     Now,  on  the  4th 

of  March,  1897,  at  the  age  of   fifty-four  years,  he  is  the 
President  of  the  United  States. 

6.  Insurrection  in  Cuba. — We  were  at  peace  with  all 
nations,  but  our  relations  with  Spain,  growing  out  of  the  in- 

*  Monroe  declared  that  "  as  a  principle,  the  American  continents  are  henceforth  not 
to  be  considered  as  subjects  for  future  colonization  by  any  European  power" 


5.  Who  succeeded  Cleveland  as  President  ?  When  was  McKinley  inaugurated  ? 
How  old  was  he  then  ?  State  what  you  can  of  his  previous  life.  6.  How  is  Cuba 
situated?  State  what  you  can  of  its  history  to  1898  (p.  23).  How  were  the  people  there 
treated  by  Spain  ?  What  offer  was  made  by  President  Grant  ? 


1898]  RECENT  ADMINISTRATIONS  305 

surrection  then  in  Cuba,  were  not  satisfactory.  Cuba,  the 
largest  of  the  West  India  Islands,  belonged  to  Spain,  and 
was  governed  by  officials  sent  from  Spain.  It  was  Spain's 
policy  to  draw  from  Cuba  as  much  revenue  as  possible. 
In  consequence  its  people  were  treated  as  serfs,  and  bur 
dened  with  the  heaviest  taxes.  Again  and  again  they 
rebelled,  one  of  their  struggles  lasting  ten  years  (1868- 
1878).  Our  government,  Grant  being  President,  offered 
its  aid  to  bring  peace  to  the  island,  but  Spain  declined 
the  offer. 

7.  Destruction  of  the  Maine. — Havana  is  the  largest 
city   of    Cuba.     In   its   harbor,    February    15,    1898,    was 
anchored  the  United   States  battleship  Maine.     Between 
the  hours  of  9  and  10  in  the  evening  an  explosion  destroyed 
the  ship.     Two  of  her  officers  and  264  of  her  men  perished. 
As  the  news  was  flashed  to  every  part  of  the  United  States, 
it  produced  intense  excitement,  for  it  was  believed  that  the 
destruction  had  been  effected   by   Spanish   officials.      By 
direction  of  the  President  a  Court  of  Inquiry  was  formed, 
which  after  23  days  of  continuous  labor,  reported  that  the 
Maine  was  destroyed  by  the  explosion  of  a  submarine  mine. 
No  evidence  had  been  obtained  showing  by  whom  the  mine 
had  been  placed  there.     Officials  on  the  part  of  Spain,  after 
going  through   the  form   of   holding  an  investigation,  re 
ported  that  the  explosion  was  from  the  inside  of  the  ship. 

8.  Distress  in  Cuba. — The  war  in  Cuba  continued.     It 
had  now  dragged  on  more  than  three  years.     In  the  early 


7.  Give  an  account  of  the  destruction  of  the  battleship  Maine.  What  can  you  state 
of  interest  in  the  early  history  of  Havana  (p.  24)  ?  What  effect  did  the  war  in  Cuba 
have  upon  lives  and  property  there  ?  What  offer  and  what  aid  were  sent  ? 

30 


306  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1898 

part  of  it,  our  government,  Cleveland  being  President, 
offered,  as  during  a  former  war,  its  aid  to  bring  about  peace. 
Again  Spain  declined  our  aid.  Fire  and  sword  had  made 
a  sad  change  in  the  island.  Fields  were  in  waste,  mills  in 
ruins,  homes  in  ashes,  and  more  than  a  hundred  thousand 
of  its  inhabitants  had  died  from  hunger  and  exposure. 
Nearly  $200,000  iii  money,  food,  and  medicine,  had  been 
sent  to  the  sufferers  from  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
and  Congress  had  given  $50,000  more. 

9.  War  with  Spain.— Believing  it  to  be  the  duty  of  our 
government  to  intervene,  McKinley  sent  a  special  message 
to  Congress  (April  11,  1808);  and  Congress,  acting  upon 
the  facts  so  received,  adopted  four  resolutions  (April  10). 
The  1st  declared  that  the  people  of  Cuba  were  free  and  in 
dependent  ;  the  2d  demanded  that  the  government  of  Spain 
relinquish  all  authority  in  Cuba;  the  3d  directed  the  Presi 
dent  to  use  the  army  and   navy  to  carry  out  these  resolu 
tions  ;  the  4th  disclaimed  any  intention  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States  to  exercise  control  over  Cuba  further  than 
to  bring  peace  to  the  island,  its  government  being  left  in 
the  hands  of  its  people. 

10.  McKinley  having  signed  the  resolutions,  notified  the 
Spanish  minister  in  Washington  that  he  had  done  so  (April 
20).     That  official  at  once  asked  for  his  passport  and  left 
the  country.     His  government  acted  with  equal  haste.     It 
refused  to  have  any  further  business  with  our  minister  in 
Spain,  and  he  returned  to  America.     This  act  on  the  part 


9.  What  action  was  taken  by  President  and  Congress  ?  10.  What  tsvo  declarations 
were  made  ?  What  war  preparations  and  acts  were  made  on  the  part  of  the  United 
States  ?  State  as  clearly  as  you  can  what  the  causes  of  the  war  were. 


1898]  RECENT  ADMINISTRATIONS  '  307 

of  Spain  being,  according  to  the  usage  of  nations,  a  declara 
tion  of  war,  Congress  in  turn  declared " "that  war  has 
existed  since  the  21st  day  of  April,  1898,  including  that 
day,  between  the  United  States  and  the  kingdom  of. Spain." 
United  States  warships  were  sent  to  blockade  the  princi 
pal  ports  of  Cuba  ;  Spanish;  ships,  were  captured  in  tre 
waters  about  Cuba  ;  and  an  army  of  many  thousand  volun 
teers  was  formed.  The  war  "  in  the  name  of  humanity" 
was  begun. 

n.  Its  first  battle  was  between  two  fleets  of  iron  ships 
in  the  harbor  of  Manila,  the  largest  city  of  the  Philippines, 
a  group  of  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  belonging  chiefly  to 
Spain.  In  the  early  morning  of  the  first  day  of  May  the 
American  fleet,  commanded  by  Commodore  Dewey,  ad 
vanced  to  the  attack.  Though  the  Spanish  ships  were 
aided  by  shore  batteries,  within  three  hours  they  were 
completely  destroyed.  Not  an  American  ship  was  dis 
abled  ;  not  an  American  was  killed.  The  victory  was  the 
greatest  in  the  annals  of  modern  naval  war. 

12.  Spain's  rule  in  these  islands,  as  in  Cuba  and  other 
Spanish  colonies,  was  marked  by  greed  and  cruelty.  The 
natives  rebelled  in  1896,  and  continued  their  warfare  till  a 
promise  of  reforms  in  the  government  came  to  them.  After 
they  had  given  up  their  arms  and  their  leaders  had  left  the 
islands,  the  Spanish  officials  refused  to  carry  out  the  prom 
ised  reforms.  About  this  time  Dewey  entered  the  harbor 
of  Manila,  as  we  have  stated,  and  won  his  great  victory. 


11.  Where  are  the  Philippine  Islands  ?  What  incident  can  you  name  in  their  early 
history  (p.  27)  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  great  battle  thx-re.  12.  Why  did  the  natives 
of  the  Philippine  Islands  rebel  ?  State  what  you  can  of  the  rebellion. 


308 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


[1898 


Inspired  by  this  victory,  the  deceived  people  again  made 
war  upon  their  oppressors. 

13-  Dewey,  now  raised  to  the  grade  of  rear-admiral,  made 
no  attempt  to  take  Manila,  not  having  sufficient  force  to 

hold  it.  He  waited  for  troops 
from  America.  These,  on 

(•'_,'  their  way   to   him,    made  a 

brief  stop  at  the  Ladrones, 
or  Marianas,  islands  belong 
ing  to  Spain,  and  took  pos 
session  of  them.  Aided  by 
Dewey's  ships,  the  troops  at 
tacked  the  outer  defences  of 
Manila,  drove  the  enemy 
from  them,  and  compelled 
the  city  to  surrender  (Au 
gust  13). 

14.  Meanwhile  a  fleet  commanded  by  Admiral  Sampson 
was  blockading  the  fortified  harbor  of  Santiago  de  Cuba, 
where  a  Spanish  fleet  of  six  ships,  commanded  by  Admiral 
Cervera,  was  at  anchor.  To  prevent  the  escape  of  the 
Spanish  fleet  a  daring  project  was  intrusted  to  Lieutenant 
Hobson.  With  only  seven  men,  volunteers  from  the  block 
ading  vessels,  he  put  off  in  the  coaling  steamer  Merrimac, 
reached  the  mouth  of  the  harbor,  and  under  a  storm  of  shot 
and  shell  succeeded  in  sinking  the  Merrimac  in  the  narrow 
channel  leading  to  the  harbor,  not  quite  closing  it  as  aimed, 

13.  Why  did  not  Dewey  attack  Manila  at  once  ?    Give  an  account  of  the  means  to 
capture  the  city  and  the  result.     How  is  Manila  situated  ?     14.  How  was  Admiral 
Sampson  employed  meanwhile  ?    Where  is  Santiago  de  Cuba  (see  map)  ?    Direction 
"om  Tampa  ?    Who  was  Cervera  ?    Give  an  account  of  Hobson's  exploit. 


ADMIRAL   DEWEY 


RECENT  ADMINISTRATIONS 


309 


but  nearly  doing  so.  It  happened  that  as  the  steamer  was 
sinking  a  shot  carried  away  her  rudder  and  the  tide  swung 
her  around.  The  eight  men  then  jumped  overboard,  and 
while  clinging  to  their  little  catamaran,  with  their  heads  just 
above  the  water,  were  picked  up  by  Cervera's  launch,  Cer- 
vera  himself  being  on  board  (June  3).  Admiring  the  brav- 


ery  of  the  men,  Cervera  sent  word  to  Sampson  that  they  were 
safe.     After  being  held  several  weeks  they  were  liberated. 

15.  It  being  believed  that  the  channel  was  closed,  the 
escape  of-  the  Spanish  fleet  seemed  impossible.  Its  capture 
or  destruction  was  of  the  first  importance.  Troops  were 
landed  a  few  miles  from  Santiago.  These,  under  the  com 
mand  of  General  Shatter,  advanced  in  the  face  of  desperate 
opposition  to  the  hills  behind  the  city,  and  on  the  1st  of 

15.  What  movement  was  made  by  troops  to  capture  Cervera's  fleet  ?  Why  was  not 
that  movement  successful  ?  Why  did  Cervera  leave  Santiago  ?  What  was  the  fate  of 
Cervera's  fleet  ?  What  further  can  you  say  of  Cervera  ?  Ans.  He  and  about  a  thou 
sand  of  his  men  were  taken  prisoners  ;  at  the  end  of  the  war  they  returned  to  Spain. 
What  followed  Cervera's  defeat  as  respects  Santiago  ? 


310  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATUS  [1898 

July  drove  its  defenders  from  their  outworks.  It  being 
evident  that  the  city  would  soon  full  into  the  hands  of  the 
Americans,  Cervera,  in  obedience  to  orders  from  Spain,  and 
with  the  determination  that  his  ships  should  not  share  the 
fate  of  the  city,  steamed  out  of  the  harbor  to  fight  his  way 
to  freedom.  The  outcomiog  vessels  were  discovered,  pur- 


BATTLE    OP    SANTIAGO 


sued,  attacked,  and  sunk  or  driven  ashore  in  a  sinking 
condition.  As  at  Manila,  not  an  American  ship  was  dis 
abled.  Only  one  American  was  killed  (July  3).  Two 
weeks  later  Santiago  surrendered. 

16.  As  the  war  progressed  our  government  came  to  think 
that  Spanish  rule  should  be  driven  not  only  from  Cuba  but 


16.  What  became  the  policy  of  our  government  as  respects  other  conquests  ?  How 
did  that  policy  affect  Porto  Rico  ?  Where  is  Porto  Rico  (see  map)  ?  What  is  the 
capital  of  Porto  Rico  ?  Why  did  not  our  troops  capture  that  city  ?  What  terms  did 
\ve  offer  to  Spain  ?  What  did  Spain  and  President  McKinley  then  do  ? 


1898]  RECENT  ADMINISTRATIONS  311 

as  well  from  every  other  island  of  Spain  in  the  West  Indies. 
Accordingly,  a  fleet  and  army  were  sent  against  Porto  Rico. 
The  troops,  opposed  by  Spanish  soldiers,  welcomed  by  the 
people,  were  advancing  across  the  island  to  attack  its  capi 
tal,  San  Juan,  when  they  were  stopped  by  news  of  peace. 
Spain,  defeated  and  without  hope  of  future  success,  had 
sued  for  peace.  In  response,  the  terms  offered  required 
Spain  to  give  up  all  her  rights  over  Cuba,  and  to  cede  Porto 
Rico  and  other  islands  in  the  West  Indies,  also  one  of  the 
Ladrone  Islands,  to  the  United  States.  It  was  further  pro 
posed  that  Spanish  and  American  commissioners,  meeting 
in  Paris,  should  decide  as  to  the  future  control  of  the  Phil 
ippines  and  as  to  other  matters,  and  frame  a  treaty  of 
peace.  These  terms  having  been  accepted,  the  President 
declared  the  war  at  an  end  (August  12)  ;  but  the  news  of 
this  declaration  did  not  reach  Manila  in  time  to  prevent 
the  next  day's  fighting  there. 

17.  The  war  had  lasted  less  than  four  months.     Before 
it  was   declared  a  tariff  law,  known  as  the   Dingley  bill, 
went  into  effect,  its  aim  being  to  increase  the  revenue  and 
give  better  protection   to  American  industries.     The  war 
coining  on  and  more  money  being  needed,  a  law  was  made 
which  imposed  taxes  on  many  domestic  productions,  and 
required  stamps  to  be  put  upon  legal  and  business  papers 
of  various  kinds. 

18.  Hawaii — While  war  was  increasing  the  domain  of 

17.  How  long  had  the  war  lasted  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Dingley  bill  ?  Of  the  do 
mestic  tax  bill  ?  18.  Where  are  the  Hawaiian  Islands  ?  What  can  you  say  of  their 
early  history  as  respects  discovery  ?  Of  missionaries,  churches,  and  schools  'i  Of 
Hawaii  as  a  republic  ?  Of  the  wish  of  the  people  as  regards  annexation  to  the  United 
States  ?  Of  the  steps  taken  by  which  that  object  was  effected  ?  Of  the  population  ? 
Of  the  men  and  women  of  the  native  race  ?  Of  their  children  ? 


312  HISTORY  OF   THE   UNITED  STATES 

the  United  States,  peace  was  busy  in  like  manner.  In  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  about  2,000  miles  from  America,  is  a  group 
of  islands  which  the  people  there  called  the  Hawaiian  (Jia- 
wi'-yan]  Islands,  but  which  elsewhere  are  often  called  the 
Sandwich  Islands.  The  first  Europeans  to  see  them  were 
Spaniards.  In  1778  they  were  again  discovered  by  Captain 
Cook,  an  English  navigator.  .  As  early  as  1820  American 
missionaries  began  to  go  to  them.  Churches  and  schools 
followed.  On  the  4th  of  July,  1894,  a  republican  form  of 
government  was  established.  The  people  in  control  wanted 
to  be  a  part  of  our  people  ;  and  after  years  of  asking  and 
waiting  their  wish  was  gratified.  A  resolution  of  annexa 
tion  was  passed  by  Congress,  and  on  the  7th  of  July,  1898, 
was  approved  by  the  President.  On  the  12th  of  August 
the  American  flag  was  hoisted  over  the  Capitol  of  this 
island  republic,  Hawaii  (ha-wi'-e),  and  it  became  a  terri 
tory  of  the  United  States.  At  this  time  the  population 
was  about  109,000,  of  whom  about  31,000  were  of  the 
native  race.  The  men  and  women  of  this  race  are  peace 
ful  and  generous,  and,  with  few  exceptions,  read  and  write 
the  English  language  in  addition  to  their  own.  Their  chil 
dren  attend  the  public  schools,  and  in  no  way  are  infe 
rior  to  their  classmates. 

19.  Treaty  of  Peace  with  Spain. — The  war  with  Spain 
being  ended,1  commissioners,  five  from  the  United  States 
and  five  from  Spain,  met  in  Paris  and  framed  a  treaty  of 
peace,  which  was  ratified  by  both  governments  in  the  early 
part  of  the  following  year  (1899).  In  addition  to  the  pre 
vious  concessions,  Spain  ceded  the  Philippine  Islands  to 
the  United  States,  the  latter  paying  $20,000,000  to  Spain. 


1901]  RECENT   ADMINISTRATIONS  313 

A  part  of  the  people  of  the  islands  who  had  made  war 
upon  the  Spanish  authority,  were  not  satisfied  that  the 
United  States  or  any  other  foreign  power  should  have 
control,  and  after  the  treaty  was  made  began  war  against 
the  authority  of  the  United  States.  Their  hostility  con 
tinued  a  long  time. 

20.  Troubles    in    China. — In   the   early   part   of    the 
summer  of  1900  an  insurrection  broke  out  in  China,  which 
was  directed  not  against  the  government  but  against  for 
eigners.     Many  of  these,  mostly  missionaries,  were  killed 
and  their  houses  given  to  the  flames.      The  fury  of  the 
insurgents  extended  to  the  native  Christians,  converts  of 
the  missionaries,  thousands  of  whom  were  also  killed.     To 
prevent   further   destruction   of    life    and    property,    the 
nations  having  treaties  Avith  China  formed  an  alliance  and 
sent  ships  and  men  to  enforce  their  object.      Our  govern 
ment  by  its  prompt  action  and  wise  counsel  at  once  became 
a  leader  among  the   allies.      The  capital  of   the    empire 
being  Peking,  the  minister  of  the  United  States  and  the 
other  ministers  resided  there.     These  legations,  grouped 
together,  were  besieged  nearly  two   months,  the   Chinese 
government   making   no    attempt   to    drive    the    besiegers 
away.     The  defenders,   protected  in  part  by  a  wall  and 
bags  of  sand,  made  a  brave  fight,  repelling  attack  after 
attack,  till  troops  from  the  allies  came  to  their  relief. 

21.  National   Election.— Meanwhile  the  election  con 
test  was  in  progress,  the  leading  candidates  being  the  same 
as  four  years  before  (p.  302).    McKinley  was  again  elected, 
with  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Governor  of  New  York,  as  Vice- 
President.     McKinley's  second  term  began  March  4,  1901. 


314  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES  [1901 

22.  Island  Possessions.— Within  the  last  few  years  the 
United  States  had  acquired  numerous  islands.    These  were 
Hawaii   (p.   311),  Porto  Rico,  the  Philippines,  Guam,  one 
of  the  Ladrones,  and  several  islands  of  the  Samoan  group, 
acquired  by  treaty  in  1899.     Many  persons  contended  that 
these  newly  acquired  possessions  had   the  same  rights  as 
the   states  and  territories,   "  the  Constitution  follows  the 
flag,"  they  said  ;  but  in  May,  1901,  the  Supreme  Court  de 
cided  that  they  were  subject  to  special  acts  of  Congress. 
Tariff  laws  for  these  islands  may  differ  from  tariff  laws  for 
the  United  States.     When  this  decision  of  the  court  was 
made,  delegates,  elected  by  the  people  of  Cuba,  were  as 
sembled  in  Havana  to. frame  a  form  of  government  for  that 
island.     They  adopted  a  constitution,  to  which  they  added 
conditions  imposed  by  Congress,  one  of  which  provided  for 
ceding  the  Isle  of  Pines  to  the  United  States  (map,  p.  309). 

23.  The  Nation  Mourns.— During  six  months  of  this 
year   a   Pan-American    Exposition   was    held   at    Buffalo, 
N".  Y,,  where   President  McKinley  delivered  an  eloquent 
address.     Next  day,  September  6th,  while  holding  a  recep 
tion  in  its  Temple  of  Music,  he  was  shot  by  an  anarchist, 
one  of  the  two  balls  fired  entering  his  body.     The  assail 
ant,    born   in  America  twenty-eight   years   before,  was  a 
son  of  Polish  immigrants.     It  was  hoped  that  the  life  of 
the   President  would  be  saved,  but  on  the  14th  the  end 
came.     So  passed  away  one  of  the  wisest  and  best  of  the 
American  Presidents.     His   funeral,  in   Washington,  was 
attended   by   grief-stricken   thousands.       Words    of   sym 
pathy  came  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe.     The  Vice- 
President,  Theodore  Roosevelt,  then  became  President. 


1'JOIJ 


RECENT    ADMINISTRATIONS 


315 


24.  Roosevelt's  Administration. — The  new  President, 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  was  born  in  New  York,  October  27, 
1858.  His  life  was  full  of 
activity.  Graduating  from 
Harvard  University,  he  was 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
worthy  of  her  sons.  As  a 
member  of  the  New  York 
Legislature,  Assistant  Secre 
tary  of  the  Navy,  soldier  in 
the  war  with  Spain,  and 
Governor  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  he  acquitted 
himself  with  honor.  As  a 
public  speaker  and  author 
he  gained  additional  renown. 
His  "  Winning  of  the  West," 

"  Naval  War  of  1812,"  and  other  books,  had  a  wide  cir 
culation.  Now,  when  he  was  not  yet  forty-three  years  of 
age,  he  was  called  to  be  the  President  of  the  greatest 
republic  in  the  world.  Of  all  the  Presidents  entering 
the  White  House  he  was  the  youngest.  His  policy,  he 
declared,  would  be  the  same  as  tbat  of  his  predecessor. 
The  population  of  the  forty-five  States  of  the  Union 
then  exceeded  76,300,000,  and  the  country  was  prosperous 
beyond  any  previous  time. 


Copyright,  1900,  by  R.  W.  Thacher. 
THEODORE   ROOSEVELT. 


CHRONOLOGICAL   SUMMARY  315 


CHRONOLOGICAL   SUMMARY 

1765.  Parliament  passed  the  Stamp  Act. 

The  Colonial  Congress  met  in  New  York. 
1770.   Affray,  known  as  the  Boston  Massacre,  occurred. 

1773.  The  tea  was  thrown  overboard  in  Boston  Harbor. 

1774.  The  First  Continent.il  Congress  met  in  Philadelphia. 

1775.  Battle  of  Lexington.     Revolutionary  War  began. 

1776.  Independence  declared  by  Congress,  July  4th. 

1777.  Burgoyno  surrendered  his  army  to  Gates. 

1778.  France  acknowledged  the  independence  of  the  United  States 

1779.  Paul  Jones  gained  a  victory  oft'  the  English  coast. 

1780.  Arnold  plotted  to  betray  West  Point  to  the  British. 

1781.  The  Articles  of  Confederation  ratified  by  the  States. 
Cornwallis  surrendered  at  Yorktown. 

1782.  A  preliminary  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Paris. 

1783.  A  definitive  treaty  of  peace  was  made  with  Great  Britain. 
New  York  was  evacuated  by  the  British. 

1787.  Convention  at  Philadelphia  adopted  Constitution  of  the  U.  S. 
1789.  Washington  -was  inaugurated  President. 

1791.  Vermont  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1792.  Kentucky  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 
1794.   Wayne  defeated  the  Indians  on  the  Maumee. 

1796.  Tennessee  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1797.  John  Adams  was  inaugurated  President. 

1799.  Washington  died  at  Mount  Yernon,  Virginia. 

1800.  Washington  became  the  capital  of  the  United  States. 

1801.  Thomas" Jefferson  was  inaugurated  President. 

1803.  Ohio  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 
Louisiana  was  purchased  from  France. 

1804.  Decatur  recaptured  the  frigate  Philadelphia. 
Hamilton  was  killed  in  a  duel  with  Burr. 

1807.  The  Leopard  attacked  the  United  States  frigate  Chesapeake. 
1809.  Congress  prohibited  commerce  with  Great  Britain  and  France. 
James  Madison  was  inaugurated  President. 

1811.  Harrison  gained  a  victory  at  Tippecanoe. 

1812.  Louisiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

United  States  declared  War  against  Great  Britain. 

1813.  Perry  gained  a  victory  on  Lake  Erie. 
Harrison  defeated  Proctor  at  the  Thames. 

1814.  Washington  was  captured  by  the  British. 
A  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Ghent. 

1815.  Jackson  defeated  the  British  at  New  Orleans. 
Decatur  was  sent  to  Algiers. 

1816.  Indiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1817.  James  Monroe  was  inaugurated  President. 

1818.  Jackson  was  sent  against  the  SeminoK's. 
Illinois  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1819.  Alabama  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 


316  HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


1820.  Maine  was  admitted  into  the. Union. 
The  Missouri  Compromise  was  adopted. 

1821.  Spain  ceded  Florida  to  the  United  States. 
Missouri  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1824.  Lafayette  visited  the  United  States. 

1825.  John'Quincy  Adams  was  inaugurated  President. 

1826.  John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson  died  (July  4). 
1829.  Andrew  Jackson  was  inaugurated  President. 
1832.  The  Black  Hawk  War  broke  out. 

South  Carolina  attempted  nullification. 

1835.  War  with  the  Seminoles  began. 

1836.  Arkansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1837.  Michigan  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 
Martin  Van  Buren  was  inaugurated  President. 

1841.  William  Henry  Harrison  was  inaugurated  President. 
The  death  of  President  Harrison  occurred  (April  4). 
John  Tyler  was  inaugurated  President. 

1845.  Florida  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 
James  K.  Polk  was  inaugurated  President. 
Texas  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1846.  Taylor  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Palo  Alto. 
Iowa  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1847.  Taylor  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Buena  Vista. 
Scott  entered  the  City  of  Mexico. 

1848.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  made  with  Mexico. 
Wisconsin  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1849.  Zachary  Taylor  was  inaugurated  President. 

1850.  Death  of  President  Taylor. 

Millard  Fill  more  was  inaugurated  President. 
California  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1853.  Franklin  Pierce  was  inaugurated  President. 

1854.  The  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  was  passed. 

1857.  James  Buchanan  was  inaugurated  President. 

1858.  Minnesota  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1859.  Oregon  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 
John  Brown  made  a  raid  into  Virginia. 

1860.  South  Carolina  passed  a  secession  ordinance. 

1861.  Mississippi,  Florida,  Alabama,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  Texas,  Vir 

ginia,  Arkansas,   Tennessee,   and   North  Carolina,   passed 

secession  ordinances. 
Kansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 
The  "Southern  Confederacy"  was  formed. 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  inaugurated  President. 
The  Union  army  was  routed  at  Bull  Run  (July  21). 

1862.  "  The  Seven  Days'  contest  before  Richmond  "  (June  25-July  1). 
Lee's  army  was  defeated  at  Antietam. 

The  Union  army  was  repulsed  at  Fredericksburg  (Dec.  13). 

1863.  The  Emancipation  Proclamation  was  issued. 
West  Virginia  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 
Lee  made  his  second  invasion  into  Maryland. 
The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Gettysburg. 
Vicksburg  was  surrendered  to  General  Grant. 


CHRONOLOGICAL   SUMMARY  31 


1863.  The  great  riot  in  New  York  occurred. 

1864.  General  Sherman  captured  Atlanta. 
Nevada  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 
Savannah  was  occupied  by  Sherman's  army. 

1865.  Charleston  was  occupied  by  Union  troops. 

Petersburg  and  Richmond  were  captured  by  the  Unionists. 
Lee  surrendered  to  Grant. 
President  Lincoln  was  assassinated. 
Andrew  Johnson  was  inaugurated  President. 
Slavery  was  constitutionally  abolished. 

1867.  Nebraska  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 
Alaska  was  purchased  from  Russia. 

1868.  The  Fourteenth  Amendment  was  adopted. 

1869.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  was  inaugurated  President. 

1870.  The  Fifteenth  Amendment  was  adopted. 

1871.  The  Alabama  Treaty  was  concluded. 
The  great  fire  at  Chicago  occurred. 

1876.  The   Centennial  Anniversary  of  American   Independence  was 

celebrated. 
The   International   Exhibition,   or  World's   Fair,   was  held  in 

Philadelphia. 
Colorado  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1877.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  was  inaugurated  President. 
1881.  Inauguration  of  James  A.  Garfield. 

Death  of  President  Garfield. 
Chester  A.  Arthur  President. 
1885.  Grover  Cleveland  inaugurated  President. 
Death  of  General  Grant. 

1889.  Benjamin  Harrison  inaugurated  President. 

North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana,  and  Washington  were 
admitted  into  the  Union. 

1890.  Idaho  and  Wyoming  were  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1892.  Celebration  of  the  400th  Anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  America 

by  Columbus. 

1893.  Second  inauguration  of  Grover  Cleveland. 

1896.  Utah  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1897.  William  McKinley  was  inaugurated  President. 

1898.  Destruction  of  the  Warship  Maine  (Feb.  15). 
War  with  Spain  declared. 

Dewey's  victory  over  the  Spanish  fleet  at  Manila  (May  1). 
Spanish  fleet  destroyed  off  Santiago  de  Cuba  (July  3)! 
War  with  Spain  ended  (Aug.  12). 

1899.  Treaty  of  peace  with  Spain  ratified. 

1900.  Troubles  in  China. 

1901.  Second  inauguration  of  William  McKinley. 


318 


HISTORY  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


TOPICS    FOR   REVIEW 

Numbers  refer  to  pages  of  the  book 


BIOGRAPHICAL 

George  Washington  .........  184,  189,  192 

Thomas  Jefferson  .....  .  .1st),  193,  198,  215 

Alexander  Hamilton  .............  186,  195 

Daniel  Boone  ..............  :  .........   188 

John  Adams  ......................  1  .10,  215 

Aaron  Burr  ........................  193,  1% 

Decatur  .........................  195,  209 

General  Harrison  .........  ...  .199,  201,  221 

General  Hull  ........................  200 

Commodore  Bainbridge  ...........  194,  201 

Commodore  Perry  ...................  201 

General  Jackson  ."  ........  202,  207',  211,  210 

General  Scott  ........  204,  227,  228.  240,  248 

James  Monroe  .............  .  ........  210 

John  Q.  Adams  ......................  215 

John  C.  Calhonn  .....................  218 

Abraham  Lincoln  ........  218,  210,  272,  276 

General  Taylor  ...........  220,  224,  225,  232 

Martin  Van  Bnren  ..................     220 

John  Tyler  .........................  221 

Samuel  Houston  ......................  222 

James  K.  Polk...  ....................  223 

John  C.  Fremont  .................  225,  249 

Millard  Fillmore  .............  ......  232 

Daniel  Webster  ......................  233 

Henry  (.'lay  ..........................  233 

Franklin  Pierce  .......  .  .............  234 

James  Buchanan  .................  235,  240 

Jefferson  Davis  ..............  239,  2  14,  271 

General  Beauregard  ..................  243 

General  Lyon  .....................  249 

Admiral  Farragut  ................  253,  268 

General  McClellan  .......  245,  248.  25(5,  257 

General  Grant 

251,  2GO,  263,  2(57,  271,  279,  280 
General  Lee  ..............  250,  258,  259,  271 

General  Johnston  .................  256,  271 

General  Rosecrans  ................  258,  201 

General  Sherman  .  .  ......  2(53,  2(35,  26L>,  270 

General  Early  ........................  268 

General  Sheridan  ....................  268 

Andrew  Johnson  .................  276,  278 

Professor  Morse.  .!...>  ...........    ...  296 

Robert  Fulton  .........  ...............  297 

Washington  Irving  ...................  300 

Eli  Whitney  .........................  299 

Elias  Howe,  Jr  ......................  300 

William  Cullen  Bryant  ..............  301 

James  A.  Garfield  ....*.  ..............   284 

Grover  Cleveland  ....................  286 

William  McKinley  ...................  304 

Admiral  Dewey  ......................  308 

GEOGRAPHICAL 


Maumee  River 
Washington 
Louisiana 
Tippecanoe 


............  188 

1  9.5,  206 
194,  209 
..  .  :  ......   199 


Detroit 200 

Thames  River 202 

Plattslmrg 204,  205 

Baltimore... 206 

Mobile 207,  268 

Pensacolu 207,  211 

New  Orleans 20S,  253 

Fort  Moultrie 220,  238 

Palo  Alto...  224 


Buena  Vista 

Vera  Crux 

Cerro  Gordo 

City  of  Mexico 

San  Francisco 

Kansas 235.  240 

Harper's  Ferry 236,  245 

Charleston '. 238,  270 

Fort  Sumter 238,  239,  243 

His:  Hethel  ..  -.245 


225 
227 
227 

228 
231 


Richmond .245,  271 

Bull  Run 248,  257 

Fredericksburg 258 

Murfreesboro1 258 

Chancellorsville 259 

Gettysburg 260 

Vicksburg 260 

Chattanooga ' 261 

Atlanta 263,  265 

Nashville 265 

Petersburg 267 

Shenandoah  Valley 268 

HISTORICAL 

Whisky  Insurrection 187 

Battle  of  the  Maumee 188 

War  of  1812 199 

Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane 204 

Taking  of  Washington 206 

Battle  of  New  Orleans 208 

Cession  of  Florida  to  the  I'.  S 211 

Missouri  Compromise 212 

Lafayette's  Visit  to  the  United  States.  213 

Nullification 216,  217 

Black  Hawk  War 218 

Seminole  War 219 

War  with  Mexico 224 

Conquest  of  New  Mexico 225 

Discovery  of  Gold  in  California 230 

Compromise  of  1850 233 

Civil  War  in  Kansas 235 

John  Brown's  Raid    236 

Organization  of  Southern  Con/ed. .  . .     238 
Capture  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelsoii.  250 

Battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing 251 

Fight   between    the   Monitor  and  the 

Merrimac 255 

Battle  of  Fair  Oaks 256 

Seven  Days'  Battles 257 

Battle  of  Antietam 257 

Battle  of  Chickamauga 261 


TOPICS  FOR  REVIEW 


319 


Draft  Riot  in  New  York 202 

Red  River  Expedition 2ti4 

Massacre  at  Fort  Pillow .' 26.") 

Sherman's  March  to  the  Coat* 1 2_6 

Abolition   of   Slavery  in  the  United 

States 275,  277 

Purchase  of  Alaska 27'8 

Laying  of  the  Atlantic  Cable 297 

Voyage  of  the  Clermont 298 

Invention  of  the  Cotton  Gin 299 

Invention  of  the  Magnetic  Telegraph. 

296,  299 
Statue  of  Liberty 286 


Chinese  Immigration 287 

Anniversary    of     the     Discovery     of 

America " 291 

Behring  Sea  Dispute 292 

Venezuela  and  the  Monroe  Doctrine. .  303 

Insurrection  in  Cuba 304 

Destruction  of  the  Maine 305 

War  with  Spain 306 

Spanish  Fleet  Destroyed  at  Manila... .   307 

Battle  of  Santiago../. 310 

Hawaii  Annexed 311 

Troubles  in  China 313 

Island  Possessions. ..  ..  314 


APPENDIX 

THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 


A  Declaration  by  the  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled,  July  4,  1776 

WHEN,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for  one 
people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected  them  with 
another,  and  to  assume,  among  the  powers  of  the  earth,  the  separate 
and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of  nature's  God 
entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions-of  mankind  requires  that 
they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel  them  to  the  separation. 

^We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men  are  created 
equal  ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  unalien- 
able  rights  ^  that  among  these,  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of 
happiness:  That,  to  secure  these  rights,  governments  are  instituted 
among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the  gov 
erned  ;  that,  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes  destructive 
of  these  ends,  it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or  to  abolish  it,  and 
to  institute  a  new  government,  laying  its  foundation  on  such  princi 
ples,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as  to  them  shall  seem 
most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness.  Prudence,  indeed, 
will  dictate  that  governments  long  established,  should  not  be  changed 
for  light  and  transient  causes;  and,  accordingly,,  all  experience  hath 
shown,  that  mankind  are  more  disposed  to  suffer,  while  evils  are 
sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which 
they  are  accustomed.  But,  when  a  long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpa 
tions,  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  design  to  reduce 
them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty,  to 
throw  off  such  government,  and  to  provide  new  guards  for  their  future 
security.  Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  colonies,  and 
such  is  now  the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to  alter  their  former 
systems  of  government.  The  history  of  the  present  king  of  Great 


2  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 

Britain  is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all  having, 
in  direct  object,  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyranny  over  these 
states.  To  prove  this,  let  facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid  world  : — 

He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome  and  necessary 
for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  governors  to  pass  laws  of  immediate  and  press 
ing  importance,  unless  suspended  in  their  operation  till  his  assent 
should  be  obtained  ;  and,  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected 
to  attend  to  them. 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accommodation  of  large 
districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the  right  of 
representation  in  the  legislature  ;  a  right  inestimable  to  them,  and 
formidable  to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual,  uncom 
fortable,  and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  public  records,  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing  them  into  compliance  with  his  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly,  for  opposing, 
with  manly  firmness,  his  invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolutions,  to  cause 
others  to  be  elected  ;  whereby  the  legislative  powers,  incapable  of 
annihilation,  have  returned  to  the  people  at  large  for  their  exercise  ; 
the  state  remaining,  in  the  meantime,  exposed  to  all  the  danger  of  in 
vasion  from  without,  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  states  ;  for 
that  purpose,  obstructing  the  laws  for  naturalization  of  foreigners, 
refusing  to  pass  others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither,  and  rais 
ing  the  conditions  of  new  appropriations  of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice,  by  refusing  his  as 
sent  to  laws  for  establishing  judiciary  powers. 

He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone,  for  the  tenure  of 
their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  their  salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent  hither  swarms  of 
officers  to  harass  our  people,  and  eat  out  their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  time  of  peace,  standing  armies,  without 
the  consent  of  our  legislatures. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of,  and  superior 
to,  the  civil  power. 

He  has  combined,  with  others,  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction  foreign 
to  our  constitution,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws  ;  giving  his  as 
sent  to  their  acts  of  pretended  legislation  : 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us  : 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE  3 

For  protecting  them  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punishment,  for  any 
murders  which  they  should  commit  on  the  inhabitants  of  these  states: 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world  : 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent: 

For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefit  of  trial  by  jury: 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas  to  be  tried  for  pretended  offences: 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in  a  neighboring 
province,  establishing  therein  an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarging 
its  boundaries,  so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instrument 
for  introducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  colonies : 

For  taking  away  our  charters,  abolishing  our  most  valuable  laws, 
and  altering,  fundamentally,  the  powers  of  our  governments: 

For  suspending  our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves  in 
vested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring  us  out  of  his  pro 
tection,  and  waging  war  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt  our  towns,  and 
destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is,  at  this  time,  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  mercenaries 
to  complete  the  works  of  death,  desolation,  and  tyranny,  already  be 
gun,  with  circumstances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy  scarcely  paralleled  in 
the  most  barbarous  ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a  civilized 
nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive  on  the  high 
seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their  country,  to  become  the  executioners 
of  their  friends  and  brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  hands. 

He  has  excited  domestic. insurrections  amongst  us,  and  has  endeav 
ored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers,  the  merciless  Indian 
savages,  whose  known  rule  of  warfare  is  an  undistinguished  destruc 
tion  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions,  we  have  petitioned  for  redress, 
in  the  most  humble  terms  ;  our  repeated  petitions  have  been  answered 
only  by  repeated  injury.  A  prince,  whose  character  is  thus  marked 
by  every  act  which  may  define  a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a 
free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our  British  brethren.  We 
have  warned  them,  from  time  to  time,  of  attempts  made  by  their  legis 
lature  to  extend  an  unwarrantable  jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  re 
minded  them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration  and  settlement 
here.  We  have  appealed  to  their  native  justice  and  magnanimity, 
and  we  have  conjured  them,  by  the  ties  of  our  common  kindred,  to 

ft 


4  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE 

disavow  these  usurpations,  which  would  inevitably  interrupt  our  con 
nections  and  correspondence.  They,  too,  have  been  deaf  to  the  voice 
of  justice  and  consanguinity.  We  must,  therefore,  acquiesce  in  the 
necessity  which  denounces  our  separation,  and  hold  them,  as  we  hold 
the  rest  of  mankind,  enemies  in  war,  in  peace,  friends. 

We,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
in  general  Congress  assembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the 
world  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do,  in  the  name,  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  good  people  of  these  colonies,  solemnly  publish  and 
declare,  that  these  united  colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free 
and  independent  States  ;  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to 
the  British  crown,  and  that  all  political  connection  between  them  and 
the  state  of  Great  Britain,  is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved  ;  and 
that,  as  free  and  independent  states,  they  have  full  power  to  levy  war, 
conclude  peace,  contract  alliances,  establish  commerce,  and  to  do  all 
other  acts  and  things  which  independent  states  may  of  right  do.  And, 
for  the  support  of  this  declaration,  with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protec 
tion  of  Divine  Providence,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each  other,  our  lives, 
our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 

New  Hampshire. — Josiah  Bartlett,  William  Whipple,  Matthew 
Thornton.  Massachusetts  Bay. — Samuel  Adams,  John  Adams, 
Robert  Treat  Paine,  Elbridge  Gerry.  Rhode  Island. — Stephen  Hop 
kins,  William  Ellery.  Connecticut. — Roger  Sherman,  Samuel  Hunt- 
ington,  William  Williams,  Oliver  Wolcott.  New  York. — William 
Floyd,  Philip  Livingston,  Francis  Lewis,  Lewis  Morris.  New  Jersey. 
— Richard  Stockton,  John  Witherspoon,  Francis  Hopkinson,  John 
Hart,  Abraham  Clark.  Pennsylvania.— Robert  Morris,  Benjamin 
Rush,  Benjamin  Franklin,  John  Morton,  George  Clymer,  James 
Smith,  George  Taylor,  James  Wilson,  George  Ross.  Delaware. — 
Caesar  Rodney,  George  Read,  Thomas  M'Kean.  Maryland. — Samuel 
Chase,  William  Paca,  Thomas  Stone,  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrollton. 
Virginia. — George  Wythe,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  Thomas  Jefferson, 
Benjamin  Harrison,  Thomas  Nelson,  jun.,  Francis  Lightfoot  Lee, 
Carter  Braxton.  North  Carolina. — William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hewes, 
John  Penn.  South  Carolina.— Edward  Rutledge,  Thomas  Hey- 
ward,  jun.,  Thomas  Lynch,  jun.,  Arthur  Middleton.  Georgia. — But 
ton  Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hall,  George  Walton. 

This  declaration  was  signed  on  the  day  of  its  adoption,  by  John  Hancock,  the  presi 
dent  of  Congress,  and  thus  it  went  forth  to  the  world.  By  order  of  Congress  it  was 
engrossed  and  also  signed  by  the  above  Darned  members. 


THE    CONSTITUTION 

OF 

THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 


1.  ORIGIN  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION. — When  the  Revolutionary  struggle 
commenced,  there  were  three  forms  of  colonial  government  in  force 
among  the  colonies,  namely  :  the  provincial  or  royal,  the  proprietary, 
and  the  charter.     The  provincial  or  royal  government  was  under  the 
control  of  a  governor,  who,  appointed  by  the  king,  administered  affairs 
according  to  instructions  from  his  royal  master.     The  colonies  of  this 
class  were  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia. 

2.  The  proprietary  government  was  under  the  control  of  one  or  more 
proprietors,  who  derived  their  authority  by  grant  and  privileges  con 
ferred  by  the  king.     Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Maryland  were  sub 
ject  to  the  proprietary  *ule.     The  charter  government  secured  certain 
political  rights  to  the  people  by   royal  charter.     Of  this   class  were 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut. 

3.  On  the  llth  of  June,  1776,  Congress  resolved  that  a  committee 
should  be  appointed  to  prepare  a  form  of  confederation,  to  be  entered 
into  by  the  colonies.     On  the  12th  of  July  following,  this  committee, 
consisting  of  one  from  each  state,  reported  a  draft  of  Articles  of  Con 
federation.     The  Report  was  considered  and  debated  from  time  to  time 
until   the  15th  of  November,  1777,  when,  with  some  amendments,  it 
was  adopted. 

4.  These  Articles  of  Confederation  were  ratified  in  1778  by  all  the 

Questions.— 1.  What  forms  of  government  existed  among  the  colonies  previous  to 
the  Ravolution  ?  What  was  the  provincial  or  royal  government  ?  Which  of  the  col 
onies  were  provincial  or  royal  ?  2.  What  was  the  proprietary  government  ?  Give  the 
names  of  the  colonies  that  were  subjected  to  the  proprietary  rule.  What  was  the 
charter  government  ?  Which  of  the  colonies  had  charters  ?  3.  What  resolution  was 
first  adopted  in  Congress  in  relation  to  a  form  of  confederation  ?  Give  the  subsequent 
history  of  the  measure.  4.  When  did  the  states  ratify  the  Articles  <dt  Confederation  v 
When  did  the  Articles  of  Confederation  go  into  effect  ? 


6  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

states  except  Delaware  and  Maryland,  and  by  Delaware  in  1779  ;  but, 
in  consequence  of  the  delay  on  the  part  of  Maryland,  they  did  not  go 
into  effect  until  the  1st  of  March,  1781,  the  day  on  which  they  were 
signed  by  the  delegates  from  that  state. 

5.  It  was  soon  found  that  the  Articles  of  Confederation  were  not 
adequate  to  the  wants  of  the  government.     They  were  deficient  as  re 
gards  the  regulation  of  commerce,  the  settling  of  controversies  between 
the  states,  the  making  of  treaties  with  foreign  nations,  and  especially 
so  in  not  conferring  the  necessary  power  upon  Congress  to  liquidate 
the  debts  incurred  during  the  war. 

6.  Consequently,  a  convention  of  delegates  from  all  the  states,  except 
Rhode  Island,  met  at  Philadelphia,  in  May,  1787,  for  the  purpose  of 
revising  the  Articles  of  Confederation  ;  but  it  was  thought  best  by  a 
majority  of  the  delegates  to  adopt  an  entirely  new  form  of  government, 
instead  of  making  any  attempts  to  amend  the  defective  one  then  in 
existence.     Accordingly,  on  the  17th  of  September,  1787,  after  four 
months'  deliberation,  the  present  Constitution, — except  some  changes 
which  have  since  been  made,— -was  adopted  by  the  Convention. 

7.  The  new  Constitution  was  submitted  to  the  people,  who,  in  the 
newspapers,  legislative  halls,  and  elsewhere,  discussed  it  with  earnest 
ness  and  thoroughness  ;  the  ratification  of  nine  states  being  requisite 
before  it  could  go  into  effect.     It  met  with  considerable  opposition  ; 
but  after  it  had  been  adopted  by  all  the  states,  except  North  Carolina 
and  Rhode  Island,  it  went  into  operation  March  4th,  1789. 


NOTE. — Congress  ought  to  have  met  on  the  4th  of  March,  1789,  but  in  consequence 
of  delay  in  the  arrival  of  members,  the  most  of  whom  had  to  make  their  way  to  New 
York  on  horseback  or  by  sea,  there  being  no  railroads  in  those  days,  a  quorum  was 
not  secured  before  the  30th.  "  Washington  received  sixty-nine  votes,  that  being  the 
whole  number  of  electors  voting.  John  Adams  received  thirty-four  votes  in  all,  not  a 
majority  ;  but  sufficient,  as  the  Constitution  then  stood,  being  the  second  highest  num 
ber,  to  make  him  vice-president.11  The  sixty -nine  votes  received  by  Washington  were 
from  ten  states  only.  New  York  did  not  vote  because  of  a  disagreement  between  the 
two  houses  of  her  legislature  ;  and  North  Carolina  and  Khode  Island  had  not  adopted 
the  Constitution.  "The  inauguration  was  delayed  for  several  days  by  a  question 
which  had  arisen  as  to  the  form  or  title  by  which  the  President  elect  was  to  be  ad 
dressed.  ...  It  was  finally  resolved  that  the  address  should  be  simply  'the  Presi 
dent  of  the  United  States,1  without  any  addition  of  title  ;  a  judicious  form  which  has 
remained  to  the  present  day."— Irving' s  Life  of  Washington. 


5.  What  was  soon  ascertained  with  reference  to  the  Articles  of  Confederation  ?  In 
what  respects  were  they  deficient?  6.  What  convention  was  held  in  May,  1787? 
What  was  done  by  the  convention  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


THE  CONSTITUTION  WAS  ADOPTED  AS  FOLLOWS  BY  : 


Delaware Dec.    7, 1787 

Pennsylvania Dec.  12,  1787 

New  Jersey Dec.  18,  1787 

Georgia Jan.    2,1788 

Connecticut ...  ...  Jan.    9, 1788 


Maryland April  28,  1788 

South  Carolina May  23,  1788 

New  Hampshire June  21,  1788 

Virginia June  26,  1788 

New  York July  26,  1788 


Massachusetts  Feb.    6,  1788  |  North  Carolina Nov.  21,  17! 

Rhode  Island May  29,  1790 


THE  CONSTITUTION 

PREAMBLE 

WE,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect 
union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  the 
common  defence,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  bless 
ings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish 
this  CONSTITUTION  for  the  United  States  of  America. 


ARTICLE  I.     THE  LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT 
SECTION    I.     Congress  in  General 

All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  Congress 
of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives. 

SECTION  II.     House  of  Representatives 

1st  Clause.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  o£ 
members  chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  s£a 


PREAMBLE.— What  is  the  introductory  part  of  the  Constitution  called  ?  What  is- 
the  object  of  the  preamble  ?  Ans.  To  state  the  purposes  of  the  Constitution.  Hovt 
many  and  what  purposes  are  stated  in  the  preamble  ?  By  whom  was  the  Constitution 
ordained  and  established  ?  Recite  the  preamble.  How  many  and  what  departments 
of  government  are  established  under  the  Constitution  ?  Ans.  Three  :  the  legislative, 
the  judicial,  and  the  executive.  What  is  the  legislative  department  ?  Ans.  The 
power  that  enacts  the  laws.  What  is  the  executive  department  ?  Ans.  The  power 
that  enforces  the  laws.  What  is  the  judicial  department  ?  Ans.  The  power  that  in 
terprets  the  laws. 

ARTICLE  I. — Sec.  1.  Of  what  does  Article  first  of  the  Constitution  treat  ?  In  whom 
is  the  legislative  power  vested  ?  Of  how  many  and  what  branches  does  Congress  con 
sist  ? 

SEC.  II.— 1st  Clause.  By  whom  are  the  representatives  chosen  ?  How  often  are  they 
chosen  ?  What  qualifications  are  requisite  for  electors  of  representatives  ?  What  is 
an  elector  '{  Ans.  One  who  has  the  right  to  vote  in  choosing  an  officer. 


8  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

and  the  electors  in  each  state  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for 
electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  state  legislature. 

2d  Clause.  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant 
of  that  state  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

3d  Clause.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned 
among  the  several  states  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union, 
according  to  their  respective  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by 
adding  to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to 
service  for  a  term  of  years,  and,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three- 
fifths  of  all  other  persons.  (See  Article  XIV.  of  the  Amendments.) 
The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made  within  three  years  after  the 
first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every 
subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by  law 
direct.  The  number  of  representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for  every 
thirty  thousand,  but  each  state  shall  have  at  least  one  representative  ; 
and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  state  of  New  Hamp 
shire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  three,  Massachusetts  eight,  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations  one,  Connecticut  five,  New  York 
six,  New  Jersey  four,  Pennsylvania  eight,  Delaware  one,  Maryland 
six,  Virginia  ten,  North  Carolina  five,  South  Carolina  five,  and 
Georgia  three. 

4tk  Clause.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any 
state,  the  executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to 
fill  such  vacancies. 

5th  Clause.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their 
speaker  and  other  officers;  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  im 
peachment. 


%d  Clause.  How  old  must  a  person  be  before  he  can  be  a  representative  ?  How  long 
must  he  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ?  What  is  the  requisite  in  regard  to 
his  habitation '?  Now  name  the  three  qualifications  requisite  for  a  representative. 

3c£  Clause.  How  were  representatives  and  direct  taxes  apportioned  among  the 
states  ?  How  were  the  respective  numbers  of  the  representative  population  of  the 
several  states  to  be  determined  ?  What  provision  was  made  in  regard  to  Indians  ? 
What  was  meant  by  "  all  other  persons  "  ?  Am.  Slaves.  When  was  the  first  census 
or  enumeration  to  be  made  ?  How  often  is  the  census  to  be  made  ?  How  many  in 
habitants  at  least  are  required  for  one  representative  ?  If  a  state  should  not  have' that 
number,  what  is  the  law  ?  Was  the  first  representation  in  Congress  based  upon  the 
actual  population  of  the  several  states  ?  Which  state  at  first  sent  the  greatest  number 
of  representatives  ?  Which  two  states  sent  the  smallest  number  ?  Of  how  many 
members  did  the  first  House  of  Representatives  consist  ?  Of  how  many  does  the 
present  House  consist  ?  Ans.  356. 

4th  Clause.  How  are  vacancies  in  the  representation  of  a  state  to  be  filled  ? 

5th  Clause.  By  whom  is  the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  chosen  ?  By 
whom  are  the  other  offices  of  the  House  chosen  ?  WThat  sole  power  has  the  House  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


SECTION  III.     The  Senate 

1st  Clause.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of 
two  senators  from  each  state,  chosen  by  the  legislature  thereof,  for 
six  years  ;  and  each  senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

2d  Clause.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  conse 
quence  of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may 
be  into  three  classes.  The  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class 
shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  of  the  second 
class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the  third  class  at 
the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen 
every  second  year;  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or 
otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  legislature  of  any  state,  the 
executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  next 
meeting  of  the  legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

3d  Clause.  Xo  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have 
attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabit 
ant  of  that  state  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

4^  Clause.  The  vice-president  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
president  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote  unless  they  be 
equally  divided. 

5th  Clause.  The  Semite  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also 
a  president  pro  tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  vice-president,  or  when 
he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  president  of  the  United  States. 


What  is  meant  by  impeachment  ?  A  ns.  An  accusation  against  a  public  officer, 
charging  him  with  misconduct  in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties. 

SEC.  III. — 1st  Clause.  Of  whom  is  the  Senate  composed?  By  whom  are  the  sena 
tors  chosen  ?  For  how  long  a  period  are  they  chosen  ?  How  does  the  mode  of  elect 
ing  a  senator  differ  from  that  of  a  representative  ?  Ans.  A  senator  of  the  United 
States  is  chosen  by  the  legislature  of  his  state  ;  a  representative  is  chosen  by  the 
people.  How  do  their  terms  of  office  differ  ?  Ans.  A  senator  is  chosen  for  six  years  ; 
a  representative  for  only  two.  How  many  votes  is  each  senator  entitled  to  ?  Have 
the  large  states  any  more  senators  than  the  small  ones  ? 

2d  Clause.  Into  how  many  classes  were  the  senators  at  first  divided  ?  In  what 
order  were  their  seats  of  office  vacated  ?  What  proportion  of  the  Senate  is  elected 
every  second  year  ?  How  often  is  one-third  elected  ?  When  may  the  executive  of  a 
state  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  Senate  ?  For  how  long  a  time  does  a  senator  so  appointed 
hold  his  office  ?  How  is  the  vacancy  then  filled  ?  Now  state  how  vacancies  in  the 
Senate  are  filled. 

3tf  Clause.  How  old  must  a  person  be  before  he  can  be  a  senator  ?  How  long  must 
he  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ?  What  is  required  of  him  in  regard  to 
residence  ?  Now  name  the  three  requisites  for  a  senator.  How  do  they  differ  from 
those  of  a  representative  ?  (See  Art.  I.,  Sec.  II.,  2d  Clause.) 

4t/i  Clause.  Who  is  president  of  the  Senate  ?    When  only  is  he  entitled  to  vote  ? 

5th  Clause.  What  officers  are  chosen  by  the  Senate  ?  What  is  meant  by  a  "  presi 
dent  pro  tempore"?  Ans.  One  chosen  only  for  the  time  being.  When  does  the 
Senate  choose  a  "  president  pro  tempore  "  ? 


10  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

6th  Clause.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  im 
peachments.  When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on 
oath  or  affirmation.  When  the  president  of  the  United  States  is 
tried,  the  chief -justice  shall  preside  :  and  no  person  shall  be  con 
victed  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members 
present. 

7th  Clause.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend 
further  than  to  removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold 
and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit  under  the  United 
States  ;  but  the  party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  sub 
ject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  punishment,  according  to 
law. 

SECTION  IV.     Both  Houses 

1st  Clause.  .  The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding  elections 
for  senators  and  representatives,  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  state 
by  the  legislature  thereof  ;  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by 
law  make  or  alter  such  regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing 
senators. 

2d  Clause.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year, 
and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless 
they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  different  day. 

— -SjECTiON  V.     The  Houses  Separately 

1st  Clause.  Each  Bouse  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  re 
turns,  and  qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of 
each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business  ;  but  a  smaller  num 
ber  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  com 
pel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such  manner  and  under 
such  penalties  as  each  house  may  provide. 

6th  Clause.  What  sole  power  has  the  Senate  ?  What  sole  power  has  the  House  ? 
(See  Art.  I.,  Sec.  II.,  5th  Clause.)  Under  wh«t  solemnity  does  the  Senate  sit  for  the 
trial  of  impeachment  ?  When  does  the  chief -justice  preside  in  the  Senate  ?  Who 
presides  when  the  president  of  the  United  States  is  tri^d  ?  What  proportion  of  the 
Senate  is  necessary  to  a  conviction  ? 

7th  Clause.  How  far  may  judgment  extend  in  eases  of  impeachment  ?  To  what  is 
the  convicted  party  further  liable  ? 

SEC.  IV. — 1st  Clause.  What  is  prescribed  by  each  state  legislature  in  regard  to 
elections  for  senators  and  representatives  ?  What  power  has  Congress  over  such 
regulations  ? 

2d  Clause.  How  often  does  Congress  assemble  ?  On  what  day  is  it  prescribed  that 
the  meeting  shall  take  place  ?  May  a  different  day  be  appointed  ?  How  ? 

SEC.  V. — 1st  Clause.  Of  what  is  each  house  constituted  the  judge  ?  What  propor 
tion  constitutes  a  quorum  ?  What  is  meant  by  a  quorum  ?  An's.  A  sufficient  number 
t  >  do  business.  What  power  do  a  smaller  number  possess  as  regards  adjourning  'i 
AVrhat  else  may  they  do  as  regards  absentees  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          11 

2d  Clause.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceed 
ings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and  with  the  con 
currence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member.^  _  N  0  / 

3d  Clause.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and 
from  time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in 
their  judgment  require  secrecy  ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  mem 
bers  of  either  house  on  any  question,  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth 
of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

Mil  Clause.  Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall, 
without  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days, 
nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in  which  the  two  houses  shall  be 
sitting. 

SECTION  VI.     Privileges  and  Disabilities  of  Members 

1st  Clause.  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a  com 
pensation  for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out 
of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States.  They  shall,  in  all  cases,  ex 
cept  treason,  felony,  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from 
arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective  houses, 
and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same  ;  and  for  any  speech 
or  debate  in  either  house  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other 
place. 

2d  Clause.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  time 
for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under 
the  authority  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  have  been  created, 
or  the  emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  increased,  during  such 
time  ;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States, 
shall  be  a  member  of  either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 

2d  Clause.  What  power  has  each  house  over  the  rules  of  its  proceedings  ?  What 
power  does  each  house  possess  for  enforcing  its  rules  ? 

3d  Clause.  What  is  required  of  each  house,  in  respect  to  keeping  a  journal  ?  How 
is  publicity  given  to  the  proceedings  of  Congress?  What  part  of  its  journal  may 
either  house  withhold  from  publication  ? 

When  shall  the  yeas  and  nays  be  entered  on  the  journal  ? 

4th  Clause.  For  what  length  of  time  may  either  house  adjourn  without  the  consent 
of  the  other  ?  How  is  each  house  restricted  as  regards  the  place  to  which  it  may  ad 
journ  ? 

SEC.  VI. — 1st  Clause.  Are  members  of  Congress  compensated  for  their  services  ? 
How  is  the  compensation  determined  ?  Are  members  of  Congress  paid  by  their 
states  respectively,  or  by  the  general  government  ?  Ans.  They  are  compensated  by 
the  general  government,  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States.  What  personal 
privileges  are  niembers  of  Congress  entitled  to  ?  What  are  the  three  exceptions  to 
the  general  privilege  that  the  Constitution  allows*  to  Congressmen  ?  In  what  does 
treason  consist  ?  (See  Art.  IIL,  Sec-.  III.,  1st  Clause.)  What  is  felony  ?  Ans.  A  crime 
punishable  with  death.  What  is  meant  by  a  breach  of  the  peace  ?  Ans.  A  violation 
of  the  public  order.  For  what  are  members  of  Congress  not  to  be  questioned  ? 

2d  Clause.  To  what  offices  cannot  members  of  Congress  be  elected  ?  Suppose  that 
a  person  holds  an  office  under  the  United  States,  what  then  ? 


12  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


SECTION  VII.     Mode  of  Passing  Laws 

1st  Clause.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the 
House  of  Representatives  ;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur 
with  amendments  as  on  other  bills. 

2d  Clause.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Rep 
resentatives  and  the  Senate  shall,  before  it  become  a  law,  be  pre 
sented  to  the  president  of  the  United  States  ;  if  he  approve,  he  shall 
sign  it,  but  if  not  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  that 
house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall  enter  the  objec 
tions  at  large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If 
after  such  reconsideration  two-thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to 
pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the 
other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered;  and,  if  ap 
proved  by  two-thirds  of  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in 
all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas 
and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the 
bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  house  respectively.  If 
any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  president  within  ten  days  (Sun 
days  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same 
shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Con 
gress  by  their  adjournment  prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall 
not  be  a  law. 

3d  Clause.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence 
of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except 
on  a  question  of  adjournment),  shall  be  presented  to  the  president  of 

SEC.  VII. — 1st  Clause.  In  which  branch  of  Congress  must  all  bills  for  raising  rev 
enue  originate  ?  What  power  has  the  Senate  over  such  bills  ? 

2d  Clause.  After  a  bill  has  passed  both  houses  of  Congress,  what  must  be  done 
with  it  ?  What  must  the  president  do  with  the  bill  ?  What  is  the  president's  act  of 
objecting  to  a  bill  called  ?  Arts.  A  veto.  Why  was  the  veto  power  given  to  the 
president  ?  Ans.  To  enable  him  to  protect  the  executive  department  of  the  govern 
ment  against  the  encroachments  of  the  legislature  ;  also  with  a  view  to  greater  secu 
rity  against  the  enactment  of  improper  laws.  When  the  president  vetoes  a  bill,  what 
is  the  duty  of  the  house  to  which  it  is  sent  ?  When  is  the  bill  sent  to  the  other 
house  ?  What  accompanies  the  bill  to  the  other  house  ?  Then  what  does  that  other 
house  do  with  the  bill  ?  If  two-thirds  approve  of  the  bill,  what  then  ?  Now  state 
how  a  bill  may  become  a  law,  notwithstanding  the  veto  of  the  president  ?  When  the 
two  houses  reconsider  a  vetoed  bill,  how  do  they  determine  the  votes  ?  What  record 
of  names  is  imperative  ?  State  how  a  bill  may  become  a  law,  even  though  the  presi 
dent  has  neither  signed  nor  vetoed  it.  In  what  case  does  a  bill  fail  to  become  a  law, 
though  it  has  passed  both  houses  of  Congress,  and  is  not  vetoed  ? 

3d  Clause.  What  is  necessary  to  be  done  with  orders,  resolutions,  and  votes,  re 
quiring  the  concurrence  of  both  houses  before  they  can  take  effect  ?  What  is  the 
object  of  the  provision  ?  Ans.  If  it  were  not  for  the  provision,  Congress  might  pass 
laws,  calling  them  orders  or  resolutions,  and  thus  evade  the  president's  veto.  When 
the  president  vetoes  an  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  what  course  does  it  take  ?  In 
what  case,  requiring  the  concurrent  action  of  both  houses,  has  the  president  no  veto 
power  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          13 

the  United  States  ;  and,  before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  ap 
proved  by  him,  or,  being  disapproved  by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two- 
thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  according  to  the 
rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

SECTION  VIII.     Powers  granted  to  Congress 

The  Congress  shall  have  power — 

1st  Clause.  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises;  to 
pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  common  defence  and  general  welfare 
of  the  United  States  ;  but  all  duties,  imposts,  and  excises  shall  be  uni 
form  throughout  the  United  States  ; 

2d  Clause.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States  ; 

3d  Clause.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among 
the  several  states,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes  ; 

4th  Clause.  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uni 
form  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United 
States  ;  , 

5th  Clause.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  for 
eign  coin,  and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures  ; 

6th  Clause.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the 
securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United  States  ; 

1th  Clause.  To  establish  post-offices  and  post-roads  ; 

8^  Clause.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by 
securing  for  limited  times  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive  right 
to  their  respective  writings  and  discoveries  ; 

SEC.  VIII. — \st  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  taxes,  duties,  im 
posts,  and  excises  ?  What  are  taxes  ?  Ans.  Contributions  of  money  exacted  by  gov 
ernment  from  individuals,  for  public  purposes.  How  many  kinds  of  taxes  are  there  ? 
Ans.  Two  ;  direct  and  indirect.  What  are  direct  taxes  ?  Ans.  Taxes  laid  directly  on 
the  person  or  property  of  individuals.  What  are  indirect  taxes  ?  Ans.  Taxes  laid  on 
the  importation,  exportation,  and  consumption  of  goods.  What  are  duties  ?  Ans. 
Taxes  on  the  importation  or  exportation'of  goods.  What  are  imposts  ?  Ans.  Taxes 
on  goods  imported.  What  are  excises  ?  Ans.  Taxes  on  goods  produced  or  manu 
factured  in  the  country. 

2d  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  borrowing  money  ?     • 

3d  Clause.  What  in  regard  to  regulating  commerce  ? 

4th  Clause.  What  in  regard  to  a  rule  of  naturalization  ?  What  is  meant  by  natural 
ization  ?  Ans.  The  act  by  which  a  foreigner  becomes  a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 
How  long  must  a  person  reside  in  the  United  States  before  he  can  be  naturalized  ? 
Ans.  Five  years.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  bankruptcies  ?  What  Is 
meant  by  bankruptcies  ?  Ans.  A  person  is  a  bankrupt  when  he  is  unable  to  pay  his 
just  debts. 

5th  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  coining  money  ?  What,  in  regard 
to  the  value  of  money  ?  What,  in  regard  to  foreign  corns  ?  What,  in  regard  to 
weights  and  measures  ? 

6th  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  counterfeiting  ? 

7th  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  post-offices  and  post-roads  ? 

8th  Clause.  In  what  way  may  Congress  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  arts  ? 
For  how  long  a  time  is  the  author  of  a  book  entitled  to  the  exclusive  right  of  publish 
ing  it  ?  Ans.  Twenty-eight  years.  What  is  the  right  called  ?  Ans.  A  copyright. 


14  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

Sth  Clause.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme  court  ; 

Wth  Clause.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed 
on  the  high  seas,  and  offences  against  the  law  of  nations  ; 

llth  Clause.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal, 
and  make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land  and  water  ; 

12th  Clause.  To  raise  and  support  armies  ;  but  no  appropriation  of 
money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years  ; 

13th  Clause.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy  ; 

14th  Clause.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of 
the  land  and  naval  forces  ; 

15th  Clause.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the 
laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  insurrections,  and  repel  invasions  ; 

16th  Clause.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining 
the  militia,  and  for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed 
in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  reserving  to  the  states  respectively 
the  appointment  of  the  officers,  and  the  authority  of  training  the 
militia  according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress  ; 

17th  Clause.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatso 
ever,  over  such  district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by 
cession  of  particular  states,  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become 
the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States  ;  and  to  exercise  like 
authority  over  all  places  purchased  by  the  consent  of  the  legislature  of 
the  state  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  maga 
zines,  arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  buildings  ; — and 


May  a  copyright  be  renewed  ?  Ans.  At  the  expiration  of  the  twenty-eight  years  it 
may  be  renewed  for  the  further  period  of  fourteen  years.  For  how  long  a  time  is  the 
inventor  of  a  machine  entitled  to  the  exclusive  right  of  manufacturing  it  ?  Ans. 
Fourteen  years.  What  is  the  right  called  ?  Ans.  A  patent  right.  Can  a  patent  right 
be  extended  ?  Ans.  The  commissioner  of  patents  is  authorized,  at  the  end  of  the 
fourteen  years,  to  extend  the  right  for  the  further  period  of  seven  years. 

Wi  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  judicial  tribunals  ? 

10th  Clause.  What  in  regard  to  piracies,  felonies,  etc.?  What  is  piracy?  Ans. 
Robbery  on  the  high  seas.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  "  high  seas  "  ?  Ans.  All  the 
waters  of  the  ocean  beyond  the  boundaries  of  low-water  mark. 


llth  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  declaring  war  ?    What  in  regard 
of   marque  and   reprisal "  ?    What  are  letters  of  marque   and  reprisal  ? 
Ans.  Commissions  granted  by  the  government  to  individuals,  authorizing  them  to 


prey  upon  the  commerce  of  another  nation.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to 
rules  concerning  captures  ? 

12th  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  armies  ?  In  what  way  is  such 
power  restricted  ? 

13th  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  a  navy  ? 

14th  Clause.  What  power  in  regard  to  the  government  of  the  land  and  naval  forces  ? 

loth  Clause.  What  power  in  regard  to  calling  forth  the  militia,  etc.? 

16th  Clause.  What  power  in  regard  to  organizing  armies,  and  disciplining  the 
militia  ?  What,  in  regard  to  governing  the  militia  ?  What  reservations  are  secured 
to  the  respective  states  ? 

17th  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  in  regard  to  the  seat  of  government,  and  to 
places  purchased  for  certain  purposes  set  forth  ?  What  is  the  district  occupied  as  the 
seat  of  government  called  ?  Ans.  The  District  of  Columbia.  How  large  was  the  Dis- 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          15 

18th  Clause.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper 
for  carrying  into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers 
vested  by  this  Constitution  in  the  government  of  the  United  States,  or 
in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 

SECTION  IX.     Powers  denied  to  the  United  States 

1st  Clause.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  of 
the  states  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  pro 
hibited  by  the  Congress  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not 
exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person. 

2d  Clause.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be 
suspended,  unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public 
safety  may  require  it. 

3d  Clause.  No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

4th  Clause.  No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in 
proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein  before  directed  to  be 
taken. 

5th  Clause,  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from 
any  state. 


trict  of  Columbia  originally  ?  Ans.  Ten  miles  square.  From  what  states  had  it  been 
derived  ?  Ans.  By  cession  from  the  states  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  Is  the  District 
of  Columbia  at  present  ten  miles  square  ?  Ans.  The  portion  derived  from  Virginia 
having  been  ceded  back  to  that  state,  in  1846,  the  District  is  now  confined  to  the  Mary 
land  side  of  the  Potomac.  What  consent  is  requisite  before  the  United  States  can 
acquire  property  in  a  state  for  the  erection  of  forts,  magazines,  etc.? 

io£A  Clause.  What  general  powers  are  conferred  upon  Congress  in  regard  to  making 
laws? 


SEC.  IX. — 1st  Clause.  What  restriction  was  imposed  upon  Congress  in  regard  to  the 

ligration  or  importation  of  certain  persons  ?    Who  were  meant  by  "such  persons"  ? 

Ans.  Slaves.     What  was  the  great  object  of  the  clause  ?    Ans.  To  enable  Congress  to 


put  an  end  to  the  importation  of  slaves  into  the  United  States,  after  the  year  1808.  In 
what  way  was  Congress  left  to  restrain  the  importation  without  actually  forbidding  it  ? 
When  was  the  importation  actually  prohibited  ?  A  ns.  On  the  1st  of  January,  1808. 

2d  Clause.  What  is  said  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  ?  What  is  a  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  ?  Ans.  A  written  command  from  a  judge  or  other  magistrate,  directing  that 
the  body  of  a  certain  person  shall  be  brought  before  him.  What  is  the  object  of  the 
writ?  Ans.  To  provide  a  means  of  redress  for  all  manner  of  illegal  imprisonment. 
Repeat  the  clause  in  relation  to  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus.  In  what  cases  may  the 
privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  be  suspended  ? 

3d  Clause.  What  is  said  of  bills  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  laws  ?  What  is  a  bill 
of  attainder  ?  Ans.  An  act  of  the  legislature  inflicting  the  punishment  of  death,  with 
out  trial,  upon  persons  supposed  to  be  guilty  of  high  crimes.  What  is  an  ex  post  facto 
law  ?  Ans.  A  law  which  renders  an  act  punishable  which  was  not  punishable  at  the 
time  of  its  commission. 

4tfi  Clavse.  In  what  way  may  Congress  lay  a  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  ?  What 
is  meant  by  a  capitation  tax  ?  Ans.  A  direct  tax  upon  individuals.  How  is  the 
census  to  be  taken  ?  (See  Art.  I.,  Sec.  II.,  3d  Clause.) 

5tfi  Clause.  What  prohibition  is  imposed  upon  Congress  in  relation  to  articles  ex 
ported  from  any  state  ? 


16  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

Qth  Clause.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  com 
merce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  state  over  those  of  another  ;  nor 
shall  vessels  bound  to,  or  from,  one  state,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or 
pay  duties  in  another. 

1th  Clause.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  but  in  con 
sequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law  ;  and  a  regular  statement  and 
account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be 
published  from  time  to  time. 

8th  Clause.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the-  United 
States  ;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them, 
shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolu 
ment,  office,  or  title,  of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any  king,  prince,  or 
foreign  state, 

SECTION  X.     Powers  denied  to  the  States 

1st  Clause.  No  state  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  con 
federation  ;  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  ;  coin  money  ;  emit 
bills  of  credit ;  make  any  thing  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in 
payment  of  debts  ;  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law 
impairing  the  obligation  of  contia?ts,  or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

2d  Clause.  No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay 
any  imposts  or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  abso 
lutely  necessary  for  executing  its  inspection  laws  ;  and  the  net  prod 
uce  of  all  duties  and  imposts  laid  by  any  state  on  imports  or  exports 
.shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States  ;  and  all  such 
laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  the  Congress. 

6th  Clause.  What  preference  is  forbidden  in  relation  to  a  regulation  of  commerce  or 
revenue  ?  What  freedom  have  vessels  that  are  bound  from  one  state  to  another  ? 

7th  Clause.  Under  what  circumstances  only  can  money  be  drawn  from  the  national 
treasury  ?  What  publication  must  be  made  in  regard  to  receipts  and  expenditures  of 
all  public  money  ? 

8th  Clause.  What  is  said  in  the  Constitution  about  titles  of  nobility  ?  What  is  said 
of  officeholders  accepting  presents,  etc.  ?  Under  what  circumstances  may  an  office 
holder  accept  a  present  ?  Repeat  the  clause  relating  to  titles  and  presents. 

SEC.  X.— \sl  Clause.  What  prohibition  is  placed  upon  the  several  states  as  regards 
treaties,  alliances,  or  confederations  ?  What,  as  regards  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal.? 
What,  as  regards  the  coining  of  money  ?  What,  as  regards  bills  of  credit  ?  What  is 
meant  by  bills  of  credit  ?  Ans.  Bills  of  credit,  within  the  meaning  of  the  Constitution, 
are  bills  intended  to  circulate  as  money  among  the  people.  What  is  constituted  a 
legal  tender  in  payment  of  debt  ?  What  prohibition  is  placed  upon  individual  states,  in 
regard  to  a  bill  of  attainder  ?  What,  in  regard  to  an  ex  post  facto  law  ?  What,  in  re 
gard  to  a  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts  ?  What,  in  regard  to  a  title  of 
nobility  ?  Recite  the  clau«e  just  considered. 

Zd  Clause.  What  prohibition  are  individual  states  under,  as  regards  imposts  or 
duties  ?  In  what  case  only  may  a  state  lay  any  imposts  or  duties  ?  What  are  inspec 
tion  laws  ?  Ans.  Laws  requiring  certain  articles  of  commerce  to  be  examined  by 
officers  called  inspectors.  What  disposition  must  be  made  of  the  net  produce  of  all 
duties  and  imposts  laid  by  any  state  ?  What  are  the  inspection  laws  of  individual 
states  as  regards  imports  or  exports  subject  to  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          17 

3d  Clause.  No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any 
duty  of  tonnage,  keep  troops  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter 
into  any  agreement  or  compact  with  another  state,  or  with  a  foreign 
power,  or  engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent 
danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

ARTICLE  II.     THE  EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT 
SECTION  I.     President  and  Vice-President 

1st  Clause.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  president  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of 
four  years,  and,  together  with  the  vice-president  chosen  for  the  same 
term,  be  elected  as  follows  : 

2d  Clause.  Each  state  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  legisla 
ture  thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  num 
ber  of  senators  and  representatives  to  which  the  state  may  be  entitled 
in  the  Congress  ;  but  no  senator  or  representative,  or  person  holding 
an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed 
an  elector. 

THE   TWELFTH   AMENDMENT    TO   THE    CONSTITUTION* 

1st  Clause.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states,  and 
vote  by  ballot  for  president  and  vice-president,  one  of  whom,  at  least, 

3d  Clause.  What  prohibitions  are  individual  states  under  as  to  the  laying  of  a  duty 
of  tonnage  ?  What  is  a  duty  of  tonnage  ?  Am.  A  tax  laid  on  vessels  at  a  certain  rale 
per  ton.  What  prohibition  are  individual  states  under  as  to  the  keeping  of  troops  ? 
What,  as  to  the  keeping  of  ships  of  war  ?  What,  as  to  an  agreement  or  compact  with 
another  state,  or  with  a  foreign  power  ?  What,  as  to  engaging  in  war  ?  Under  what 
circumstances  then  may  a  state  engage  in  war  ? 

ARTICLE  II. — Sec.  I. — 1st  Clause.  Of  what  does  Article  II.  of  the  Constitution  treat  ? 
In  whom  is  the  executive  power  of  the  United  States  vested  ?  WThat  is  the  president's 
term  of  office  ?  How  often  may  a  president  be  re-elected?  Am.  The  Constitution 
does  not  limit  the  number  of  terms  for  which  a  president  may  be  re-elected.  Who 
was  the  president  of  the  United  States  ?  (See  Table  of  the  Presidents.)  For  how 
many  terms  did  Washington  serve  ?  Why  was  not  Washington  elected  for  a  third 
term  ?  Ans.  At  the  close  of  his  second  term  of  office  he  declined  to  be  a  candidate 
for  a  third  term.  What  has  been  the  effect  of  his  declination  ?  Ans.  Washington's 
example  in  declining  to  be  elected  for  a  third  term  has  become  a  precedent  by  which 
subsequent  presidents  have  been  guided.  How  many  and  what  presidents  have  served 
two  terms  each  ?  (See  Table  of  Presidents.)  Which  has  the  longest  term  of  office— 
the  president,  a  senator,  or  a  representative  ?  What  term  has  each  ?  What  is  the 
vice-president's  term  of  office  ?  Who  was  the  first  vice-president  of  the  United 
States  ?  (See  Table  of  the  Presidents.)  By  whom  are  the  president  and  vice-president 
chosen  ?  A  m.  The  president  and  vice-president  are  not  chosen  by  the  people  directly, 
but  by  electors. 

2d  Clause.  In  what  manner  does  each  state  appoint  electors  ?  What  number  of 
electors  is  each  state  entitled  to  ?  Who  are  prohibited  from  being  electors  ? 


*  THE  FORMER  METHOD  OP  ELECTING  A  PRESIDENT.— The  original  clause  of  the 
Constitution,  prescribing  the  mode  in  which  the  president  and  vice-president  were  to 
be  elected,  was  repealed  in  1804,  and  the  twelfth  amendment  (as  given  above)  was 
Adopted  in  its  place.  By  the  original  clause,  the  electors  voted  for  two  persons  with- 


18  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  state  with  themselves  ;  they 
shall  name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  president,  and  in 
distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  vice-president,  and  they  shall 
make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  president,  and  of  all 
persons  voted  for  as  vice-president,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for 
each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to 
the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  presi 
dent  of  the  Senate  ; — the  president  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  presence  of 
the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and 
the  votes  shall  then  be  counted  ; — the  person  having  the  greatest  num. 
ber  of  votes  for  president  shall  be  the  president,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed  ;  and  if  no  person 
have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest  num 
bers,  not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  president, 
the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the 
president.  But  in  choosing  the  president  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by 
states,  the  representation  from  each  state  having  one  vote  ;  a  quorum 
for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds 
of  the  states,  and  ar  majority  of  all  the  states  shall  be  necessary  to  a 
choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  presi 
dent  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  tho 
fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  vice-president  shall  act 
as  president,  as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  dis 
ability  of  the  president. 

The  Twelfth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution.— Where  do  the  electors  for  president 
and  vice-president  meet  ?  In  what  way  do  they  vote  ?  What  is  prescribed  respecting 
one  of  the  persons  for  whom  they  shall  not  vote  ?  May  the  electors  of  a  state  vote  for 
president  and  vice-president  when  both  of  the  persons  voted  for  reside  in  the  same 
state,  and  that  not  of  the  electors  ?  How  is  it  required  that  their  ballots  shall  be  made 
out  ?  After  voting,  what  lists  are  they  required  to  prepare  ?  What  provision  must  be 
complied  with  before  the  lists  can  pass  out  of  their  hands  ?  After  the  lists  are  signed, 
certified,  and  sealed,  to  whom  are  they  directed  ?  To  what  place  are  they  transmitted  ? 
What  does  the  president  of  the  Senate  do  with  the  certificates  ?  How  is  it  determined 
who  is  elected  president  ?  Now  describe  the  manner  in  which  the  electors  choose  a 
president.  In  the  event  of  no  choice  being  made  by  the  electors,  by  whom  is  the  presi 
dent  chosen  ?  From  how  many  and  what  candidates  must  the  House  of  Representa 
tives  choose  the  president?  In  what  way  must  the  choice  be  made  ?  How  are  the  votes 
taken  in  choosing  the  president  ?  How  many  votes  is  each  state  entitled  to  ?  How 
many  is  each  entitled  to,  when  voting  by  electors  ?  In  choosing  the  president  by  the 
House  of  Representatives,  how  many  constitute  a  quorum  ?  In  such  case,  how  many 
states  are  necessary  to  a  choice  ?  Whenever  the  right  of  choosing  a  president  devolves 
upon  the  House  of  Representatives,  till  what  time  may  the  right  be  exercised  ?  Now 
describe  the  manner  in  which  the  House  of  Representatives  chooses  a  president.  In 
the  event  of  both  the  electors  and  House  of  Representatives  failing  to  choose  a  presi 
dent,  what  takes  place  ? 


out  naming  their  choice  for  the  higher  position,  "  the  person  having  the  greatest  num 
ber  of  votes  "  being  declared  president,  and  the  next,  vice-president.  Washington, 
John  Adams,  and  Jefferson  (for  first  term)  were  so  elected. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          19 

2d  Clause.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  vice- 
president  shall  be  the  vice-president,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of 
the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed  ;  and  if  no  person  have  a 
majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list  the  Senate 
shall  choose  the  vice-president  ;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist 
of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  senators,  and  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 

3d  Clause.  But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office 
of  president  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  vice-president  of  the  United 
States. 

4th  Clause.  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the 
electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes;  which  day 
shall  be  the  same  throughout  the  United  States. 

5th  Clause.  No  person  except  a  natural-born  citizen,  or  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Consti 
tution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  president  ;  neither  shall  any 
person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 
age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident  within  the 
United  States. 

6th  Clause.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  president  from  office,  or 
of  his  death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and 
duties  of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  vice-president ; 
and  the  Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death, 

2d  Clause.  Who  shall  be  the  vice-president  ?  In  the  event  of  no  person  having  a 
majority  of  electoral  votes,  by  whom  is  the  vice-president  chosen  ?  When  choosing 
a  vice-president,  how  many  senators  are  requisite  to  a  quorum  ?  How  many  are  neces 
sary  to  a  choice  ? 

M  Clause.  Who  are  ineligible  to  the  office  of  vice-president  ? 

4th  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  over  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors  ? 
What  as  to  the  day  on  which  the  electors  shall  vote  ?  In  the  event  of  Congress 
determining  the  day  on  which  the  electors  shall  give  their  votes,  what  sameness  is 
prescribed  ?  When  are  the  electors  chosen  ?  Am.  On  the  Tuesday  next  after  the 
first  Monday  in  the  last  November  of  each  presidential  term.  Where  do  the  electors 
meet  to  give  their  votes?  Ans.  In  their  respective  states,  at  a  place  appointed  by 
the  legislature  thereof,  usually  in  the  capital.  When  do  the  electors  meet  to  give 
their  votes  ?  Ans.  On  the  first  Wednesday  in  the  last  December  of  each  presiden 
tial  term. 

Uh  Clause.  What  person,  as  regards  his  place  of  birth,  cannot  be  eligible  to  the 
office  of  president  ?  How  old  must  a  person  be  to  be  eligible  to  that  office  ?  How 
many  years  must  a  person,  to  be  eligible  to  that  office,  have  resided  within  the  United 
States  ?  Now  state  the  legal  qualifications  of  a  president.  Kecite  the  clause  relating 
to  the  qualifications. 

6^  Clause.  In  what  contingencies  does  the  office  of  president  devolve  on  the  vice- 
president  ?  What  provision  is  made  by  the  Constitution  for  the  case  of  removal  or 
death,  etc.,  of  the  president  ?  What  provision  is  made  by  the  Constitution  for  the 
case  of  removal  or  death,  etc.,  of  both  president  and  vice-president  ?  In  the  case  of 
removal,  etc.,  of  both  president  and  vice-president,  what  officer  shall,  by  law  of 
Congress,  act  as  president  ?  Ans.  The  succession  passes  to  the  Cabinet  and  from 
one  of  its  members  to  another  in  the  following  order  :  Sec.  of  State,  Sec.  of  the 
Treasury,  Sec.  of  War,  Attorney-General,  Postmaster-General,  Sec.  of  the  Navy,  and 
Sec.  of  the  Interior.  How  long  shall  such  officer  continue  to  act  ? 


20  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the  president  and  vice-president, 
declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  president,  and  such  officer 
shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a  president 
shall  be  elected. 

7th  Clause.  The  president  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his 
services  a  compensation  which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  dimin 
ished  during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he 
shall  not  receive  within  that  period  any  other  emolument  from  the 
United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

8th  Clause.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office  he  shall 
take  the  following  oath  or  affirmation  : — 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute 
the  office  of  president  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of 
my  ability,  preserve,  protect,  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States." 

SECTION  II.     Powers  of  the  President 

1st  Clause.  The  president  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  army 
and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several 
states,  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States  ; 
he  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in 
each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the 
duties  of  their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant 
reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United  States,  except 
in  cases  of  impeachment. 


7th  Clause.  What  does  the  Constitution  provide  as  regards  the  compensation  to 
be  allowed  to  the  president  ?  What  restriction  is  imposed  in  regard  to  any  other 
emolument  ?  Recite  the  clause  relating  to  the  president's  compensation.  What  is 
the  salary  of  the  president  ?  Am.  $50,000  a  year,  together  with  the  use  of  the  presi 
dential  mansion  and  its  furniture.  What  is  the  salary  of  the  vice-president  ?  Am. 
$8,000  a  year, 

8th  Clause.  What  does  the  president  do  just  before  entering  on  the  execution  of  his 
office  ?  Repeat  the  oath  or  affirmation  taken  by  the  president. 

SEC.  II. — 1st  Clause.  In  what  relation  does  the  president  stand  toward  the  army  and 
navy  ?  When  only  can  he  command  the  militia  ?  AVhose  opinions  may  he  require  in 
writing  ?  Upon  what  subjects  may  he  require  the  opinions  ?  Is  he  bound  to  be  guided 
by  such  opinions  ?  Ans.  He  is  not.  What  executive  departments  have  been  estab 
lished  by  Congress  ?  Am.  Seven,  namely  :  Of  State,  of  the  Navy,  of  War,  of  the 
Treasury,  Post-office  Department,  of  the  Interior,  and  of  Agriculture.  For  what  pur 
pose  were  they  established  ?  Am.  To  aid  the  president  in  the  executive  and  adminis 
trative  business  of  the  government.  How  are  the  heads  of  the  departments  appointed  ? 
Ans.  By  the  president,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate.  How  is  the  attorney- 
general  appointed  ?  Ans.  In  like  manner  as  the  heads  of  the  departments.  Of  whom 
does  the  president's  cabinet  consist  ?  Ans.  Of  the  heads  of  the  departments,  and  the 
attorney-general.  What  power  has  the  president  in  relation  to  reprieves  and  pardons  ? 
What  is  a  reprieve  ?  Ans.  A  limited  suspension  or  delay  of  the  execution  of  a  sentence 
in  a  criminal  case.  With  what  exception  is  the  president  vested  with  the  power  to, 
grant  reprieves  and  pardons  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          21 

2d  Clause.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  senators 
present  concur  ;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate  shall  appoint,  ambassadors,  other  public 
ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  all  other  of 
ficers  of  the  United  States,  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  other 
wise  provided  for,  and  which. shall  be  established  by  law  ;  but  the  Con 
gress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior  officers  as  they 
think  proper,  in  the  president  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the 
heads  of  departments. 

3d  Clause.  The  president  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that 
may  happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions 
which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

SECTION  III.     Duties  of  the  President 

He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  Congress  information  of  the 
state  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures 
as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient  ;  he  may,  on  extraordinary 
occasions,  convene  both  houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in  case  of  dis 
agreement  between  them,  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he 
may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper  ;  he  shall  re 
ceive  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers  ;  he  shall  take  care  that 
the  laws  be  faithfully  executed;  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers 
of  the  United  States. 

SECTION  IV.     Impeachment  of  the  President 

The  president,  vice-president,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  convic 
tion  of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

2d  Clause.  What  power  has  the  president  relative  to  treaties  ?  In  whom  is  the  ap 
pointing  power  vested  ?  What  is  the  first  step  in  making  an  appointment  ?  What  of 
ficers  are  enumerated,  for  which  the  president  and  Senate  make  appointments  ?  What 
may  Congress  do  in  relation  to  the  appointment  of  inferior  officers  ? 

3rf  Clause.  What  vacancies  can  the  president  fill  ?  When  does  such  appointment 
expire  ? 

SEC.  III.— What  information  is  the  president  required  to  give  to  Congress  ?  What 
recommendations  is  he  required  to  make  ?  In  what  way  are  the  recommendations 
made?  Ans.  By  means  of  written  messages.  Was  the  reading  of  written  messages 
always  the  practice  ?  Ans.  The  first  two  presidents,  Washington  and  Adams,  used  to 
meet  Congress,  and  make  their  recommendations  by  addresses,  which  they  read.  Is 
Congress  obliged  to  adopt  the  president's  recommendations  ?  Ans.  It  is  not.  When 
may  the  president  cpnvene  both  houses  ?  May  he  convene  only  one  house  ?  When  ? 
When  may  the  president  adjourn  Congress  ?  What  is  the  duty  of  the  president  respect 
ing  ambassadors,  etc.  ?  What  is  his  duty  respecting  the  execution  of  the  laws  ?  What 
is  liis  duty  respecting  the  granting  of  commissions  ? 

SEC.  IV.  For  what  crimes  may  "government  officers  be  removed  from  office?  How 
may  the  removal  be  effected  ? 


22          CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 


ARTICLE  III.     THE  JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT 

SECTION  I.     The  United  States  Courts 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one 
supreme  court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Congress  may,  from 
time  to  time,  ordain  and  establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the  supreme 
and  inferior  courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior ;  and 
shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their  services  a  compensation,  which 
shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office. 


SECTION  II.     Jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  Courts 

1st  Clause.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  law  and 
equity,  arising  under  tnis  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States, 
and  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority  ;  to 
all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls  ;  to 
all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction  ;  to  controversies  to 
which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party  ;  to  controversies  between  two 
or  more  states  ;  between  a  state  and  citizens  of  another  state  ;  between 
citizens  of  different  states  ;  between  citizens  of  the  same  state  claiming 
lands  under  grants  of  different  states,  and  between  a  state,  or  the 
citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  states,  citizens,  or  subjects. 

2d  Clause.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers 
and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  state  shall  be  a  party,  the  supreme 
court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before 
mentioned,  the  supreme  court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both 
as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions  and  under  such  regulations 
as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

ARTICLE  III.— SEC.  I.  Of  what  does  Article  III.  of  the  Constitution  treat  ?  In  what 
is  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  vested  ?  How  long  do  the  judges  hold  their 
offices  ?  What  is  established  as  to  the  compensation  of  the  judges  ?  How  can  the 
judges  be  removed  from  office  ?  (See  Art.  I.,  Sec.  III.)  How  is  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States  organized  ?  Ans.  It  is  composed  of  one  chief -justice,  and  eight  associate 
justices,  any  five  of  whom  constitute  a  quorum.  What  is  the  salary  of  the  chief- justice  ? 
Ans.  $10,f)00  a  year.  What  is  the  salary  of  each  associate  justice  ?  A  ns.  $10,000  a  year. 

SEC.  II. — 1st  Clause.  Name  the  first  of  the  nine  subjects  in  which  the  United  States 
courts  have  jurisdiction.  Name  the  second,  concerning  ambassadors,  etc.  Name  the 
third,  concerning  certain  jurisdiction.  The  fourth,  concerning  controversies  with  the 
United  States.  The  fifth,  concerning  controversies  between  states.  The  sixth,  con 
cerning  controversies  between  a  state  and  citizens.  The  seventh,  concerning  contro 
versies  between  citizens.  The  eighth,  concerning  controversies  between  citizens  claim 
ing  lands.  What  is  the  last  of  the  nine  subjects  ? 

2d  Clause.  In  what  cases  has  the  supreme  court  original  jurisdiction  ?  What  is 
meant  by  original  jurisdiction  ?  Ans.  That  in  which  a  suit  originates  or  commences. 
What  is  "meant  by  appellate  jurisdiction  ?  Ans.  That  in  which  the  decision  of  an  in 
ferior  court  is  taken  on  appeal, 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES         23 

3d  Clause.  The, trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment, 
shall  be  by  jury  ;  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  state  where  the 
said  crimes  shall  have  been  committed;  but  when  not  committed 
within  any  state,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Con 
gress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

SECTION  III.     Treason 

1st  Clause.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only  in 
levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them 
aid  and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on 
the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession 
in  open  court. 

2d  Clause.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punish 
ment  of  treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of 
blood,  or  forfeiture,  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE  IV.     MISCELLANEOUS  PROVISIONS 
SECTION  I.     State  Records 

Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  state  to  the  public  acts, 
records,  ,aud  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  state.  And  the  Con 
gress  may  by  general  laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts, 
records,  and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

SECTION  II.     Privileges  of  Citizens 

1st  Clause.  The  citizens  of  each  state  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privi 
leges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  states. 

2d  Clause.  A  person  charged  in  any  state  with  treason,  felony,  or 
other  crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another 

3d  Clause.  Before  whom  must  the  "  trial  of  all  crimes  "  be  held  ?  What  cases  are 
exceptions  to  the  law  ?  By  whom  are  impeachments  tried  ?  (See  Art.  I.,  Sec.  III., 
6th  Clause.)  Where  must  the  trial  of  a  crime  committed  within  a  state  be  held  ? 
Where,  when  not  committed  within  a  state  ?  Repeat  the  entire  clause  just  considered  ? 

SEC.  III.— 1st  Clause.  In  how  many  things  does  treason  against  the  United  Stales 
consist  ?  What  are  the  two  things  ?  What  is  necessary  to  a  conviction  of  treason  ? 

2d  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  relative  to  the  punishment  of  treason  ?  How 
does  the  Constitution  limit  the  consequences  of  attainder  ?  What  is  meant  by  at 
tainder  ?  An*.  Attainder  means  a  staining,  corruption,  or  rendering  impure.  What 
is  meant  by  corruption  of  blood?  Am.  By  ;<  corruption  of  blood  "  a  person  is  dis 
abled  to  inherit  lands  from  an  ancestor  ;  nor  can  he  either  retain  those  in  his  posses 
sion,  or  transmit  them  by  descent  to  his  heirs. 

ARTICLE  IV.— SEC.  I.  Of  what  does  Article  IV.  treat  ?  How  are  the  public  acts, 
etc.,  of  the  several  states  to  be  treated  in  each  state  ?  How  are  they  to  be  proved  ? 

SEC.  II.— 1st  Clause.  What  privileges  and  immunities  are  the  citizens  of  each  state 
entitled  to  ? 

3d  Clause.  What  is  said  of  persons,  charged  with  crime,  fleeing  into  another  state  ? 


24  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

state,  shall,  on  demand  of  the  executive  authority  of  the  state  from 
which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the  state  having  juris 
diction  of  the  crime. 

3d  Clause.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  state,  under  the 
laws  thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law 
or  regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but 
shall  be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or 
labor  may  be  due.  (See  Article  XIII.  of  the  Amendments.) 

SECTION  III.     New  States  and  Territories 

1st  Clause.  New  states  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into  this 
Union  ;  but  no  new  state  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  juris 
diction  of  any  other  state  ;  nor  any  state  be  formed  by  the  junction  of 
two  or  more  states,  or  parts  of  states,  without  the  consent  of  the  legis 
latures  of  the  states  concerned,  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2d  Clause.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make 
all  needful  rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  prop 
erty  belonging  to  the  United  States  ;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution 
shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States, 
or  of  any  particular  state. 

SECTION  IV.     Guarantees  to  the  States 

The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  state  in  this  Union  a 
republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them 
against  invasion  ;  and,  on  application  of  the  legislature,  or  of  the 
executive  (when  the  legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic 
violence. 

ARTICLE  V.     POWERS  OF  AMENDMENT 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses  shall  deem  it 
necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the 

W.  Clause.  What  is  said  of  persons  escaping  from  service  or  labor  ?  What  persons 
were  referred  to  in  the  third  clause  ?  Ans.  Fugitive  slaves  and  persons  bound  by  in 
dentures  of  apprenticeship.  How  has  the  Constitution  been  altered  in  relation  to 
fugitive  slaves  ? 

SEC.  ILL— 1st  Clause.  By  whom  may  new  states  be  admitted  into  the  Union  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  formation  of  new  states  ?  How  many  states  belonged  to  the  Union  at 
the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  ?  (See  Art.  I.,  SEC.  II.,  3d  Clause.)  How  many  be 
long  to  the  Union  now  ?  (See  Table  of  the  States.) 

%d  Clause.  What  power  has  Congress  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  be 
longing  to  the  United  States  ?  What  construction  as  to  claims  is  not  to  be  put  upon 
any  part  of  the  Constitution  ? 

SEC.  IV.  What  guarantee  does  Ihe  Constitution  make  to  the  several  states  in  respect 
to  their  form  of  government  ?  In  what  two  events  are  the  United  States  bound  to  pro 
tect  individual  states  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES          25 

application  of  the  legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  states,  shall 
call  a  convention  for  proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case, 
shall  be  valid,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  'part  of  this  Constitu- 
tion,  when  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the  several 
states,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the 
other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  Congress  :  pro 
vided  that  no  amendment,  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  year  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first 
and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  article  ;  and  that 
no  state,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in 
the  Senate. 


ARTICLE  VI.      PUBLIC    DEBT,    SUPREMACY  OF  THE   CONSTITUTION, 
OATH  OF  OFFICE,  RELIGIOUS  TEST 

1st  Clause.  All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered  into, 
before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution  shall  be  as  valid  against 
the  United  States  under  this  Constitution,  as  under  the  Confedera 
tion. 

2d  Clause.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States 
which  shall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  all  treaties  made,  or 
which  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall 
be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land ;  and  the  judges  in  every  state  shall 
be  bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  Constitution  or  laws  of  any  state 
to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3d  Clause.  The  senators  and  representatives  before  mentioned,  and 
the  members  of  the  several  state  legislatures,  and  all  executive  and 
judicial  officers,  both  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  states, 
shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  this  Constitution  ; 
but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  to  any 
office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 


ARTICLE  V.  Of  what  does  Article  V.  treat  ?  In  what  two  ways  may  amendments 
to  the  Constitution  be  proposed  ?  What  two  ways  are  provided  for  ratifying  amend 
ments  ?  What  three  restrictions  upon  the  power  of  making  amendments  were  origi 
nally  imposed  by  the  Constitution  ?  Why  have  two  of  the  restrictions  lost  their  force  ? 
What  do  "  the  first  and  fourth  clauses  "  referred  to  declare  ?  What  permanent  restric 
tion  upon  the  power  of  making  amendments  still  exists  in  full  force  ? 

ARTICLE  \L-lst  Clause.  \Vhat  debts  and  engagements  does  the  Constitution  rec 
ognize  ? 

M  Clause.  What  is  declared  to  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land  ?  By  what  are  the 
judges  in  every  state  bound  ? 

M,  Clause.  Who,  besides  the  judges,  are  bound  to  support  the  Constitution  ?  In 
what  way  shall  they  be  bound  ?  What  prohibition  is  made  in  regard  to  religious 
tests  ? 


26          CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

ARTICLE  VII.     RATIFICATION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  states  shall  be  sufficient 
for  the  establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  the  states  so  rati 
fying  the  same. 


AMENDMENTS 

PROPOSED  BY   CONGRESS.    AND    RATIFIED   BY   THE     LEGISLATURES    OF    THE     SEVERAL 
STATES,    PURSUANT   TO   THE   FIFTH   ARTICLE    OF   THE   ORIGINAL   CONSTITUTION 

ARTICLE  I.     Freedom  of  Religion 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion, 
or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof  ;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of 
speech,  or  of  the  press  ;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assem 
ble,  and  to  petition  the  government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

ARTICLE  II.     Right  to  bear  Arms 

A  well-regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  state, 
the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

ARTICLE  III.     Quartering  Soldiers  on  Citizens 
No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  with 
out  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war  but  in  a  manner  to  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  IV.     Search  Warrants 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers, 
and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be 

ARTICLE  VII.  How  many  states  were  necessary  to  ratify  the  Constitutipn  in  order 
to  its  establishment  ? 

AMENDMENTS.— Why  were  the  first  ten  articles  of  amendments  made  ?  Arts  Be 
cause  it  was  generally  felt  that  the  Constitution  did  not  sufficiently  protect  the  rights 
of  the  people.  How  may  they,  then,  be  regarded  ?  Am.  Asa  declaration  securing 
to  the  people  and  states  certain  rights  beyond  the  possibility  of  being  encroached 
upon  by  Consress.  When  were  they  proposed  ?  Am.  In  1789,  during  the  first 
session  of  the  first  Congress  under  the  Constitution.  When  were  they  adopted  ? 
Ans.  Having  been  ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the  states,  they  were  declared  adopted 

ARTICLE  I.  What  declaration  does  the  first  amendment  make,  respecting  religion  ? 
What,  respecting  the  freedom  of  speech  ?  What,  respecting  the  freedom  of  the  press  ? 
What,  respecting  the  right  of  petition  ? 

ARTICLE  II.  What  is  the  declaration  respecting  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and 
bear  arms  ? 

ARTICLE  III.  WThat  is  said  of  quartering  soldiers  ? 


CONSTITUTION  OP  THE   UNITED  STATES         27 

violated;  and  no  warrants  shall  issue  but  upon  probable  cause,  sup 
ported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place  to 
be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

ARTICLE  V.     Trial  for  Grime 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise  infamous 
crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except 
in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in 
actual  service  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger  ;  nor  shall  any  person 
be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or 
limb  ;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness 
against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property  without 
due  process  of  law  ;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use 
without  just  compensation. 

ARTICLE  VI.     Rights  of  Accused  Persons 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a 
speedy  and  public  trial  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  state  and  district 
wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have 
been  previously  ascertained  by  law ;  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature 
and  cause  of  the  accusation  ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against 
him  ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor, 
and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defence. 

ARTICLE  VII.     Suits  at  Common  Law 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed 
twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no 
fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the 
United  States  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 


ARTICLE  IV.  What  is  said  of  searches  and  seizures  ?  What  is  said  of  the  issuing  of 
warrants  ? 

ARTICLE  V.  What  is  said  of  holding  persons  to  answer  for  crimes  ?  What  is  said  of 
a  second  trial  for  the  same  offence  ?  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  clause  that  no  person 
shall  "  be  tsvice  put  in  jeopardy,"  etc.  ?  Ans.  No  person  shall  be  a  second  time  tried 
for  an  offence  of  which  he  has  been  legally  acquitted  or  convicted.  When  shall  a 
person  not  be  compelled  to  witness  against  himself  ?  What  guarantee  of  protection  to 
life,  liberty,  and  property  is  given  ?  When  only  can  private  property  be  taken  for 
public  use  ? 


ARTICLE  VI.  What  right  shall  a  person  accused  of  crime  have  ?  What  right,  as  to 
the  witnesses  against  him  ?  What  right,  as  to  the  witnesses  in  his  favor  ?  What  right, 
as  to  the  assistance  of  counsel  ? 

ARTICLE  VII.  In  what  suits  shall  the  r'ght  of  trial  by  jury  be  preserved  ?  In  what 
way  only  shall  the  re-examination  of  facts  tried  by  a  jury  be  made  ? 


OOtfSTimTiON  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES 

ARTICLE   VIII.     Excessive  Bail 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor 
cruel  arid  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX.     Rights  Retained  by  the  People 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights  shall  not  be 
construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  X.     Reserved  Rights  of  the  States 

The  powers  not  delegated, to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitution, 
nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  states,  are  reserved  to  the  states  respectively,' 
or  to  the  people. 

ARTICLE    XI 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to 
extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against 
one  of  the  United  States  by  citizens  of  another  state,  or  by  citizens  or 
subjects  of  any  foreign  state. 

ARTICLE  XIII.*    Slavery 

SECTION  I.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a 
punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  con 
victed,  shall  exist  within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to 
their  jurisdiction. 

SEC.  II.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appro 
priate  legislation. 

ARTICLE  XIV 

SECTION  I.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and 
subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States 

ARTICLE  VIII.  What  is  said  of  bail,  fines,  and  punishments  ? 

ARTICLE  IX.  What  is  said  of  rights  retained  by  the  people  ? 

ARTICLE  X.  What  is  said  of  the  powers  reserved  to  the  states  ? 

ARTICLE  XI  What  is  said  of  the  restriction  upon  the  judicial  power  ?  What  is  the 
decSd°adoptS?n^riendment?  A"''  *  WM  Pr°P°9ed  ^  Co"greg8  ^  1794  and 

ARTICLE  XIII.  -Section  1.  What  is  said  of  slavery  and  involuntary  serviiude  ? 

Sec-f-f  hat  power  has  Congress  with  reference  to  this  subject  ?  What  is  the  his 
tory  of  the  thirteenth  amendment?  Am.  It  was  proposed  in  1865,  and  declared 
adopted  in  December  of  the  same  year.  (See  Const.,  Art.  IV.,  Sec.  II.) 

ARTICLE  XI\  When  was  the  14th  Article  adopted  ?  Am  Havin^  been  ratified  bv 
three-fourths  of  the  states,  it  was  declared  adopted  on  the  28th  of  July,  1868 

*  For  the  twelfth  amendment,  see  page  17. 


OP  THE   UNITED  STATES 


and  of  the  state  wherein  they  reside.  No  state  shall  make  or  enforce 
any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of 
the  United  States  ;  nor  shall  any  state  deprive  any  person  of  life, 
liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law,  nor  deny  any  person 
within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

SEC.  II.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  states 
according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of 
persons  in  each  state,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the 
right  to  vote  at  any  election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for  president  and 
vice-president  of  the  United  States,  representatives  in  Congress,  the 
executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a  state,  or  the  members  of  the  Legis 
lature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such  state, 
being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  in 
any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime, 
the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the  proportion 
which  the  nun;  her  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole  num 
ber  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  such  state. 

SEC.  III.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  or  representative  in  Congress, 
or  elector  of  president  and  vice-president,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or 
military,  under  the  United  States,  or  under  any  state,  who,  having 
previously  taken  an  oath  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of 
the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  state  Legislature,  or  as  an 
executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  state,  to  support  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion 
against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof.  But 
Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  house,  remove  such 
disability. 

SEC.  IV.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States, 
authorized  by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions 
and  bounties  for  services  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall 


Section  1.  Who  are  declared  to  be  citizens  of  the  United  States  ?  What  restriction 
is  imposed  upon  the  States  with  regard  to  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  ? 
What,  with  regard  to  the  lives,  liberty,  or  property  of  persons  ?  What,  with  regard  to 
the  protection  of  the  law  given  to  persons  ? 

Sec.  2.  How  are  representatives  and  direct  taxes  apportioned  among  the  states  ? 
How  does  this  provision  of  the  Constitution  differ  from  the  one  formerly  in  force  ? 
(See  Const.,  Art.  I.,  Sec.  II.,  3d  Clause.)  When  shall  a  reduction  be  made  m  the  basis 
of  representation  to  which  a  state  may  be  entitled  ? 

Sec.  3.  What  class  of  persons,  in  consequence  of  their  rebellipus  acts,  are  deprived 
of  certain  exalted  privileges  ?  Name  the  privileges  which  are  withheld  from  them. 
Is  it  possible  for  any  person  belonging  to  that  class  to  have  the  privileges  accorded  to 
him  ?  How  ?  (See  Const.,  Art.  I.,  Sec.  III.,  3d  Clause.) 

Sec.  4.  What  shall  not  be  questioned  as  regards  the  debts  of  the  United  States  ? 
What  debts,  obligations,  and  claims,  are  declared  illegal  and  void  ?  What  restriction 
is  imposed  upon  the  General  Government  and  individual  states,  with  respect  to  such 
debts,  obligations,  and  claims  ? 


BO          CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

not  be  questioned.  But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  state  shall 
assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or 
rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  eman 
cipation  of  any  slave  ;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations,  and  claims  shall 
be  held  illegal  and  void. 

SEC.  V.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate 
legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

ARTICLE  XV 

SECTION  I.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall 
not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  state,  on 
account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

SEC.  II.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by 
appropriate  legislation. 

Sec.  5.  What  legislation  may  Congress  enact,  in  regard  to  the  provisions  of  Article 


APPENDIX 


31 


EARLY  CLAIMS  MADE  BY  EUROPEAN  NATIONS  TO  TER 
RITORY  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

Spain.— By  reason  of  the  discoveries  of  Columbus,  De  Leon,  and  De 
Soto,  and  the  explorations  of  Cortez,  Coronado,  and  others,  Spain 
claimed  the  southern  part  of  North  America,  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific.  The  northern  limits  were  indefinite. 

England.— By  reason  of  the  discoveries  of  theCabots,  and  the  explora 
tions  of  Gosnold,  Smith,  and  Drake,  with  those  made  by  the  expe 
ditions  sent  by  Raleigh,  England  claimed  all  the  heart  of  North 
America— from  the  latitude  of  Labrador  to  that  of  Florida — from 
ocean  to  ocean. 

France. — By  reason  of  the  discoveries  of  Cartier,  Champlain,  and 
others,  in  connection  with  the  explorations  of  Marquette  and  La 
Salle,  and  the  planting  of  military,  missionary,  and  trading  stations 
at  different  points,  France  claimed  the  valleys  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
Ohio,  and  Mississippi,  and  the  country,  including  the  islands,  in 
the  region  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence! 

Holland. — By  reason  of  the  discoveries  and  explorations  of  Hudson, 
the  Dutch  claimed  the  valley  of  the  H  ml  son,  with  all  the  country 
from  the  Connecticut  river,  and  even  further  east,  to  Delaware  bay 
on  the  south. 

BATTLES  OF  THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR 


DATES 

BATTLES 

COMMANDERS 

VICTORS 

English 

French 

1754 
1755 

1756 
1757 
1753 

1759 
1760 

Great  Meadows  

Washington  
Washington  

Jumonville  

English 
French 

Fort  Necessity  

De  Villiers  

Two  forts  in  Nova         ( 
Scotia                       f 

Monckton  
Monckton  
Braddock  
Williams  
Johnson  

De  Vergor.  .  .  . 

English 
English 
French 
French 

English 

De  Villiers  
Beaujeu 

Monongahela  
Near  Lake  George 
Head  of  Lake  George.  .  . 

Dieskau  
Dieskau  

Oswego  

Mercer 

Mon  teal  m 

Drench 

Fort  William  Henry  

Monro  

Montcahn  

French 

Near  Ticonderoga  
Ticonderofa  

Howe  ...   
Abercromby  
Amherst  

Grant 

DeTrepesee  
Montcahn  
Drucourt  

English 
French 
English 
French 

English 
French 
English 

Louisburg  

Near  Fort  Duquesr.e    .  . 

Aubry  

Fort  Niagara 

Johnson 

Anbry  
Montcahn 

Montmorenci  
Plains  of  Abraham  

Wolfe 

Wolfe  

Montcalm  

Near  Quebec  

Murray 

De  Levi 

French 

32 


APPENDIX 


PRINCIPAL  BATTLES   OF   THE  REVOLUTION 

*  The  asterisk  indicates  the  successful  party,    t  Doubtful. 


DATES 

BATTLES 

COMMANDERS 

MEN    ENGAGED 

American 

British 

American 

British 

1775 

April  19, 

June  17, 
Dec.  31. 
1776 

June  28, 
Aug.  27, 
Oct.  28, 
Nov.  16, 
Dec.  26, 
1777 
Jan.  3, 
July  7, 
Aug.  6, 
Aug.  16, 
Sept.  11, 
Sept.  19, 
Sept.  20, 
Oct.  4, 
Oct.  7, 
Oct.  22, 
1778 
June  28, 
Julv  3, 
Aug.  29, 
Dec.  £9. 
1779 
Feb.  14, 
March  3, 
June  20, 
July  15, 
Aug.  13, 
July  19, 
Aug.  29, 
Sept.  23, 
Oct.  9. 
1780 
April  14, 
Mav  12, 
MaV  29, 
Aug.  16, 

£fr* 

1781 

Jan.  17, 
March  15, 
April  25, 
Sept.  6, 
Sept.  8, 

Oct.  19, 

Lexington  .  . 

Parker  .  .  . 

Smith  and         | 
Pitcairn*  j 
Gen.  Howe*..   . 
Carleton* 

unknown 

1,500 
900 

1,700 

3,000 
1,200 

1  Bunker  Hill  
Quebec  

Prescott.  .. 

Montgomery  .  . 

Fort  Moultrie  
Long  Island.  .  . 
White  Plains  
Fort  Washington. 
Trenton  

Moultrie*  
Putnam  
McDougall  . 

Parker  
Gen.  Howe*..  . 
Leslie* 

400 
5,000 
1,600 
3,000 
2,400 

3,000 
700 
1,000 

2,000 
11,000 
2,500 
1,500 
11,000 
8,000 
450 

4,000 
20,000 
2,000 
5,000 
1.000 

Magaw  
Washington* 

Gen.  Howe*... 
Rahl. 

Princeton  

Washington*.. 
Warner 

Mawhood  
Fraser* 

1,800 
1,200 
1.500 
1,200 
18,000 
3.000 
3,000 
15,000 
4,500 
2,000 

Hubbardton  
Oriskanvt  

Herkiir.er  

St.  Leger 

Bennington  
Brandywine  
Bemis  Heights  
Paoli....  

Stark*  
Washington.  .  . 
Gates*  
Wavne  

Baum  

Gen.  Howe*  
Burgoyne  
Grev* 

German  town  
Saratoga  
Fort  Mercer  

Washington  
jiates*  
Col.  Greene*.... 

Gen.  Howe*  
Burgoyne  . 

Donop 

Monmouth  
Wyoming  
Rhode  Island  

Washington*.  .  . 
Col.  Z.  Butler... 
Sullivan*  

Clinton  
John  Butler*. 
Pigot  

12,000 
400 
5,000 
900 

11,000 
1,100 
5,000 
2,000 

Savannah  

lobert  Howe.  .  . 

Campbell*  

Kettle  Creek.  . 

Pickens*  
Ashe  
Lincoln  

Boyd  
Prevost*  
Maitland*.. 

300 
1,200 
800 
1,200 
900 
350 
4.000 
quadron 
4.500 

700 
1,800 
1,200 
600 
3.000 
250 
1.500 
2  vessels 
2.900 

Brier  Creek  
Stonv  Ferrv  
Stony  Point  
Penobscot. 

Wavne*  
Lov'ell  
Major  Lee*  
Sullivan*  .  .  .  .'.  . 

Johnson  .  
McLean*  .  
Sutherland  
Brant 

Paulus  Hook  
Chemung 

E^lamboro1  Head.  . 
Savannah 

Jaul  Jones*  

Pearson  .  . 

Prevost* 

Monk's  Corner  
Charleston 

luger  
Lincoln 

Tarleton*  
Clinton*  
Parleton*  
Cornwallis*.  .  .. 
Parleton*  
rerguson  

300 

3,700 
400 
3.000 
700 
900 

roo 

9,COO 
700 
2,200 
£50 
1,100 

Waxhaw  
Sanders  Creek  
Fish  ing  Creek.... 
ving's  Mountain. 

Buford  

Gates  
Sumter  
Campbell*  

Cowpens  
Guilford  C.  H.... 
Hobkirk's  Hill  . 

Morgan*    

Tarleton  ...  
Cornwallis*  .... 
Rawdon*  

900 
4,400 
1,200 
150 
2,000 

10,000 

1.100 
2,400 
900 
800 
2,800 

7,500 

Greene  
Greene  . 

Fort  Griswold  

Ledvard  

Evre*  

£utaw  Springs  f  .. 
York  town 

Greene  
Washington      / 
&  DeGrasse*.  f 

Stuart  
Cornwallis  

APPENDIX 


S3 


PRINCIPAL   BATTLES    OF    THE    SECOND  WAR   WITH    ENGLAND 

*  The  asterisk  indicates  the  successful  party. 


DATES 

LAND  BATTLES 

COMMANDEIIS 

MEN  ENGAGED 

American 

British 

Amer. 

British 

1812 

Aug.  5, 
Aug.  9, 
Oct.  13, 
1813 
Jan.  22, 
April  27, 
May  5, 
May  29 
Aug.  2, 
Oct.  5, 
1814 
Julys, 
July  25, 
Aug.  15, 
Aug.  24, 
Sept.  11, 
Sept.  12, 
Sept.  13, 
Sept,  15, 
Sept.  17, 
1815 
Jan.  8, 

1812 

Aug.  13, 

Aug.  19, 
Oct.  18, 
Oct.  25, 
Dec.  29, 
1813 
Feb..  2  4. 

June  1, 
Aug.  14. 
Sept.  5, 
Sept.  10. 
1814 
March  28, 

April  29, 
June2S, 
Sept.  11, 
Dec.  14, 
1815 
Feb.  20, 

March  23. 

Jrownstown  
d  of  Brownstown... 
Queenstown  ... 

Van  Horn  . 

Miller*  .  . 
Van  Rensselaer. 

Tecumseh*  
Tecumseh  
Brock*  

200 
600 
1,200 

600 
900 
2,500 

Frenchtown 

Winchester  
Pike*.  

Proctor*  
Sheaffe  
Proctor  
Prevost  
Proctor  

800 
1,700 
1,200 
1,000 
100 
2,500 

1,500 
1.500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,300 
2.000 

York 

Fort  Meigs 

Clay»    

Brown*  
Croghan*  
Harrison*  

Sackett's  Harb.or  
tort  Stephenson  
Thames  

Proctor  

Brown*  

Rlall  

1,900 
3,500 
2,500 
3,500 
3,000 
2,000" 
1,000 
120 
2,500 

2,100 
5,01)0 
5,000 
5,000 
14,000 
5,000 
16  ships 
Mixed 
3,500 

Bro 

(,a> 
Wii 

wn*  
ies*  

Drummond  
Drummond  
Ross*  
Prevost  
Brooke*  
Cochrane  
Xicholls.  
Drummond  

tort  Erie  (assault).  .  . 

tier    .. 

Pla'ctsburg  
North  Point  
tort  Me  Henry  
tort  Bowver  
Fort  Erie  '(sortie)  ,... 

Macomb*  
Strieker  
Armistead*  
Lawrence*  
Brown*  

Jar 

kson*        ... 

Pakenham  

6,000 

12,000 

NAVAL  BATTLES 

VESSELS 

COMMANDEltS 

Off  Newfoundland  
Off  Massachusetts  
Off  North  Carolina  
Near  Canary  Islands  
Off  San  Salvador  

<  Am.  Frig.  1 
}  Br.  Sloop  J 
(  Am.  Frig. 
;  Br.  Frig.  G 
^  Am.  Sloop 
\  Br.  Brig  Fi 
\  Am.  Frig. 
}  Br.  Frig.  M 
(  Am.  Frig, 
j  Br.  Frig.  J 

£ssex  
Uert        

Dorter  * 
Laugharne 
Hull  * 
Daeres 
Jones  * 
Whinyates 
Decatur  * 
(Jarden 
Bainbridge  * 
Lambert 

Constitution  
uerriere  
Wasp  . 

•olic              

Jnited  States  
acedonian 

Constitution  
ava  

Off  Demerara  

(  Am.  Sloop 
\  Br.  Brig  P< 
(  Am.  Frig. 
(  Br.  Frig.  S 
(  Am.  Brig  J 
(  Br.  Sloop  1 
J  Am.  Brig 
1  Br.  Brig  B 
N  Am.  9  vess 
\  Br.  6  vesse 

Hornet  
;acock  

Lawrence  * 
Peake 
Lawrence 

Broke  * 
Allen 

Massachusetts  Bay  .. 

Chesapeake  
lannon  
Vrgus.  ...  

British  Channel  
Off  coast  of  Maine  
Lake  Erie  

3elican    

Maples  * 
Burrows  * 
Blyth 
Perry  * 
Barclay 

Enterprise  
sxer  
els,  54  guns  
s,  63  guns  

Harbor  of  Valparaiso  

Off  coast  of  Florida  
Near  British  Channel  
Lake  Champlain  .. 
Lake  Borgne  

(  Am.  Frig. 
Br.  Brig  P 
(  Br.  Sloop 
j  Am.  Sloop 
\  Br.  Brig  E 
^  Am.  Sloop 
)  Br.  Sloop 
(  Am.  14  ves 
t  Br.  17  vess 
<  Am.  5  gun 
1  Br.  40  barg 

Essex  

Porter 
Hillyar  * 
T  ticker  * 
Warrington  * 
Wales 
Blakely  * 
Manners 
McDonough  * 
Do  wnie 
Jones 
Lockver  * 

Jherub  
;  Peacock  
pervicr  
Wasp  
Reindeer  
sels,  86  guns.  ...-. 
els,  !'5guns  '.. 
boats  
res  

Off  Island  of  Madeira... 

(  Am.  Fris. 
I  Br.  Ship  C 
1  Br.  Ship  1 
\  Am.  Sloor 
)  Br.  Brig  P 

Constitution  

Stewart  * 
Falcon 
Douglass 
Riddle  * 
Dickenson 

evant  
Hornet  

engnin  

34  APPENDIX 

PRESIDENTS   AND   VICE-PRESIDENTS   OF   THE   UNITED  STATES 


No 

PRESIDENTS 

RESIDENCE 

INAUGURATED 

VICE-PRESIDENTS 

1 

George  Washington. 

Virginia  

April  30,  1789.. 

John  Adams 

2 

John  Adams.. 

Massachusetts. 

March  4  1797 

_,,                       T    ff 

i  nomas  Jefferson 
Aaron  Burr 

3 

Thomas  Jefferson  .  .  . 

Virginia  

March  4,  1801  - 

George  Clinton 

4 

James  Madison  

Virginia  

March  4,  1809  *. 

George  Clinton  * 

j 

El  bridge  Gerry  * 

5 

James  Monroe  

Virginia  

March  4,  1817.  . 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins 

6 

John  Q.  Adams  

Massachusetts  .  . 

March  4,  1825.. 

John  C.  Calhoun 

f. 

Andrew  Jackson  

Tennessee 

( 
March  4   1829  •< 

John  C.  Calhoun  t 

( 

Martin  Van  Buren 

8 

Martin  Van  Buren  .  .  . 

New  York  

March  4,  1837.  . 

Richard  M.  Johnson 

9 

William  H.  Harrison* 

Ohio 

March  4   1841. 

John  Tyler 

10 

John  Tyler  

Virginia  

April  6,   1841 

11 

James  K.  Polk  

Tennessee  

March  4,  1845.. 

George  M.  Dallas 

12 

Zachary  Taylor*  

Louisiana  

March  5,  1849.  . 

Millard  Fillmore 

13 

Millard  Fillmore  

New  York  

July  10,  1850.. 

14 

Franklin  Pierce  

New  Hampshire.  . 

March  4,  1853.  . 

William  R.  King  * 

15 

James  Buchanan  

Pennsylvania  

March  4,  1857.  .  . 

John  C.  Breckenridge 

i 

lannibal  Hamlin 

16 

Abraham  Lincoln*  

Illinois  

March  4,  1861.  -c 

( 

Andrew  Johnson 

17 

\ndrew  Johnson  

Tennessee  

April  15,  1865. 

18 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  

llinois  

March  4,  1869  \ 

Schuyler  Colfax 

I 

lenry  Wilson  * 

19 

lutherford  B.  Hayes. 

Ohio 

March  5   1877. 

„,....         . 

20 

ames  A.  Garfield*.  .  . 

Ohio  

March  4,  1881... 

Chester  A.  Arthur 

21 

Chester  A.  Arthur  

New  York  

Sept.  20,  1881... 

22 

Grover  Cleveland  

New  York  

March  4,  1885.  .  . 

Thomas  A.Hendricks* 

23 

Jenjamin  Harrison... 

ndiana  

March  4,  1889. 

..evi  P.  Morton 

24 

Grover  Cleveland  

New  York  

March  4,  1893.  .  . 

\dlai  E.  Stevenson 

I 

Garret  A.  Hobart 

25 

William  McKinley  

Ohio  

March  4,  1897.  •< 

( 

"heodore  Roosevelt 

*  Died  in  office, 


t  Resigned. 


APPENDIX 


35 


SETTLEMENT  AND  ADMISSION  OF  THE  STATES 


THE  STATES 

SETTLED 

ADMITTED 

When 

Where 

By  whom 

Virginia         

1607 
1614 
1620 
1623 
1633 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
1682 
1711 
1625 
1764 
1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 
1833 
1669 
1769 
1846 
1811 
1850 
1774 
1850 
1810 
1858 

Jamestown  
STew  York  
Plymouth  
Little  Harbor.  .  . 
Windsor  
St.  Mary's  
Providence  
Wilmington  
Chow  an  River.. 
Elizabeth  
Ashley  River.  .. 
Philadelphia  .  .  . 
Savannah  
Fort  Dummer.  . 
Boonesboro1  
Fort  Loudon  
Marietta  
[bervillc  
Vincennes. 

English  
Dutch  
English  
English  
English  
English  
English  .   . 

H 
jT 
15 

2? 

P 

K  a 

o 

§ 

B 

1791  » 
1792  V 
1796) 
1803 
1812  ( 
1816) 
18171 
1818 
1819  J- 
1820 
1821  J 
18361 
1837* 
1845 
1845) 
1846V 
1848) 
1850 
1858. 
1859V 
1861) 
1863} 
1864) 
1867 
1876 
1889 
1889 
1889 
1889 
1890 
1890 
1896 

p 
< 

V 

i 

5" 

1 

§ 

1 

Washington 

lefl'erson 
Stadison 

Monroe 

Jackson 
Tyler 

Polk 
Fillmore 
Buchanan 

Lincoln 

Johnson 
Grant 

Ben.  Harrison 
Cleveland 

New  York.  .   
Massachusetts  
New  Hampshire.. 
Connecticut  , 
Maryland  
Rhode  Island  

Swedes  

North  Carolina.  .. 
New  Jersey  
South  Carolina.  .  . 
r'ennsylvania  
Georgia  

English  
English  
English  
English  
English  
English  

Vermont  

Kentucky  

English  
English  
English  
French  
French  
French  
French  
French  
French  
French  
French 

Tennessee  
Ohio  

Louisiana  

Mississippi  
Illinois  
Alabama 

Natchez  

Kaskaskia  
Mobile  

Maine 

Bristol  

Missouri  
Arkansas.  .  . 

St.  Louis  
Arkansas  Post.  . 
Detroit     .     ... 

Michigan  
Florida  
Texas 

St.  Augustine.  .  . 
San  Antonio.... 
Burlington  

Spaniards  
Spaniards.  .  .  . 
Americans  
French  
Spaniards.  .  .  . 
Americans  
Americans  .  .  . 
Americans  .  .. 
English  
Americans  ,  .  . 
Americans  .  .  . 
Americans  .  .  . 

Iowa 

Wisconsin  

Green  Bay  
San  Diego  
St.  Paul  
Astoria  
Leaven  worth  .  .  . 
Wheeling  
Genoa  

California  
Minnesota  
Oregon  

Kansas  

West  Virginia  
Nevada  

Nebraska  

Bellevue  

Colorado  
North  Dakota  

Denver  

South  Dakota  

Montana  

Washington  

Idaho  

Wyoming  

Utah..  

OHIO.— In  the  case  of  every  State  except  Ohio.  Congress  has  passed  a  distinct  and  definite 
act  of  admission,  or  has  provided  for  an  admission  on  the  issue  of  a  proclamation  by  the 
president.  The  people  of  Ohio  elected  delegates  to  a  convention,  by  whom  a  Constitution 
was  formed  (1802),  which,  in  January,  1803.  was  submitted  to  Congress  for  ratification  ;  and  on 
the  19th  of  the  following  month  the  president  approved  the  first  act  which  recognized  the 
new  State. 


APPENDIX 


TERRITORIAL  ACQUISITIONS 


TERRITORY 

ACQUIRED 

AREA  IN 
SQUARE 
MILES 

IN  WHOSE  AD 
MINISTRATION 

When 

How 

From 
Whom 

1.  Original.. 

1783 
1803 
1819 
1845 
1789- 
1846 
1846- 
1848 
1853 
1867 
1898 
1899 
1899 
1899 
1899 

Conquest  
Purchase  
Purchase  
Annexation  

Exploration  1 
&  Occupancy,  f 
Conquest  and  / 
Purchase  f 

England.  . 
France  .  .  . 
Spain  
Texas  .... 

833,744 
925,269 
59,268 
274,356 

251,562  I 

636,760 

45,535 
577,390 

Jefferson 
Monroe 
Tyler  and  Polk 
Washington  to 
Polk 

Polk 

Pierce 
Johnson 
McKinley 
McKinley 
McKinley 
McKinley 
McKinley 

2.  Louisiana  
3.  Florida  

4  Texas 

5  Oregon..  .  - 

6.  California,  etc.  - 

7.  Gadsden  Tract.. 
8.  Alaska  
9.  Hawaii  
10.  Porto  Rico  
11.  Philippines  
12   Guam       .  . 

Mexico  .  .  . 

Mexico.  .. 
Russia  ... 

Purchase  

Annexation 

Conquest  

Spain  .... 

Purchase  
Treaty  
Treaty  

Spain  
Spain  .... 

=. 

13.  Samoan  Islands 

HOW  THE  ACQUISITIONS  ARE  NOW  OCCUPIED 


z.  The  Original  Territory. — This  includes  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  all  the  States  whose  domains  lie  entirely  east  of  the  Missis 
sippi  River,  except  Florida.  The  eastern  part  of  Minnesota  is 
also  included. 

2.  The  Louisiana  Purchase. — All  of  Louisiana,  Missouri,  Arkansas, 

Iowa,  Nebraska,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  and  Montana,  and 
the  tract  known  as  the  Indian  Country;  also  part  of  Minnesota, 
Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Wyoming.  (See  p.  194.) 

3.  Florida. — The  State  of  Florida  only.     Its  western  boundary  was  in 

dispute  up  to  the  time  of  the  purchase.     (See  p.  211.) 

4.  Texas. — The  State  of  Texas.     Texas  claimed  a  large  tract  west  of 

her  present  limits.  The  claim  was  surrendered  to  the  General 
Government  in  1850,  on  payment  of  ten  millions  of  dollars. 

5.  The    Oregon    Region. — Oregon,  Washington,    and   Idaho.     (See 

note,  p.  240.) 

6.  California,  etc. — All  of  California,  Nevada,  and  Utah,  with  part 

of  Kansas,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  the  Territories  of  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.  (See  p.  229.) 

7.  The  Gadsden  Tract.— Part  of  the  Territories  of  New  Mexico  and 

Arizona.     (See  note,  p.  230.) 

8.  Alaska. — The  immense  tract  still  known  as  Alaska.     No  territorial 

government  has  been  provided  for  it.     (See  p.  278.) 


APPENDIX 


37 


PRINCIPAL  BATTLES  OF  THE  WAR  WITH  MEXICO 

(The  Americans  were  successful  in  every  battle.) 


DATES 

1846 

May  8, 
May  9, 
Sept.  24, 
Dec.  25, 
1847 
Feb.  23, 
Feb.  28, 
March  27, 
April  18, 

Aug.  20,  -j 

Sept.  8, 
Sept.  13, 
Oct.  9, 

BATTLES 

COMMANDERS 

FORCES  ENGAGED 

American 

Mexican 

Amer. 

Mex. 

1.  Palo  Alto  
2.  Resaca  de  la  Palma. 
3    Monterey        

Taylor  
Taylor  
Taylor  
Doniphan  .  . 

Arista..,,:  
Arista  
Ampudia  
Ponce  de  Leon.. 

2,800 

2/200 
6,600 
500 

6,000 
5,000 
10,000 
1,200 

4.  Bracito  

5.  Buena  Vista  

Taylor  

Santa  Anna.  .  . 

4,700 
900 
12,000 
8,500 
4,000 
8,000 
3,500 
7,200 
500 

17,000 
4,000 
6,000 
12,000 
7,000 
25,000 
14,000 
25,000 
1,000 

6.  Sacramento  
7.  Vera  Cruz  
8    Cerro  Gordo 

Doniphan 
Scott  
Scott      .... 

Trias  

Morales  . 
Santa  Anna.  .  .  . 
Valencia  . 

9.  Contreras  
10.  Cherubusco  
11.  Molinodel  Key  
12.  Chapultepec  .  .  .   ... 
13.  Huamantla  

Scott  
Scott  
Scott  
Scott.  .  .  
Lane  

Santa  Anna.  .  .  . 
Alvarez  
Bravo  ........  . 

Santa  Anna.  .  .  . 

1,  2,  3,  5.— For  account  of  Taylor's  battles,  see  pp.  224,  225. 

4,  6.— General  Kearny,  marching  from  Missouri,  took  possession  of  New  Mexico ; 
and  a  division  of  his  army  under  Colonel  Doniphan,  continuing  the  march,  defeated 
the  enemy  at  Bracito  and  Sacramento. 

7-12.— For  Scott's  battles,  see  pp.  227,  228.  9-12  were  positions  fortified  by  the 
Mexicans  for  the  protection  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  General  Worth  distinguished 
himself  while  in  command  of  the  attack  upon  the  Molino  del  Rey. 

13.— General  Lane,  on  his  march  with  recruits  for  Scott,  was  attacked  at  Hua 
mantla  by  Santa  Anna,  after  the  latter's  flight  from  the  city  of  Mexico, 


JUNIOR  GLASS  HISTORY 
SPECIAL   REVIEW 

[The  numbers  refer  to  the  pages  of  this  book] 

EXPLORATIONS.— General  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  world 
known  at  time  of  Columbus;  what  excited  desire  to  make  explorations; 
some  account  of  Columbus,  his  ideas,  efforts,  voyages,  and  discoveries 
(n-25). 

Spanish  explorations.— Columbus  (11-25),  Amerigo  Vespucci  (25), 
Ponce  de  Leon  (27),  Cortez  (29,  30),  De  Soto  (31,  32),  Melendez  (34) ; 
objects,  results,  settlement  of  St.  Augustine  (34)  ;  territory  explored 
(32)  and  claimed. 

Spain  claimed  all  the  southern  part  of  North  America — from  ocean 
to  ocean — with  indefinite  northern  limits. 

French  explorations. — Verrazzani  (33),  Carder  (33),  Coligny  (33), 
Ribaut,  note  (34)  ;  and  Laudonniere. 

Laudonniere,  in  1564,  commenced  a  colony  on  the  St.  John's  River, 
Florida,  of  which  Ribaut  took  command  the  next  year  ;  but  Melendez 
broke  it  up  the  same  year  (1565)  and  killed  most  of  the  settlers,  includ 
ing  Ribaut.  Laudonniere  succeeded  in  making  his  escape. 

De  Gourges  (34),  Champlain  (34)  ;  objects  (96),  results,  settlement 
of  Quebec  (33-35)  ;  territory  explored  and  claimed. 

France  claimed  the  valleys  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  Ohio,  and  Missis 
sippi,  with  the  region  near  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  (96-99,  105). 

English   explorations.— Cabots  (32),   Gilbert   (35),    Raleigh   (36), 


40  JUNIOR  CLASS  HISTORY 

Gosnold  (36)  ;  objects,  results,  settlement  of  Jamestown  (37-50) ;  ter 
ritory  explored  (32-51)  and  claimed. 

England  claimed  all  the  heart  of  North  America— from  ocean  to 
ocean— from  the  latitude  of  Labrador  to  that  of  Florida  (105). 

Dutch  explorations.— Hudson  (73-75)  ;  objects,  results,  settlement 
of  New  Amsterdam  (74,  75)  ;  territory  explored  and  claimed. 

The  Dutch  also  explored  the  coast  as  far  north  as  Cape  Cod  and  as 
far  south  as  Delaware  Bay  (86),  and  claimed  all  the  region  so  ex 
plored. 

Review  claims  of  different  nations  to  parts  of  North  America  (n- 
105)  ;  basis  of  claims  and  first  settlement  by  each  nation  (105)  ;  gen 
eral  idea  of  geography  of  territory  explored  and  attempted  settle 
ments  ;  names  of  noted  persons  (127) ;  dates  (125,  126). 

Other  portions  as  reading  lessons. 

Review  of  preceding  grade. 

SETTLEMENTS.— 1.  The  thirteen  original  colonies;  when, 
where,  and  by  whom  each  was  settled  (37-96). 

2.  Which  colonies  were  settled  on  account  of  religious  persecution  ; 
which  by  religious  denominations ;  which  as  asylums  for  persecuted 
Christians. 

Plymouth,  as  the  beginning  of  the  Massachusetts  colony,  and  Rhode 
Island  were  settled  because  of  religious  persecution  ;  New  Hampshire 
and  Connecticut  were  settled  by  the  Puritans ;  Pennsylvania  by  the 
Quakers  ;  Maryland— in  large  part— by  the  Catholics  ;  and  Delaware 
by  Protestants.  Rhode  Island,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Georgia 
were  asylums  for  persecuted  Christians. 

Which  colonies  made  treaties  with  the  Indians  (56,  80,  84,  95)  in 
which  were  Indian  wars  and  troubles  (37-96). 

Which  colonies  were  settled  by  other  nations  than  the  English  (74- 
86) ;  when  and  how  each  came  into  possession  of  the  English  (37-96;. 

3.  Other  important  events,  with  general  cause,  nature,  date,  and  re 
sult,  as  follows  :  first  legislative  assembly  (46),  introduction  of  slaverv 
(46),  first  printing  press  (120),  union  of  New  England  colonies  (67). 
Navigation  Act  (48),  Clayborne's  rebellions  (83),  Bacon's  rebellion  (49). 
Pequod  war  (65),  King  Philip's  war  (69)  ;  colonial  history  of  Pennsyl 
vania  (82-85). 


SPECIAL  HE  VIEW  41 

4.  Names  of  noted  persons,  general  nature  of  their  connection  with 
the  colonies  ;  John  Smith  (41-51),  Lord  Baltimore  (87),  Roger  Wil 
liams  (59-61),  Peter  Stuyvesant  (78,  79),   Edmund  Andros  (67,  68), 
William  Penn  (82-86),  James  Oglethorpe  (93-95). 

5.  Geography  of  places  and  colonies  learned  ;  general  idea  of  occu 
pations,  habits,  religious  freedom,   education,    government,   and  civil 
liberty  (37-96). 

» 

COLONIAL  WARS.— 1.  King  William's  War  (99-101),  Queen 
Anne's  (101-103),  King  George's  (103);  general  cause  of  each,  between 
whom  fought,  one  or  two  important  events,  terminating  treaty,  with 
dates  (99-105). 

2.  French  and  Indian  War  (103-116)  ;  explorations  and  settlements 
by  the  French  north,  west,  and  south  (33,  34,  96-99)  ;  connection  of 
their  possessions  (105)  ;  English  territory  (50,  79,   105)  ;  conflict  of 
English  and  French  claims  (105),  Washington's  journey  (106)  ;  causes 
of  the  war  (105-107). 

Principal  events,  with  dates  and  results  (105-117)  ;  Washington's 
first  campaign  (106-108),  Braddock's  (107,  108),  Montcalm's  (in), 
Amherst's  against  Louisburg  (113),  Wolfe's  against  Quebec  (114-116)  ; 
treaty  of  peace,  with  terms  (116). 

3.  Names  of  noted  persons  ;  their  connection  with   the  events   of 
the  wars  ;  Governor  Dinwiddie  (106),  Washington  (106-113),  Braddock 
(107,  108),   Shirley  (no),   Montcalm  (in-n6),  Amherst  (113,    114), 
William  Pitt  (112),  Wolfe  (114,  115). 

4.  Geography  of  places  and  campaigns  learned  (103-116)  ;  extent  of 
English  territory  at  close  of  war  (116)  ;  population  (117);  character 
of  colonial  soldiers  ;  sufferings  of  colonists  ;  expense  of  the  wars  (127)  ; 
thoughts  of  union. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  war  the  British  ministry  recommended  the 
colonies  to  unite  in  some  plan  for  their  common  defence.  A  congress 
of  delegates  from  several  of  the  colonies  was  held  at  Albany,  and  a  plan 
of  union,  proposed  by  Dr.  Franklin,  was  adopted.  This,  however,  was 
never  permitted  to  go  into  effect.  The  colonies  rejected  it  because  it 
gave  too  much  power  to  the  crown,  while  the  crown  rejected  it  because  it 
gave  too  much  power  to  the  people. 

Other  portions  as  reading  lessons. 


42  JUNIOR  CLASS  HISTORY 

THE    REVOLUTION.— Review  of  preceding  grades, 

1.  Causes. — Nature,  date,  results  (128-176)  ;  Navigation  Act  (48), 
taxation  to  pay  expenses  of  French  and  Indian  War  (128),  Stamp  Act 
(128),  Colonial  Congress  (129),  Tea  Act  (130),  Gage  in  Boston  (134), 
Boston  Massacre  (131),  Tea  party  (132),  Port  Bill  (132),  Continental 
Congress  (133),  declaration  of  rights  (134.) 

2.  Campaigns. — Boston  campaign,  1775-'76  (135-143)  ; — Lexington 
(135),  siege  of  Boston  (135-143),  Bunker  Hill  (137-140),  Washington 
commander-iii-chief  (140),  evacuation  March  17,  1776  (142). 

Invasion  of  Canada,  1775-'76  (141)  ;— St.  John's  (141),  Montreal 
(141),  Quebec  (141,  142),  defeat  (142),  evacuation  June  18,  1776  (142). 

New  York  campaign,  1776  ; — Evacuation  of  Boston  (142),  American 
army  at  New  York  (144),  British  on  Staten  Island  (145),  Long  Island 
(145),  capture  of  city  September  15,  1776  (146),  operations  near  city 
(146),  retreat  of  Americans  (146,  147),  Trenton  (147)  and  Princeton 
(dates)  (148). 

Philadelphia  campaign,  1777  ; — British  fleet  from  New  York  (149, 
150),  Brandywine  (149),  Paoli. 

General  Wayne,  who  had  been  detached  from  Washington's  army, 
with  fifteen  hundred  men,  to  get  in  the  rear  of  Howe's  army  and  cut 
off  his  baggage  train,  when  near  Paoli  (pd-6-le),  Sep.  20,  ivas  surprised 
by  a  midnight  attack,  and  defeated  with  great  loss. 

Capture  of  city  September  26,  1777  (150),  Germantown  (150),  opera 
tions  near  city  (150),  forts  on  the  Delaware  (150),  evacuation  June  18, 
1778  (156),  Monmouth  (date)  (June  28,  1778). 

Burgoyne's  campaign,  1777  ; — Invasion  from  Canada  (152),  Ticon- 
deroga  (152)  Forts  Edwards  (152)  and  Schuyler  (153,  note),  Benning- 
ton  (153),  Stillwater  (154),  Saratoga  (154),  surrender  October  17,  1777 
(155). 

Charleston  campaign,  1778-'80  ; — Transfer  of  war  from  the  north. 
Savannah  (159),  Sunbury  (160),  Kettle  Creek  (160),  Monk's  Corner. 

While  the  siege  of  Charleston  was  being  made  by  the  British,  an 
American  force,  stationed  at  Monk's  Corner  to  keep  open  a  communi 
cation  between  tlie  city  and  the  interior,  was  surprised  by  Colonel  Tarle- 
ton  and  put  to  flight,  April  14,  1780. 

Capture  of  city  May  12,  1780  (162). 

Cornwallis's  and  Greene's  campaigns,  1780-'81  ; — Sanders's  Creek, 
(163),  King's  Mountain  (164),  Cowpens  (167,  168),  Guilford  Court 


SPECIAL  HBV1BW  43 

House  (168),   Eutaw  Springs  (169),  Yorktown  (169-171),  surrender, 
October  19,  1781  (171). 

Outline  maps  of  campaigns  ;  geography  of  important  places  men 
tioned  (183). 

3.  Other  Important  Events.— Cause,  nature,  date,  results  ;— Con 
tinental  Congress  (133,  140,  144),  Fort  Moultrie  (144). 

Fort  Moultrie  was  so  catted  after  the  battle  in  honor  of  its  brave  com 
mander,  Colonel  Moultrie. 

Declaration  of  Independence  (144),  commissioners  to  France  (150 
note),  aid  from  France  (150  note,  155),  American  and  French  expedi 
tions  (156,  158,  160,  169),  Wyoming  (158),  Paul  Jones's  naval  fight 
(162),  Arnold's  treason  (164),  Arnold's  plundering  expeditions. 

(171),  Arnold  had  previously  been  sent  against  Virginia.  With  about 
twelve  hundred  men  he  sailed  up  the  James  River  to  Richmond,  and 
there  and  at  other  places  plundered  and  destroyed  private  as  ivell  as 
public  property — 1781. 

Geography  of  important  places  (183). 

4.  Treaty  of  peace  (172),  terms  fixing  general  boundaries  (172). 
condition  of  army  (172-177),  Washington's  resignation  (179).     Govern 
ment  during  Revolution  (176-180),  Articles  of  Confederation  (176- 
180),  powers  of  Congress  (179),  Shays's  rebellion  (180),  convention  to 
revise  Articles  (180),  new  Constitution  framed  and  adopted  (180),  first 
election  (180),  Washington  President  (180). 

Other  portions  as  reading  lessons. 

THE  NATION  TO  THE  CIVIL  WAR.— Review  of  preceding 
grades ;  general  cause,  nature,  date,  and  consequence  of  important 
events  : — 

1.  Assembling  of  Congress  at   New  York  (182)  ;   inauguration  of 
Washington,  April  30,  1789  (182),  departments  and  government  organ 
ized  (184-186). 

2.  Capitals  of  United  States  :— New  York  (181),  Philadelphia  (186), 
Washington  (192). 

3.  Indian  Wars  :— Northwest  of  Ohio,  1790  (187)  ;  1791  (187) ;  1794- 
'95  (187,  188)  ;  1811  (199)  ;  1832  (218)  ;  Creek,  1813  (202)  ;  Seminole, 
1817  (210)  ;  1835-42  (219-220). 


44  JUNIOR  CLASS  BISTORT 

4.  Rebellions  : — Whiskey  Insurrection  (187),  Canadian  (221),  l)orr's. 
While  Tyler  was  president,  a  serious  difficulty  occurred  in  Rhode 

Island,  which  grew  out  of  an  attempt  to  have  a  constitution  adopted  in 
place  of  the  charter  ivhich  had  been  granted  to  Rhode  Island  by  Charles 
II.  in  1663,  and  which  ever  since  had  been  the  basis  of  all  the  laws 
there.  In  favor  of  this  constitution,  which  greatly  extended  the  privi 
lege  of  voting,  was  a  party  known  as  the  "  suffrage  parti/,"  the  leader  of 
which  was  Thomas  Dorr.  Its  members  attempted  to  effect  the  change 
without  regard  to  existing  laivs,  even  resorting  to  arms,  but  they  were 
defeated  ;  and  another  constitution  was  afterward  adopted. 
John  Brown's  Raid  (236). 

5.  Troubles  and  treaties  with  foreign  countries  : — France,  1792-'93 
(188),  1797-1800  (191,  192)  ;  Spain,  1795. 

The  treaty  of  1795  with  Spain  established  more  firmly  the  friendly 
relations  with  that  country,  and  defined  the  southern  and  western  limits 
of  the  United  States. 

Spain,  1819  (211). 

Great  Britain,  1793-'94  (188)  ;  1806-'15  (209)  ;  Barbary  States,  1795, 
1801-5,  1815  (194,  195,  209)  ;  Canada,  1837  (221). 

No  treaty  was  ever  made  with  Canada.  Whatever  treaties  have  been 
made  respecting  Canada  were  made  with  Great  Britain. 

Mexico,  1845-'48  (229). 

6.  Treaties    for    boundaries   and   acquisition   of   territory  : — Great 
Britain,  1794  (189),  1842. 

By  the  treaty  of  1842  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States 
from,  Maine  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  fixed.  Daniel  Webster  nego 
tiated  the  treaty  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  and  Lord  Ashburton 
on  the  part  of  Great  Britain.  See  note,  p.  233. 

1846. 

The  treaty  of  1846  fixed  the  boundary  line  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun 
tains  at  the  49th  parallel,  and  thus  settled  a  long  and  bitter  dispute 
between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. 

France,  1803  (194);  Spain,  1819  (211);  1899  (313);  Mexico,  1848 
(229);  1853(230,  note}',  terms,  extent  of  territory,  value  (188,  229,  230). 

7.  Extra  sessions  of  Congress  :  John  Adams. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  President  Adams  was  to  convene  Congress  in 
extra  session  to  consider  the  outrages  which  French  vessels  were  commit' 
ting  against  our  commerce.  See  p.  191. 


SPECIAL  REVIEW  45 

Van  Bureri. 

Van  Buren  called  an  extra  session  of  Congress  to  consider  the  com 
mercial  troubles.  See  pp.  220,  221. 

Harrison. 

Harrison  called  an  extra  session  of  Congress  to  remedy  the  financial 
distresses  of  the  country. 

8.  Compromise   measures  :  — Missouri    (212),    Tariff    Act,    1828-'33 
(215-217),  Clay's  (217),  Kansas-Nebraska  (234,  235). 

9.  Financial   measures  :— United    States    Bank,    1791    (186),    1833 
(217),  1842  (221)  ;  removal  of  government  funds,  1833  (218)  ;  Distri 
bution  Act,  1837  (221). 

10.  Other  important  events  and  measures  :    Trial  of  Burr  (196)  ; 
Hartford  Convention. 

A  large  number  of  persons  were  opposed  to  the  war  of  1812,  and  they 
sent  delegates  to  a  convention  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  to  consider  their 
grievances  and  devise  means  of  redress.  The  convention  did  nothing  of 
importance  except  to  recommend  several  amendments  to  the  Constitu 
tion,  1814. 

Monroe  Doctrine. 

In  his  annual  message  of  1823,  Monroe  declared  that  "the  Ameri 
can  continents  are  henceforth  not  to  be  considered  as  subjects  for  future 
colonization  by  any  European  power.''  This  is  known  as  the  Monroe 
Doctrine. 

Nullification  Act  (216),  Civil  War  in  Kansas  (235). 

11.  War  with  Great  Britain. — Right  of  search  (197),  blockade  of 
French  coast  (197)  ;  Embargo  Act  (198) ;  Non-intercourse  Act  (198), 
declaration  of  war  June  18,  1812  (199,  200).     Campaign  of  1812,  under 
Hull  (200)  ;  Maiden,  Detroit  (200),  surrender  of  Michigan,  August  16, 
1812  (200).     Campaigns  of  1813,  under  (1)  Harrison, — Frenchtown. 

At  Frenchlown  Winchester  ivas  attacked  by  a  body  of  British  and 
Indians,  and  defeated,  he  being  made  prisoner  while  the  battle  was  in 
progress.  The  Americans  surrendered,  on  condition  that  they  should 
be  protected  ;  but  the  condition  was  not  observed,  and  many  of  them 
were  massacred. 

Maumee. 

At  the  Maumee,  the  Americans,  commanded  by  Harrison,  were  at' 
tacked  without  success.  After  a  siege  of  several  days  the  British  re 
treated. 


46  JUNIOR  CLASS  HISTORY 

Perry's  victory  (201)  ;  Thames  (202)  ;  (2)  Dearborn, — York  (note,  p. 
203)  ;  (3)  Hampton— attempt  against  Montreal.  (It  ended  in  failure.) 

Campaigns  of  1814  ;  (1)  on  northern  frontier, — Chippewa  (204) 
Lundy's  Lane  (204),  Fort  Erie. 

Fort  Erie,  in  Canada,  was  captured  by  the  Americans,  and,  ivhile  in 
their  possession,  was  attacked  and  besieged,  but  the  British  were  not  suc 
cessful.  Finally,  at  the  close  of  the  campaign,  the  Americans  aban 
doned  it  and  crossed  to  New  York. 

Plattsburg  (205)  ;  (2)  Washington  and  Baltimore,—  Benedict,  Bla- 
densburg. 

Ross  landed  at  Benedict  and  met  with  some  opposition  at  Bladens- 
burg. 

Washington  (Aug.  24)  (206),  Fort  McHenry  (206)  :  (3)  New  Orleans, 
— Pensacola  (207),  New  Orleans  (Dec.  23  and  Jan.  8,  1815),  (208). 

Important  naval  engagements  :— Guerriere  and  Constitution  (201), 
United  States  and  Macedonian,  1812  (201)  ;  Perry's  victory  (201), 
Shannon  and  Chesapeake  (203),  Squadron  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  1813 
(205)  ;  McDonouglvs  victory,  1814  (205) ;  Essex,  1815  (208). 

Outline  maps  of  campaigns  ;  general  result  of  each  ;  geography  of 
important  places  mentioned  (295)  ;  Treaty,  Dec.  24,  1814  (209). 

12.  Mexican  War.— Annexation  of  Texas  (222),  Taylor  in  Texas 
(224),  declaration  of  war  May  11,  184G  (224). 

Taylor's  Campaign,  1846-'47  :— Corpus  Christi,  Point  Isabel,  Palo 
Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Matamoras,  Monterey,  Buena  Vista,  Feb. 
23,  1847  (224-227). 

Scott's  Campaign,  1847-'48  : — Vera  Cruz,  Cerra  Gordo,  Contreras, 
Cherubusco,  El  Molino  del  Rey,  Chapultepec,  Mexico,  Sept.  14,  1847 
(227-230). 

Other  important  events  :— California  conquered  by  Fremont  (225), 
New  Mexico  by  Kearney  (225),  Treaty,  Feb.  2,  1848,  terms  (230). 

Outline  maps  of  campaigns  ;  general  results  of  each  ;  geography  of 
important  places  mentioned. 

Other  portions  as  reading  lessons. 


INDEX 

[For  Topical  Study  and  Recitation] 


Ab'er-crom-by    (-krum-\    expedition    of, 

114. 

A'bra-ham,  plains  of,  115. 
A-ca'di-a,  settlement  of,  34;    expedition 

against,  100  ;  cession  of,  103. 
Adams,    John,  144  (n) ;    president,    190 ; 

death  of,  215. 
Adams,  John  Quincy,  elected  president, 

214  ;  in  Congress,  215  (n) ;   his  death, 

215  (n). 

Agriculture,  119,  295. 
Al-a-ba'ma,  admission  of,  212. 
Alabama  Claims,  280. 

Alabama,  the  Confederate  privateer,  250, 

280. 

A-las'ka,  purchase  of,  278. 
Al'ba-ny,  75. 
Al'be-marle  Colony,  90. 
Al-ex-an'dri-a,  Va.,  245. 
Al-giers',  war  against,  209. 
Allen,  Ethan,  136. 

America,  discovery  of,  20  ;  name,  25. 
American    Independence,  declaration    of, 

144  ;  centennial  celebration  of,  281. 
American  Revolution,  causes  of,  128  ;  war 

of,  135. 

American  System,  215. 
Amerigo  Vespucci  (afi-ma-re' go  ves-poot'- 

chee},  25. 
Amendments    to    the    Constitution,    277, 

278,  279. 

Am'herst,  General,  113,  114,  116. 
Amnesty  Proclamation,  277. 
Anderson,  Major,  238,  243. 
Andre  (an'dra),  Major,  165,  166. 
An'dros,  Sir  Edmund,  67. 
An-nap'o-lig,  102. 


Antietam  (an-te'tani),  battle  of,  258. 
Anti-Rent  Troubles,  76. 
Ap-po-mat'tox  Court  House,  271. 
Ar'buth-not,  Admiral,  162. 
Ar-i-zo'na,  exploration  of,  35  (n). 
Ar'-kan-sas,  admission  of,  220. 
Ar'ling-ton,  earl  of,  50. 
Arlington  Heights,  245. 
Arnold,  Benedict,  136,  141,  142  ;  at  Sara 

toga,   155  ;    treason  of,   165  ;    in  Conn. 

171  ;  life,  166  (n). 

Arthur,  Chester  A.,  president,  285. 
Ash'bur-ton,  Lord,  233  (n). 
As-to'ri-a,  240  (n). 
At-lan'ta,  263,  265. 
Atlantic  Cable,  297. 


B 


Bacon's  Rebellion,  49. 

Bailey,  Colonel,  265  (n). 

Bainbridge,  Captain,  194,  201. 

Bal-bo'a,  25. 

Bal'ti-more  City,  206,  244. 

Baltimore,  Lord,  87,  88. 

Bancroft,  George,  301. 

Bank  of  the  United  States,  186,  217. 

Banks,  General,  257,  261  (n),  264. 

Barbary  States,  194,  209. 

Baum  (bowm),  Colonel,  153. 

Beauregard  (bo're-gard),  General,  243, 248, 

253. 

Bell,  John,  237  (n). 
Bel'la-mont,  earl  of,  79. 
Bem'is  Heights,  154. 
Ben'ning-ton,  battle  of,  153. 
Bergen,  81. 

Ber-mu'da  Islands,  44. 
Berk'eley,  Lord,  79,  81. 


48 


INDEX 


Berkeley,  Sir  William,  49. 

Big  Bethel,  245. 

Black  Hawk  War,  218. 

Blackstone,  William,  58  (n),  60  (n). 

Elaine,  James  G.,  286. 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  192. 

Books,  300. 

Boone,  Daniel,  188  (n). 

Boston,  settlement  of,  57  ;  evacuation  of 
142  ;  conflagration  at,  280  (n). 

Boston  Massacre,  131. 

Boston  Port  Bill,  132. 

Boston  Tea  Party,  132. 

Braddock,  General,  expedition  of,  107. 

Bradford,  William,  54,  56. 

Bradstreet,  General,  113. 

Bragg,   Captain,    225  (n) ;    General,  258 

261. 

Brandyvvine,  battle  of,  149. 
Breckinridge,  John  C.,  237  (n). 
Breed's  Hill,  battle  of,  138. 
Brewster,  William,  54. 
Brier  Creek,  battle  of,  160. 
Brock,  General,  200. 
Broke,  Captain,  203. 
Brooke,  Lord,  64. 
Brown,  General,  204. 
Brown,  John,  236. 
Bryan,  W  J.,  203. 
Bryant,  William  C.,  301. 
Bu-chan'an,    James,    elected     president, 

235. 
Buena  Vista  (bwa'nah  vees'tah),  battle  of, 

225. 
Bull  Run,  battle  of,  248  ;  second  battle  of, 

257. 

Bunker  Hill,  137. 

Burgoyne,  General,  invasion  by,  152 ;  de 
feat  of,  154  ;  surrender  of,  155. 
Burlington,  settlement  of,  230  (n). 
Burnside,  General,  254,  258,  259,  262. 
Burr,   Aaron,    vice-president,    193 ;    duel 

with  Hamilton,  195  ;  trial  of,  196. 
Butler,  B.  F.,  General,  245,  249,  253,  267. 
Butler,  John,  Colonel,  158. 


Cab'ot,  John  and  Sebastian,  33. 
Cabrillo  (cab-reel' yo),  35  (n). 
Cal-houn',  John  C.,  214,  217. 


Cai-i-for'ni-a,  exploration  of,  35  (n) ;  con 
quest  of,  225  ;  discovery  of  gold  in,  230  ; 
admission  of,  232. 
Cal'vert,  Leonard,  88. 
Camden,  battle  of,  163  ;  second  battle  of, 
169. 

Campbell,  Colonel,  159. 

Canada,  first  settlement  of ,  38  ;  conquered 
by  the  English,  116;  expedition  against, 
141 ;  invasion  of,  199  ;  rebellion  in,  221. 

Ca-non'i-cus,  56. 

Cape  Cod,  discovery  of,  36. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  16. 

Capitals  of  the  U.  S.,  181,  186,  192. 

Carnifex  'Ferry,  245  (n). 

Carolina,  34,  36,  90  ;  division  of,  93. 

Carrick's  Ford,  245  (n). 

Car'te-ret  Colony,  92. 

Carteret,  Sir  George,  80. 

Carteret,  Philip,  81. 

Cartier  (car-te-d'),  33. 

Carver,  John,  54,  56. 

Catholic  Missionaries,  96. 

Cedar  Creek,  battle  of,  2C8. 

Cedar  Mountain,  battle  of,  257. 

Census,  First,  295. 

Centennial  Anniversary,  281. 

Centennial  State,  282. 

Cerro  Gordo  (sar'ro  gor'do),   battle  of. 
227. 
lervera,  Admiral,  308,  309,  310. 

Chad's  Ford,  150. 

Jhambersburg,  burning  of,  268. 

Champlain  (sham-plane'),  34. 

Champlain,  Lake,  battle  of,  205. 

Chancellorsville,  battle  of,  259. 

Charles  I.,  grant  by,  87. 

Charles  II.,  67,  78,  90. 

lharleston,  settlement  of,  92 ;  attack  on, 
143  ;  capture  of,  162  ;  evacuation  of ,  270. 
Charlestown,  58. 
Charter  Oak,  68. 

'hat-ta-noo'ga,  battle  of,  261. 

:hemung  (she-mung'\  battle  of,  161. 

Cherry  Valley,  massacre  at,  158. 

Chesapeake  Bay,  exploration  of,  43. 

Chesapeake,  frigate,  197,  203. 

Chicago,  great  fire    at,  279 ;   growth  of, 
295. 

'hick  a-mau'ga,  battle  of,  261. 

'hina,  treaty  with,  5J83,. 


INDEX 


49 


Chinese  Immigration,  283,  285. 

Chip'pe-wa,  battle  of,  204. 

Christian  Commission,  274. 

Cincinnati,  growth  of,  295. 

Civil  War,  great,  240  ;  remarks  on,  272  ; 

enlistments  and  losses  in,  273 ;  cost  of, 

274. 

Clarendon  Colony,  90. 
Clay,  Henry,  217,  234. 
Clayborne,  William,  rebellion  of,  88. 
Clermont,  the  steamboat,  297. 
Cleveland,    Grover,    President,  286,  291, 

306. 

Clinch,  General,  219. 
Clinton,  General,  at  Charleston,  144,  162  ; 

at  Long  Island,  145 ;    at  Philadelphia 

and  Monmouth,  156  ;  other  movements 

of,  165,  166,  171. 
Coddington,  William,  60. 
Cold  Harbor,  battle  of,  267. 
Colfax,  Schuyler,  279. 
Coligny  (ko-leen'ye),  33. 
Colleges,  in  the  Colonies,  59, 121. 
Colonial  Commerce,  119. 
Colonial  Congress,  129. 
Colonial  Governments,  118. 
Colonial  Population,  117. 
Colonies,  taxation  of,  128,  129,  130,  132. 
Colorado,  35  (n) ;  admission  of,  282. 
Colorado  River,  35  (n). 
Columbia,  S.  C.,  capture  of,  270. 
Columbia  College,  122. 
Columbia  Eiver,  240  (n). 
Columbus,  Christopher,  early  history,  13  ; 

maritime  project,  14  ;  peculiar  views,  16  ; 

efforts  to  obtain  aid,  18  ;  voyage  of,  18  ; 

landing,  21  ;  other  voyages,  23 ;  death, 

24. 

Columbus,  Ky.,  evacuation  of,  251. 
Compromise,    Missouri,     212 ;    of     1850, 

233. 

Confederate  Privateers,  250. 
Confederate  States,  organization  of,  238. 
Confederation,  articles  of,  175. 
Congress,  colonial,  129  ;  first  continental, 

133  ;  second  continental,  140. 
Connecticut,  settlement  of,  62. 
Connecticut  colonies,  union  of,  65. 
Constellation,  frigate,  192. 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  adop 
tion  of,  180. 


Constitution,  frigate,  201. 

Continents,  The,  11. 

Cooper,  novelist,  300. 

Corinth,  258  (n). 

Cornwallis,  Lord,  147,  163,  167,  169. 

Coronado  (ko-ro-nah'do),  35  (n). 

Cor'tez,    expedition  of,  27 ;    exploration 

by,  35  (n). 

Cotton,  cultivation  of,  46,  296. 
Cotton-Gin,  299. 
Cowpens,  battle  of,  167. 
Creeks,  war  with  the,  202. 
Crown  Point,  attack  on,  114  ;  capture  of, 

137  ;  taken  by  Burgoyne,  152. 
Cuba,  23;  insurrection  in,  304,  305,  306, 

307;  cession  of,  311. 
Culpepper,  Lord,  49. 
Cylinder  Press,  300. 


Bade,  Major,  219. 

Dafien,  Isthmus  of,  25. 

Davenport,  John,  64. 

Davis,  Jefferson,  218  (n),  239,  271  (n),  272 
(n). 

Dearborn,  General,  203. 

De-ca'tur,  Lieutenant,  195  ;  Commodore, 
201,  209. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  144. 

Deerfield,  attack  on,  101. 

D'Estaing  (des-tang'),  Count,  156,  158. 

De  Gourgues  (goorg),  34. 

De  Grasse  (grass),  Admiral,  171. 

De  Kalb,  Baron,  163. 

Delaware,  Lord,  45. 

Delaware,  settlement  of,  86  ;  conquest  of, 
87  ;  further  changes,  87. 

De  Le-on',  Pon-ce.     See  Ponce. 

Democrats,  210. 

De  Soto,  expedition  of,  31. 

Detroit,  siege  of,  117  ;  surrender  of,  200. 

Dewey,  Commodore,  at  Manila,  307;  Rear- 
Ad  miral,  308. 

Dieskau  (de-es-ko'),  Baron,  110. 

Din-wid'die,  Robert,  106,  107. 

Dorchester,  settlement  of,  58. 

Dorchester  Heights,  143. 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  237  (n). 

Dover,  N.  H.,  61. 

Downie,  Commodore,  205,. 


50 


INDEX 


Draft  Riot  in  New  York,  262. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis,  35. 

Dred  Scott  Decision,  237  (n). 

Dress,  in  colonial  times,  123. 

Dubuque  (du-bodk1),  230  (n). 

Duel  between  Burr  and  Hamilton,  195. 

Du  Quesne  (kane),  Fort,  107. 

Du  Quesne,  Marquis,  107. 

Du-pont',  Commodore,  249. 

Dutch  Explorations,  73. 

Dutch  Settlements,  75,  78,  86. 


Early,  General,  268. 

Earth,  shape  of,  13. 

Eastern  Continent,  12. 

East  Jersey,  81. 

Eaton,  Theophilus,  64. 

Education  in  the  Colonies,  120. 

Electro-Magnetic  Telegraph,  299. 

Elizabeth,  Queen,  35,  36. 

Elizabeth  City,  254. 

Elizabeth  Islands,  36. 

Elizabethtown,  81. 

Emancipation  Proclamation,  275. 

Embargo,  The,  198. 

Endicott,  John,  57. 

English,  discoveries  by,  32;  expeditions, 

35,36. 

Erie,  Pa.,  106. 
Essex,  frigate,  208. 
Eutaw  Springs,  battle  of,  169. 
Eyre  (ire).  Colonel,  171. 


Fail-field,  burning  of,  161. 
Fair  Oaks,  battle  of,  256. 
Far'ra-gut,  Admiral,  at  New  Orleans, 

at  Mobile,  268. 
Federalists,  210. 
Ferguson,  Major,  164. 
Field,  Cyrus  W.,  297. 
Fillmore,  Millard,  President,  232. 
Fisheries,  colonial,  119. 
Fisher's  Hill,  battle  of,  268. 
Fishery  Question,  282. 
Five  Forks,  battle  of,  271. 
Five  Nations,  80,  97,  99. 
Flag  of  U.  S.,  adoption  of,  176.. 


Florence,  commerce  of,  15. 
Florida,  discovery  of,  28 ;   extent  of,  30 
(n)  ;  exploration  of,  30  ;  settlements  in, 
34 ;  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  116  ;  given 
back  to  Spain,  172 ;  ceded  to  the  U.  S. 
211  ;  admitted  as  a  state,  223. 
Floyd,  General,  251  (n). 
Foote,  Admiral,  250. 
Forbes,  General,  113. 
Foreign  Aid  in  the  Revolution,  175. 
Forest  Fires,  280. 
Forrest,  General,  265. 
Fort  Donelson,  250. 

Du  Quesne  (kane),  107, 108, 112 

Edward,  153. 

Frontenac,  113. 

Gaines,  268. 

Gansevoort,  162  (n). 

Griswold,  171. 

Henry,  250. 

Lee,  146. 

McAllister,  266. 

McHenry,  206. 

Mercer,  150. 

Mifflin,  150. 

Mims,  202. 

Morgan,  268. 

Moultrie,  288. 

Niagara,  110. 

Orange,  75,  79. 

Oswego,  111. 

Pickens,  239. 

Pillow,  265. 

Pitt,  113. 

Pulaski,  254. 

Schuyler,  152  (n). 

Sumter,  144  (n),  238,  243,  270. 

Ticonderoga,  114. 

Washington,  146. 

William  Henry,  110,  111. 
Fortress  Monroe,  245,  256. 
France,  treaty  with,  155;    hostilities  01 

190  ;  war  with,  191. 
Franklin,  Benjamin,  122,  130,  144  (n),  156 

299. 

Fredericksburg,  battle  of,  258. 
Free  Soil  Principles,  235, 
Fremont,  John  C.,  225,  235. 
French,  discoveries  by  the,  33,  34. 
French  and  Indian  War,  103. 
French  Protestants,  settlement  by,  33. 


INDEX 


51 


French  Wars,  99. 
Fugitive  Slave  Law,  233, 
Fulton,  Robert,  297. 

G 

Gadsden  Purchase,  230  (n). 

Gage,  General,  135. 

Garfield,  James  A.,  President,  283 ;  early 
life  and  character  of,  284  ;  assassination 
of,  285. 

Gates,  General,  154,  153. 

Gates,  Sir  Thomas,  44. 

Geneva  Award,  280. 

Gen'o-a,  commerce  of,  15. 

Geography,  progress  of,  13. 

George  II.,  King,  grant  by,  93;  war  of, 
103. 

Georgia,  grant  of,  93  ;  settlement  of,  94  ; 
royal  province,  95,  161. 

Germantown,  battle  of,  150. 

Gettysburg,  battle  of,  260. 

Ghent,  Treaty  of,  209. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  35. 

Gilmore,  General,  270. 

Gold,  excitement  of  in  Virginia,  43 ;  dis 
covery  of  in  California,  230. 

Goldsborough,  Commodore,  254. 

Good  Hope,  Cape,  16. 

Good  Hope,  Fort,  63. 

Gor'ges,  Ferdinand,  61. 

Gos'nold,  Bartholomew,  36. 

Grand  Model,  91. 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  at  Forts  Henry  and 
Donelson,  251 ;  at  Pittsburg  Landing, 
251  ;  Vicksburg,  260 ;  at  Chattanooga, 
262  ;  Lieutenant-General,  263 ;  in  Vir 
ginia  campaign,  267  ;  close  of  campaign, 
271 ;  magnanimity  of,  271  (n) ;  elected 
president,  279  ;  re-elected,  280. 

Gray,  Captain,  240  (n). 

Great  Britain,  war  with,  199. 

Great  Meadows,  battle  of,  107. 

Greene,  General,  136, 167, 168. 

Greenland,  discovery  of,  12. 

Green  Mt.  Boys,  136. 

Gua-da-lu'pe  Hi-dal'go,  230  (n). 

Guanahani  (gwah-nah-hah'ne),  20  (n). 

Gua-ti-mo'zin,  King,  30. 

Guerriere  (gare-e-are^  capture  of,  201. 

Guilford  Court  House,  battle  of,  168, 


Hale,  Nathan,  Captain,  146  (n). 

Half-Moon,  ship,  73. 

Halleck,  General,  249,  253. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  186,  195. 

Hancock,  John,  145. 

Hancock,  W.  S.,  General,  282. 

Harmar,  General,  187. 

Harper's  Ferry,  226,  245. 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  President,  288. 

Harrison,  William  H.,  General,  at  Tippe- 

canoe,  199  ;  at  the  Thames,  201 ;  elected 

president,  221  ;  death  of,  222. 
Harrison's  Landing,  257. 
Hartford,  63. 

Harvard,  John,  59,  126  (n). 
Harvard  College,  59,  121,  126  (n). 
Havana,  305. 
Hawaii,  312. 

Hayes,  Rutherford  B.,  President,  282. 
Hendricks,  Thomas  A.,  286. 
Henrietta  Maria,  88. 
Henry,  Patrick,  129. 
Henry,  Prince,  of  Portugal,  15. 
Her'ki-mer,  General,  152  (n). 
Hessians,  147. 
Hildreth,  historian,  301. 
His-pan-i-o'la,  23. 
Hobart,  G.  A.,  302. 
Hobkirk's  Hill,  battle  of,  169. 
Hobson,  Lieutenant,  308. 
Holmes,  Captain,  63. 
Hood,  General,  265. 
Hooker,  Joseph,  General,  259. 
Hooker,  Rev.  Thomas,  63. 
Houston  (hu'sturi),  Samuel,  222  (n). 
Howe,  Elias,  299. 

Howe,  General,  143, 145,  146, 149,  156 
Howe,  Lord,  114. 
Howe,  Lord,  Admiral,  158 
Howe,  Robert,  General,  159. 
Hudson,  Henry,  73. 
Hull,  Captain,  201. 
Hull,  General,  200. 
Hunter,  General,  249. 
Hutchinson,  Mrs.,  59. 


I'ber-ville  River,  116. 
Iceland,  discovery  of,  15J, 


INDEX 


Idaho,  admission  of,  290. 

Illinois,  admission  of,  212. 

Impressment,  199  (n),  209. 

India,  route  to,  14. 

Indiana  Territory,  212;  admission  as  a 
State,  212. 

Indian  Massacre,  in  Virginia,  47. 

Indian  Nations,  118. 

Indians,  origin  of  name,"  21 ;  number  of, 
118. 

Indian  War,  in  Virginia,  47  ;  with  the  Pe- 
quods,  65;  with  King  Philip,  69;  in 
New  Netherlands,  77  ;  during  the  French 
war,  99 ;  with  Pontiac,  116  ;  during  the 
Kevolution,  158, 161 ;  in  the  Northwest, 
187,  218  ;  on  the  Western  Frontier,  162  ; 
in  the  South,  199,  202  ;  in  Florida,  210. 
219. 

Industrial  Pursuits,  in  the  Colonies, 
119. 

International  Exhibition,  at  Philadelphia, 
281. 

Inventions,  Useful,  299. 

Iowa,  admission  of,  230. 

Iroquois  Wro-quaK),  92,  99. 

Irving,  Washington,  36. 

Isabella,  Queen,  18. 

Island  No.  10,  250. 


Jackson,  Andrew,  General,  in  the  Creek 
war,  203 ;  at  Pensacola,  207 ;  at  New 
Orleans,  208  ;  in  the  Seminole  war,  211  ; 
elected  president,  216.' 

Jackson,  T.  J.  (Stonewall),  General,  256, 
257,  259  (n). 

James  I.,  King  of  England,  37  ;  Grant  by, 
39. 

James,  Duke  of  York,  79  ;  James  II.,  99. 

James  River,  39. 

Jamestown,  settlement  of,  39  ;  legislative 
assembly  at,  46  ;  burning  of,  49. 

Japan,  expedition  to,  234  (n). 

Jay,  John,  189. 

Jay's  Treaty,  189,  190. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  144,  186,  193,  215. 

John  Brown's  Raid,  236. 

Johnson,  Andrew,  President,  276 ;  im 
peachment  of,  278. 

Johnston,  A.  8.,  General,  251. 


Johnston,  Joseph  E.,  General,  256,  260, 

262  (n),  265,  271. 
Joliet  (zho-le-ar),  97. 
Jones,  John  Paul,  162. 


Kansas,  a  territory,  234  ;  Civil  war  in,  235 ; 
admission  of,  240. 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  234. 

Kearny  (kar'ne),  General,  225. 

Kennebec  River,  50. 

Kent  Island,  89. 

Kentucky,  settlement  of,  188  (n) ;  admis 
sion  of,  187. 

Kettle  Creek,  battle  of,  160. 

Key,  Francis  S.,  206  (n). 

Kidd,  Captain,  79. 

Kieft  (keeft),  Governor,  77. 

King  George's  War,  77. 

King  Philip's  War,  69. 

King  William's  War,  99. 

King's  College,  122. 

King's  Mountain,  164. 

Knox,  General,  179, 186. 

Knoxville,  battle  of,  262. 

Kosciusko  (kos-se-us'ko),  Thaddeus,  175. 


Labrador  (lab-ra-dore'),  12,  33. 

La-co'ni-a,  61. 

Ladrone  Islands,  308,  311. 

La  Fayette  (lahfa-yet'\  150,  213. 

La  Salle  (sal),  97,  98. 

Lawrence,  Captain,  203. 

Ledyard,  Colonel,  171. 

Lee,  Charles,  General,  144,  147, 156. 

Lee,  Henry,  161,  169. 

Lee,  Richard  Henry,  144. 

Lee,  Robert  E.,  General,  256,  257,  258,  259, 
268,  271. 

Legislative  Assembly,  first,  46. 

Leopard  and  Chesapeake,  197. 

Lexington,  battle  of,  136. 

Jewis  and  Clark,  exploration  by,  240  (n). 

Liberty  Bell,  143  (n) ;  144. 
iberty  Tree,  130. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  in  Black  Hawk  War, 
218  (n)  ;  elected  president,  237  ;  assassi 
nation  of,  272 ;  funeral  of,  276. 


INDEX 


53 


Lincoln,  General,  160,  163,  180. 

Literature,  300. 

Little  Harbor,  61. 

Livingston,  Kobert  K.,  144  (n) ;  182  (n). 

Locke,  John,  91. 

London  Company,  39. 

Lone  Star  State,  222. 

Longfellow,  Henry  W.,  302. 

Long  Island,  battle  of,  145. 

Longstreet,  General,  262. 

Lookout  Mountain,  262  (n). 

Louisburg,  103, 113. 

Louisiana,  name  of,  98 ;  partly  ceded  to 
the  English,  116  ;  purchase  of,  194  ;  ad 
mission  of,  209. 

Lundy's  Lane,  battle  of,  204. 

Lynn,  58. 

Lyon,  General,  249. 


M 

McClellan,  General,  in  W.  Va.,  245  ;  com 
mander  of  the  army,  248;  movement 
against  Richmond,  256  ;  at  South  Mt. 
and  Antietam,  258  ;  superseded,  258. 

McCrea  (£nz),  Miss,  153  (n). 

Macdonough,  Commodore,  205. 

McDowell,  General,  248. 

McKinley,William,  President,  292, 302, 304. 

Macedonian,  frigate,  201. 

Macomb  (ma-koom'\  General,  205. 

Madison,  James,  President,  199. 

Magellan  (ma-jel'la-n)^  27. 

Maine,  explored  by  the  English,  37  ;  name 
of,  62  ;  admission  of,  212. 

Maine,  destruction  of  battleship,  305. 

Malvern  Hill,  battle  of,  257. 

Ma-nas'sas  Junction,  248. 

Man-hat'tan  Island,  purchase  of,  75  (n). 

Manila,  battle  of,  307 ;  surrender  of,  308. 

Manners  and  Customs,  Colonial,  122. 

Mariana  Islands,  308. 

Mariner's  Compass,  13. 

Marquette  (mar-kef),  97. 

Maryland,  grant  of,  87  ;  first  settlement  in, 
88  ;  civil  war  in,  89  ;  royal  province,  89  ; 
under  proprietary  government,  90. 

Mason  and  Slidell,  seizure  of,  250. 

Massachusetts,  57,  67, 118. 

Massachusetts  Bay  Colony,  57. 

Mas-sa-eoit,  56,  69. 


Mat-a-mo'ras,  taking  of,  224. 

Mau-mee',  battle  of  the,  188. 

Mayflower,  sailing  of  the,  52. 

Meade,  General,  260,  263,  267. 

Melendez  (ma-len'detK),  34. 

Memphis,  taking  of,  251. 

Mercer,  General,  149. 

Merrimac,  The,  254. 

Mesilla  (ma-seel' yah)  Valley,  230  (n). 

Mexicans,  description  of,  28. 

Mexico,  discovery  of,  28  ;  conquest  of,  29 

30  ;  war  with,  224  ;  treaty  with,  229. 
Mexico  (city),  occupation  of,  228. 
Michigan,  territory,  200,  202 ;  admission 

of,  220. 

Miller,  Colonel,  204. 
Mining,  in  the  Colonies,  120. 
Minnesota,  admission  of,  240. 
Min'u-it,  Governor,  77. 
Minute  Men,  135. 

Missionary  Ridge,  battle  of,  262  (n). 
Mississippi,  territory,  212  ;  admission  of, 

212. 

Missouri,  admission  of,  212. 
Missouri  Compromise,  212,  234. 
Monckton  (murik'turi),  Colonel,  110. 
Monitor,  The,  255. 
Mon mouth,  battle  of,  156. 
Monro,  Colonel,  111. 
Monroe  Doctrine,  303. 
Monroe,  James,  President,  210,  304. 
Montana,  admission  of,  289. 
Montcalm  (mont-Jcam1),  110,  111,  114, 115, 

116. 

Monterey  (mon-ta-ra')t  224. 
Mon-te-zu'ma,  29. 
Montgomery  (city),  238. 
Montgomery,  General,  141. 
Montreal,  burning  of ,  99  ;  taking  of,  116. 

141. 
Morgan,  Daniel,  captain,   142 ;    general 

168. 

Morgan,  partisan  ranger,  262. 
Morris,  Robert,  167. 
Morristown,  heights  of,  149. 
Morse,  Professor,  296. 
Motley,  historian,  301. 
Moultrie,  Colonel,  144. 
Moultrie,  Fort,  238. 
Mcunt  Vernon,  179, 191. 
Murfreesboro,  battle  of,  258. 


54 


INDEX 


Narragansett  Indians,  56. 

Nashville,  evacuation  of,  261 ;  battle  of, 

265. 

Natchez,  settlement  of,  98. 
National  Debt,  274. 
Navigation  Act,  48. 
Nebraska,   territory,  234 ;  admission  of, 

278. 
Nevada,  exploration  of,  35  (n) ;  admission 

of,  275. 

New  Amsterdam,  settlement  of,  75  ;  sur 
render  of,  79. 
Newbern,  taking  of,  254. 
New  Brunswick,  34. 
New  England,  13,  51. 
New  England  Colonies,  67. 
Newfoundland  (nu 'fund-land),  12,  44. 
New  Prance,  33. 
New  Hampshire,  settlement  of,  61  ;  grant 

of,  61  ;  union  with  Massachusetts,  62 ; 

a  royal  province,  62 ;  an  independent 

colony,  62. 

New  Haven,  burning  of,  161. 
New  Haven  Colony,  64,  67. 
New  Jersey,  first  settlement  in,  80  ;  union 

with  New  York,  82;  a  royal  province,  82. 
New  Jersey,  college  of,  121. 
New  London,  burning  of,  171. 
New  Mexico,  exploration  of,  35  (n)  ;  con 
quest  of,  225  ;  a  territory,  233. 
New    Netherlands,    settlement    of,    75; 

growth  of,  76  ;  conquest  of,  79  ;  recon- 

quest  of,  79  ;  taken  by  the  English,  79. 
New  Orleans,  settlement  of,  98  ;  battle  of, 

808 ;  taken  by  the  Union  forces,  253 ; 

exhibition  at,  285  ;  population,  295. 
Newport,  attack  on,  158. 
Newport,  Christopher,  Captain,  39,  43,  44. 
Newspapers,  120,  300. 
New  Sweden,  86. 
New  York,  79  ;  taken  by  the  English,  146  ; 

evacuation  of,  177  ;  population  of,  295. 
Niagara,  Fort,  114. 
Norfolk,   burning  of,  161 ;  navy  yard  at, 

245  ;  taking  of,  256. 
Normans,  or  Norsemen,  12. 
North  Anna,  267. 
North  Carolina,  first  settlement  in,  90 ; 

admission  of,  186. 


North  Castle,  166. 

North  Dakota,  admission  of,  289. 

North,  Lord,  172. 

Northmen,  12. 

Northwest  Territory,  194. 

Norwalk,  burning  of,  161. 

Nova  Scotia,  34,  102. 

Nueces  (nwa'ses)  River,  224  (n). 


Oglethorpe  (o'gl-thorp),  James,  93. 

Ohio,  territory,  193  ;  admission  of,  198. 

Ohio  Company,  105. 

O-kee-cho'bee,  battle  of,  220. 

Old  Dominion,  48. 

Oliver,  Andrew,  130. 

Oregon,  admission  of,  240. 

Oregon  River,  exploration  of,  240  (n). 

O-rin-o'co  River,  24. 

Os-ce-o'la,  219. 


Pacific  Ocean,  discovery  of,  25. 

Pacific  Railroad,  296. 

Pakenham  (pak'n-am),  Sir  Edward,  208. 

Palo  Alto  (pah'lo  ahl'to),  battle  of,  224. 

Palos  (pah'loce\  20. 

Paris,  treaties  of,  116,  311,  313. 

Pa-troons',  76. 

Paulding,  166. 

Paulding,  James  K.,  300  (n). 

Paulus  Hook,  161. 

Pemberton,  General,  260. 

Penn,  Admiral,  83. 

Penn,  William,  81 ;  grant  to,  82  ;  charac 
ter  of,  83  ;  settlements  by,  84. 

Penn'e  Woods,  83. 

Pennsylvania,  settlement  of,  84. 

Pennsylvania,  University  of,  122. 

Pennsylvania  Troops,  mutiny  of,  167. 

Pen-sa-co'la,  211. 

People's  Party,  291. 

Pepperill,  William,  103. 

Pequod  War,  65. 

Perry,  M.  C.,  Commodore,  expedition  of, 
to  Japan,  234  (n). 

Perry,  Oliver  H.,  Commodore,  201. 

Petersburg,  267,  271. 


INDEX 


55 


Philadelphia,  settlement  of,  84  ;  taken  by 

the  British,   150  ;  evacuation  of,  156  ; 

population  of,  295. 
Philadelphia,  frigate,  194. 
Philip,  war  with,  69 ;  death  of,  71. 
Phil-ip'pi,  battle  of,  245  (n). 
Philippines,  27,  307,  311  ;  cession  of,  313  ; 

war  in,  313. 
Phipps,  William,  101. 
Pickens,  Fort,  239. 
Pickens,  General,  164. 
Pierce,  Franklin,  President,  234. 
Pigot,  General,  158. 
Pike,  General,  203  (n). 
Pilgrims,  The,  53  ;  landing  of,  55. 
Pinckney,  Charles  C.,  191  (n). 
Pitcairn,  Major,  136. 
Pitt,  William,  112. 
Pittsburg  Landing,  battle  of,  251. 
Plattsburg,  battle  of,  205. 
Plymouth,  settlement  of,  55  ;   council  of, 

57. 

Plymouth  Company,  50. 
Po-ca-hon'tas,  41;  marriage  of,  45  ;  death 

of,  45. 
Point  Isabel,  224. 

Polk,  James  K.,  elected  president,  223. 

Polo,  Marco,  14  (n). 

Ponce  de  Leon  {pon'tha  da  la-on'),  voyage 
of,  27. 

Pontiac's  War,  116. 

Pope,  General,  251,  257. 

Population  of  the  Colonies  (1763),  117  ;  of 
the  States,  295. 

Populists,  291,  303. 

Porter,  Captain,  cruise  of,  208. 

Porter,  D.  D.,  Admiral,  253,  264. 

Port  Hudson,  261. 

Porto  Kico,  311. 

Port  Royal,  34  ;  taking  of,  101,  102. 

Port  Royal  Entrance,  249. 

Portuguese,  maritime  enterprises  of,  15. 

Potomac,  army  of  the,  263. 

Pow-ha-tan',  41,  47. 

Preb'le,  Commodore,  194. 

Prescott,  Colonel,  137. 

Prescott,  historian,  301. 

Presque  Isle  (presk-eel),  106. 

Prevost,  General,  160. 

Prevost,  Sir  George,  205. 

Price,  General,  219,  258  (n). 


Princeton,  battle  of,  148. 
Minting  in  the  colonies,  120  ;  in  the  States, 

300. 

Prison  ships,  174. 
Protestants,  settlements  by,  33,  34. 
Providence  Plantation,  60. 
Puebla  (poo-a'blah),  occupation  of,  228. 
Pulaski  (pu-las'kee),  at  the  Brandywine, 

150  ;  death  of,  160. 
Puritans,  The,  51. 
Putnam,  General,  136,  161. 

Q 

Quaker  Hill,  158. 
Quakers,  The,  59. 
Quebec,  foundation  of,  33  ;  taking  of,  116; 

attack  on,  141. 
Queen  Anne's  War,  101. 


Rahl,  General,  148. 

Railroads,  296. 

Raleigh  (raiv'le),  Sir  Walter,  36. 

Randolph,  Edmund,  186. 

Ratcliffe,  40. 

Rawdon,  Lord,  169. 

Reconstruction  Acts,  277. 

Reconstruction  of  the  Union,  279. 

Red  River  Expedition,  264. 

Reed,  Joseph,  General,  156  (n). 

Republican  Party,  organization  of,  235. 

Resaca  de  la  Palma  (ra-sah'-kah  da  lah 

patd'maJi),  battle  of,  224. 
Revolution,  American,  causes  of,  128. 

Rhode  Island,  settlement  of,  60  ;  purchase 
of,  60  ;  admission  of,  186. 

Rhode  Island  Plantation,  60. 

Ribeau  (re-bo'\  34  (n). 

Rice  Culture,  92. 

Richmond,  occupation  of,  271. 

Rich  Mountain,  245  (n). 

Rio  Grande  (re'o-grahn'da),  224. 

Roanoke  Island,  36,  254. 

Robinson,  John,  52. 

Rochambeau  (ro-sham-bo'\  169. 

Rolfe,  John,  45. 

Roee'crans,  General,  245  (n),  258,  261 

Ross,  General,  205,  206. 

Roxbury,  58. 


56 


INDEX 


Haggles,  Timothy,  129. 
Ryswick  (riz'wiK),  Treaty  of,  99. 


S 

St.  Clair,  General,  187. 

St  John's,  141. 

St.  Lawrence  River,  discovery  of,  33  ;  ex 
ploration  of,  34  ;  settlement  on,  34. 

St.  Leger  (Itf'er),  152  (n). 

St.  Louis,  growth  of,  295. 

St.  Marks,  211. 

St.  Mary's,  88,  97. 

Salem,  settlement  of,  57. 

Salem  Witchcraft,  71. 

Sam'o-set,  56. 

Sampson,  Admiral,  308,  309. 

Sanders  Creek,  battle  of,  163. 

San  Domingo,  23  (n). 

San  Francisco,  231. 

San  Francisco  Bay,  35  (n) ;  entered  by 
Drake,  35. 

Sanitary  Commission,  274. 

Santiago  de  Cuba,  308,  309,  310  ;  battle  of, 
311  ;  surrender  of,  311. 

San  Jacinto,  battle  of,  222  (n). 

San  Juan,  311. 

San  Salvador,  22. 

Santa  Anna,  222  (n),  225,  228. 

Saratoga,  battle  of,  154. 

Savannah,  settlement  of,  94 ;  capture  of, 
159  ;  attack  on,  160. 

Say-and-Seal,  Lord,  64. 

Saybrook,  64,  65. 

Sche-nec'ta-dy,  Massacre  at,  99. 

Schofield,  General,  271. 

Schools,  in  the  Colonies,  120,  121. 

Schuyler  (ski'ler),  Fort,  152  (n). 

Schuyler,  General,  141,  153. 

Scott,  General,  at  Luiidy's  Lane,  204 ; 
sent  to  Charleston,  217 ;  campaign  of, 
in  Mexico,  227  ;  in  the  Civil  War,  245  ; 
retirement  of,  248. 

Search,  Right  of,  197,  209. 

Secessionists,  proceedings  of,  239. 

Sem'i-noles,  war  with,  210,  219,  220. 

Semmes  (semz),  Captain,  250. 

Seven  Days'  Battles,  257. 

Sewall,  Arthur,  303. 

Sew'ard,  Secretary,  272  (n). 

Sewing  Machine,  299. 


Shafter,  General,  309. 

Shannon,  frigate,  203. 

Shaw'mut,  58. 

Shays,  Daniel,  rebellion  of,  180. 

Shen-an-do'ah  Valley,  267, 268. 

Sheridan,  General,  268,  271. 

Sherman,  Roger,  144  (n). 

Sherman,  W.  T.,  General,  at  Port  Royal, 
249 ;  in  command  of  Southern  army, 
263  ;  at  Atlanta,  265 ;  march  to  the 
coast,  266;  in  South  Carolina,  270; 
march  northward,  270. 

Shiloh,  battle  of,  251. 

Shirley,  Governor,  110,  111. 

Sigel  (se'gel\  Colonel,  249. 

Six  Nations,  80,  92. 

Slavery,  introduction  of,  46  ;  abolition  of, 
277. 

Slavery  Question,  213,  232,  234. 

Slaves,  emancipation  of,  275. 

Slave  Trade,  233. 

Slote,  Commodore,  227. 

Smith,  John,  40,  41,  42,  43,  51. 

Som'ers,  Sir  George,  44. 

South  America,  discovery  of,  24. 

South  Carolina,  settlement  of,  92 ;  seces 
sion  of,  237. 

South  Dakota,  admission  of,  289. 

South  Mountain,  battle  of,  257. 

South  Sea,  27. 

Southwest  Territory,  187  (n). 

South  Virginia,  50. 

Spain,  18,  25,  32,  35  (n)  ;  war  with,  306  ; 
peace  with,  311,  313. 

Spaniards,  discoveries  by,  18,  25,  32  ;  ex 
plorations  by,  35  (n). 

Spottsylvania  Court  House,  267. 

Springfield  (Mass.),  63. 

Squatter  Sovereignty,  234. 

Stamp  Act,  128,  130. 

Standish,  Miles,  54. 

Stark,  General,  136, 154. 

Star  Spangled  Banner,  song,  206  (n), 

Starving  Time,  43. 

Steuben,  Baron,  175. 

Stillwater,  battles  of,  154. 

Stockton,  Commodore,  227. 

Stonington,  bombardment  of,  205. 

Stono  Ferry,  160. 

Stony  Point,  capture  of,  161. 

Stringham  (string1  am),  Commodore,  249 


INDEX 


5? 


Stuyvesant  (sti've-sant),  Peter,  78,  79,  87. 

Sub-Treasuries,  221. 

Sullivan,  General,  158,  161. 

Sum'ter,  Fort,  144  (n),  238,  243,  270. 

Sumter,  General,  164. 

Sunbury,  160. 

Sweden,  New,  87. 

Swedes,  settlement  by,  78,  87. 


Taney  (taw'ne),  Chief  Justice,  decision  of, 

237  (n). 

Tariff  Law,  215,  292,  312. 
Tarleton,  Colonel,  168. 
Taylor,  Zachary,  colonel,  defeat  of  the 

Indians  by,  220  ;  in  Mexican  War,  224  ; 

president,  232  ;  death  of,  232. 
Tea,  tax  on,  132. 
Te-cum'seh,  199,  202. 
Telegraphs,  296. 
Tennessee,  admission  of,  187. 
Terry,  General,  271. 
Texas,  annexation  of,  222, 223. 
Thames  (temz),  battle  of,  202. 
Thomas,  General,  261,  265. 
Thompson,  General,  219. 
Ti-con-der-o'ga,   Fort,  114 ;    capture    of, 

137  ;  taken  by  Burgoyne,  1&2. 
Tip-pe-can-oe',  battle  of,  199. 
Tobacco,  36  (n),  45. 
To-ho-pe'ka,  battle  of,  202. 
Tories,  160. 

Traveling,  in  the  Colonies,  123. 
Tremont,  58  (n). 
Trenton,  battle  of,  147. 
Trip'o-li,  war  against,  194,  209. 
Tryon,  General,  161. 
Tunis,  war  against,  209. 
Tyler,  John,  President,  222. 


Union  City,  capture  of,  265. 
Union  Navy,  operations  of,  249. 
United  States,  184. 
United  States  Bank,  186,  217. 
Useful  inventions,  299. 
Utah,  exploration  of,  35  (n)  ;    territory, 
233;  State,  291. 


Valley  Forge,  151. 

Valparaiso  (—ri'so),  208. 

Van  Bu'ren,  Martin,  elected    president, 

220. 

Van  Dorn,  General,  258  (n). 
Van  Twiller,  Governor,  77. 
Van  Wart,  166. 
Venezuela  arbitration,  303. 
Venice,  commerce  of,  15. 
Vera  Cruz  (krooz),  taking  of,  227. 
Vermont,  admission  of,  186. 
Verrazzani  (ver-rat-tsah'ne),  voyage  of,  33. 
Vicksburg,  260. 
Vineland,  13. 
Virginia,  name  of,  36  ;  first  settlement  in, 

37  ;  charter  of,  39,  44  ;  royal  province, 

47,  50  ;  grant  of,  39,  49. 


Wam-pan-o'ags,  56,  70. 

Ward,  General,  136. 

Warren,  Commodore,  103. 

Warren,  General,  136,  140. 

Washington,  George,  first  public  employ 
ment,  106  ;  Commander-in -Chief,  140  ; 
at  Boston,  142  ;  at  Long  Island,  145  ;  at 
Trenton,  147  ;  at  Princeton,  148,  149  ;  at 
Monmouth,  156  ;  at  Yorktown,  169,  171 ; 
after  the  war,  177,  179  ;  in  Constitu 
tional  Convention,  180  ;  president,  180  ; 
first  cabinet  of,  186  ;  retirement  of,  189  ; 
death  of,  192. 

Washington  (City),  193  ;  burning  of,  206. 

Washington  Territory,  240  (n) ;  State,  289. 

Wayne,  General,  161,  188. 

Webster,  Daniel,  233. 

Wee-haw'ken,  duel  at,  196. 

Western  Continent,  12,  27. 

West  Indies,  27,  305. 

West  Jersey,  81. 

West  Point,  165. 

West  Virginia,  victories  in,  245  (n)  ;  ad 
mission  of,  263. 

Wethersfield,  settlement  of,  63. 

Whisky  Insurrection,  187. 

White  Plains,  battle  of,  146. 

Whitney,  Eli,  299. 

Whittier,  John  G.,  302. 


58 


INDEX 


Wilderness,  battle  of  the,  267. 
Wilkes,  Captain,  250. 
Wilkinson,  General,  203. 
William  and  Mary  College,  121. 
Williams,  166. 
Williams,  Roger,  59. 
Williamsburg,  battle  of,  256. 
Wilmington,  taking  of,  271. 
Wilson,  Henry,  280. 
Wilson's  Creek,  battle  of,  249. 
Winchester,  battle  of,  268. 
Windsor,  63. 
Wingfleld,  40. 
Winslow,  Captain,  250  (n) 
Winslow,  Edward,  54. 
Winthrop,  John,  57. 
SFinthrop,  Major,  245. 


Wisconsin,  admission  of,  230. 
Witchcraft,  Salem,  71. 
Wolfe,  General,  114,  115. 
Wool,  General,  256. 
Worden,  Lieutenant,  256. 
World's  Fairs,  281,  291. 
Wy-o'ming,  massacre  at,  158. 
Wyoming,  admission  of,  290. 


Yale  College,  121. 

Yale,  Elihu,  121. 

Yeardly  (yard'le),  Sir  George,  46. 

York,  Duke  of,  79. 

Yorktown,  171. 


APPENDIX  II 


Stephen  Girard. — Stephen  Girard  was  born  in  Bordeaux,  a  city  of 
France,  in  the  year  1750.  He  was  the  son  of  an  officer  of  considerable 
reputation  in  the  French  navy.  Stephen  was  sent  to  school  as  a  boy, 
but  as  the  schools  of  the  day  were  poor  he  did  not  make  much  progress. 
When  he  was  eight  years  old  he  lost  his  right  eye  through  an  unfortu 
nate  accident  and  became  very  sensitive  to  the  ridicule  of  his  compan 
ions.  From  this  time  on  he  shunned  all  companionship  save  that  of 
his  younger  brother.  He  was  said  to  be  a  boy  of  very  independent 
spirit  and  of  violent  temper,  not  in  his  early  days  under  the  best 
control. 

When  he  was  a  mere  lad  his  mother  died.  After  this  his  home  was 
not  a  happy  one,  and  at  his  earnest  request  he  was  permitted  to  follow 
his  inclination  and  go  to  sea.  His  father  accordingly  bought  for  him 
an  interest  in  a  vessel  sailing  for  the  West  Indies.  As  Girard  was  only 
fourteen  years  old  he  went  as  a  cabin  boy  on  the  vessel. 

Girard  loved  the  sea  and  applied  himself  so  diligently  to  the  study 
of  navigation  that  by  the  time  he  was  twenty-three  years  old  he  passed 
an  examination  which  entitled  him  to  a  captain's  commission.  He  now 
took  command  of  a  vessel  and  extended  his  trips  to  New  York.  While 
sailing  from  the  latter  place  in  a  ship  of  which  he  was  part  owner  he 
was  caught  in  a  heavy  fog  and  drifted  to  the  mouth  of  Delaware 
Bay.  This  was  at  the  period  of  the  Revolution,  when  British  warships 
were  on  the  lookout.  Girard,  hearing  that  a  war  vessel  was  in  the 
neighborhood,  sailed  into  the  bay  and  up-  the  river  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  sold  his  vessel  to  keep  it  from  being  captured  by  the  British. 

The  cargo  was  transferred  to  a  store  on  Water  Street,  where  Girard 
soon  became  so  prosperous  that  he  gave  up  the  idea  of  again  going  to 
sea  and  looked  forward  to  a  time  when  he  might  own  vessels  to  send 
on  trading  voyages.  In  a  few  years  this  ambition  was  fulfilled  and  he 
was  able  to  send  out  his  first  vessel.  The  success  of  this  venture  led  to 
the  building  of  other  ships  and  to  the  gradual  extension  of  his  busi 
ness  until,  finally,  Girard  became  a  very  rich  man. 

It  would  seem  that  his  devotion  to  business  arose  from  love  of  labor 


60  APPENDIX  IT 

rather  than  from  the  love  of  money.  He  himself  said,  "  I  do  not  love 
fortune.  The  love  of  labor  is  my  highest  ambition."  During  the  ter 
rible  yellow  fever  scourge  in  1793  Girard  showed  the  highest  courage 
in  helping  to  take  care  of  the  sick.  He  always  gave  money  freely  to 
worthy  causes,  and  on  several  occasions  loaned  to  the  government  in 
its  time  of  need.  He  died  in  1831,  the  richest  man  in  America.  In 
his  will  he  left  large  sums  of  money  to  the  city  and  State  of  his  choice. 
A  large  part  of  his  fortune  was,  according  to  his  own  desire,  used  for 
the  building  and  maintaining  of  a  college  for  poor  white  orphan  boys. 
The  beautiful  white  marble  building  resembling  a  Greek  temple,  erected 
for  this  purpose  a  few  years  after  his  death,  bears  his  name.  Within 
its  walls  have  been  educated  thousands  of  boys  who,  without  his  gift, 
would  have  received  no  college  education.  A  beautiful  monument  has 
been  erected  to  this  great  "Mariner  and  Merchant"  in  the  center  of 
the  city  in  which  he  made  his  immense  fortune.  But  the  best  monu 
ment  of  his  life,  which  was  so  busy  that  he  said,  "When  death  comes 
for  me  he  will  find  me  busy  unless  I  am  asleep  in  bed,"  is  in  the  grate 
ful  hearts  of  those  who  have  been  benefited  by  his  princely  gift. 

Thanksgiving  Day. — It  was  the  custom  of  the  children  of  Israel  to 
hold  a  feast  of  thanksgiving  after  they  had  gathered  in  their  harvests. 
This  was  known  as  the  Feast  of  the  Tabernacles,  and  it  was  solemnly 
kept  each  year  in  order  that  the  people  might  publicly  show  that  their 
hearts  were  filled  with  gratitude  for  the  Divine  help  and  blessing. 

The  autumn  following  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  in  the  New  World, 
Governor  Bradford  sent  out  four  men  to  gather  game,  so  that  the 
whole  colony-  might  rejoice  together  after  they  had  gathered  in  the 
fruits  of  their  labors.  An  old  tradition  says  that  their  Indian  friends 
were  invited  to  this  feast  of  thanksgiving.  About  ten  years  later  there 
was  such  scarcity  of  provision  in  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  that  a 
day  was  set  aside  as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer  for  the  relief  of  their 
distress.  Before  the  appointed  day,  howrever,  a  long  expected  vessel 
with  abundant  supplies  arrived  from  England,  and  the  fast  day  became 
a  feast  day  and  a  day  of  thanksgiving. 

It  soon  became  the  practice  in  the  Colonies  to  observe  days  of  general 
thanksgiving  for  all  of  God's  mercies,  as  well  as  special  thanksgiving 
days  for  events  of  great  importance.  Eight  times  during  the  Revolu 
tionary  War  the  Continental  Congress  asked  for-days  of  thanksgiving 
because  some  important  advantage  had  come  to  our  cause.  After  we 
had  secured  our  independence,  and  had  adopted  our  present  form  of 
government,  Congress  requested  the  people  of  the  United  States  to  ob 
serve  a  day  of  national  thanksgiving  for  the  signal  favors  of  Almighty 


APPENDIX  II  01 

God,  and  especially  for  His  allowing  us  to  form  a  government  for  our 
safety  arid  happiness.  President  Lincoln  asked  for  several  such  days 
during  our  great  Civil  War,  to  offer  thanksgiving  for  great  victories 
won,  and  to  ask  God  to  subdue  the  anger  which  was  keeping  up  the 
cruel  rebellion.  It  has  within  late  years  become  the  practice  for  the 
President  to  issue  a  proclamation  calling  for  a  day  of  public  thanks 
giving.  The  day  thus  set  apart,  usually  the  last  Thursday  in  Novem 
ber,  has  been  made  a  legal  holiday. 

Story  of  Lafayette. — Lafayette  was  but  nineteen  years  old  when  he 
decided  to  come  to  America  to  help  the  Colonies  fight  for  their  free 
dom.  He  belonged  to  a  famous  French  family,  and  had  all  that 
wealth  and  honorable  position  could  give.  Yet  he  loved  liberty  so 
dearly  that  he  left  it  all  and  presented  himself  before  Washington, 
offering  to  fight  as  a  common  soldier.  He  was  given  an  officer's 
position,  and  throughout  the  war  was  noted  for  his  careful  judgment 
and  great  bravery.  He  became  a  favorite  of  Washington's,  and 
received  the  highest  praise  from  the  Continental  Congress.  Upon 
returning  to  France  he  took  part  in  a  revolution  in  which  he  lost  all 
of  his  property.  Learning  of  this,  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
gave  him  a  township  of  land  and  $200,000.  He  lived  to  be  an  old  man 
and  died  mourned  by  the  people  of  two  great  nations.  Through  the 
contributions  of  the  boys  and  girls  of  America,  a  fitting  monument 
was  erected  in  his  honor  during  1900,  in  the  city  of  Paris,  the  capital 
of  his  native  country. 

Memorial  Day.— The  Colonies  had  secured  their  independence  of 
England,  had  set  up  a  government  for  themselves,  and  had  become  a 
great  and  prosperous  nation  of  United  States.  But  jealousies  arose, 
and  they  began  to  quarrel  over  the  question  of  slavery.  The  people 
in  the  southern  States  thought  they  could  not  live  without  slaves,  and 
that  the  government  at  Washington  had  no  right  to  forbid  any  State 
from  having  slaves  ;  while  the  people  in  the  northern  States  believed 
slavery  to  be  wrong,  and  looked  forward  to  the  time  when  it  would  be 
stamped  out.  Finally,  when  Lincoln  was  elected  President,  the  South 
ern  States  rebelled,  set  up  a  government  for  themselves,  and  started 
a  bloody  war.  Thousands  of  brave  men  on  each  side  were  killed  or 
horribly  wounded  in  the  battles  which  followed,  and  thousands  more 
died  from  the  hardships  of  long  and  weary  marches,  and  from  sleeping 
on  the  cold,  damp  ground.  After  four  years  of  the  most  severe  fight 
ing  that  the  world  has  ever  known,  the  North  triumphed,  the  slaves 
were  free,  and  the  union  of  the  States  preserved. 

After  the  war,  some  women  in  the  South  started  the  beautiful  custom 


62  APPENDIX  II 

of  going  out  on  a  certain  day  in  spring  to  place  flowers  on  the  graves 
of  their  dead  soldiers  as  a  sign  that  their  bravery  and  sacrifice  had  not 
been  forgotten.  This  practice  attracted  the  attention  of  the  soldiers 
of  the  North,  who,  after  the  close  of  the  war,  had  banded  together  in  an 
organization  called  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  (G.  A.  R.). 
Through  the  influence  of  the  G.  A.  R.,  the  30th  day  of  May  was  set 
aside  as  a  day  on  which  they  could  publicly  call  the  attention  of  the 
people  to  their  dead  comrades  and  how  they  had  suffered  to  save  our 
country  from  being  divided.  As  part  of  these  memorial  exercises 
consist  in  decorating  the  graves  of  soldiers,  the  day  had  come  to  be 
called  Decoration  Day  as  well  as  Memorial  Day.  And  although  for 
many  years  there  were  still  traces  of  bitter  feeling  in  the  hearts  of 
those  who  had  taken  part  in  this  struggle,  now  the  Blue  and  the  Gray 
often  stand  side  by  side  as  they  sorrowfully  call  to  mind  the  memory 
of  loved  comrades  stricken  down  by  the  cruel  hand  of  war. 

The  Carrying  of  Messages. — (Old  ways  and  new)  ;  Couriers, 
Mails,  Telegraph  (Morse)  ;  Telephone  (Bell). 

At  first  there  was  little  communication  between  the  Colonies,  and 
such  as  there  was  had  to  be  carried  on  by  private  messengers.  The  men 
bearing  such  messages  were  often  called  couriers.  As  towns  grew 
larger,  and  began  to  trade  with  each  other,  so  many  written  messages 
had  to  be  sent  that  public  couriers  were  employed.  These  men  usually 
traveled  on  horseback,  but  at  first  did  not  make  regular  trips.  Before 
the  Revolution,  however,  there  had  come  to  be  regular  mails  between 
the  towns  along  the  Atlantic  as  far  south  as  Philadelphia.  Beyond 
that  the  rider  did  not  go  until  he  thought  he  had  sufficient  mail.  So 
that  even  then  many  southern  places  did  not  get  mail  oftener  than 
once  a  month.  After  roads  connecting  important  places  were  made, 
and  the  amount  of  mail  became  too  great  to  be  taken  on  horseback, 
the  stage  coaches  began  to  carry  it.  But  communication  was  still  very 
slow.  A  great  improvement  was  made  when  railroads  came  to  be 
built.  When  Morse  invented  the  telegraph  and  it  was  found  that  mes 
sages  could  be  sent  with  lightning-like  speed  it  seemed  such  a  marvel 
ous  thing  that  the  first  message  sent  was  "  What  hath  God  wrought." 
That  was  more  than  fifty  years  ago.  Since  then  we  have  laid  a  tele 
graph  across  the  ocean  and  have  had  the  invention  of  the  telephone. 
And  now  we  can  carry  on  a  conversation  with  a  distant  friend  and  hear 
his  voice  as  clearly  as  if  he  stood  before  us. 

Lydia  Darrah. — Lydia  Darrah  lived  in  Philadelphia  during  the 
time  it  was  held  by  the  British  soldiers.  She  overheard  a  plot  to  surprise 
Washington's  army  at  Whitemarsh,  a  place  near  Philadelphia,  and 


APPENDIX  II  63 

revealed  it  to  one  of  his  officers.  When  the  British  made  their 
stealthy  night  march  to  attack  Washington  they  found  him  fully  pre 
pared  for  them. 

Mollie  Pitcher.— Wife  of  an  artilleryman  who,  at  the  Battle  of 
Monmouth,  saw  her  husband  fall  and  ran  to  his  cannon  and  handled 
it  with  great  skill  during  the  remainder  of  the  battle.  The  soldiers 
afterward  called  her  "  Major  Mollie."  Congress  rewarded  her  for  her 
brave  act. 

Mrs.  Schuyler. — While  Burgoyne's  army  was  advancing  from  Lake 
Champlain  towards  the  Hudson  River,  General  Schuyler  sent  word  to 
his  wife  to  destroy  the  extensive  wheat  fields  on  their  estate  at  Sara 
toga,  in  order  that  they  might  not  furnish  food  to  the  British.  This 
she  did  by  setting  fire  to  them  with  her  own  hand.  Burgoyne  had 
their  beautiful  home  destroyed.  After  his  capture  he  was  so  kindly 
entertained  by  Mrs.  Schuyler  that  he  was  affected  to  tears  by  her  for 
giving  spirit. 

Growth  in  Wealth  of  the  Country. — The  war  between  France  and 
England  ceased  for  a  time  during  Jefferson's  first  term.  This  allowed 
our  commerce  to  increase  at  a  rapid  rate.  The  raising  of  cotton  in  the 
South  increased  at  an  enormous  rate,  and  the  fertile  lands  west  of  the 
Alleghanies  attracted  large  numbers  of  new  settlers. 

Growth  of  the  Democratic  Spirit. — Jefferson  became  "The  Apos 
tle  of  Democracy"  and  would  have  no  ceremonies  such  as  Washington 
and  Adams  practised.  Any  one  who  wanted  to  see  him  could  call  at 
any  time.  His  example  had  its  influence,  and  a  change  towards  sim 
plicity  in  the  dress  and  manners  of  the  people  followed. — (See  pp. 
231-2  of  Anderson's  "  New  GrammarSchool  History.") 

Protective  Tariff  Legislation  ana  Issue  of  Paper  Money. — Large 
sums  of  money  had  to  be  raised  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  Civil 
War,  which  reached  the  enormous  sum  of  $1,000,000  a  day.  This 
was  accomplished  by  increasing  the  tariff  rates  on  imported  goods 
and  by  a  domestic  tariff  requiring  stamps  to  be  placed  on  business 
papers,  patent  medicines,  etc.  Paper  money  which  bore  the  prom 
ise  of  the  government  to  pay  the  amount  denominated  on  the  face 
of  the  notes  was  also  issued  in  large  quantities.  These  notes,  which 
came  to  be  known  as  "greenbacks"  because  of  their  color,  the  gov 
ernment  used  as  lawful  money  in  the  payment  of  debts. 


ANDERSON'S     HISTORICAL     SERIES 


A  Junior  Class  History  of  the  United  States.  Illustrated  with  hundreds  of 
portraits,  views,  maps,  etc.  369  pages.  16mo. 

A  New  Grammar  School  History  of  the  United  States.  Supplemented  by 
maps,  engravings,  chronological  summaries,  tabulated  analyses,  review  ques 
tions,  appendix,  etc.  432  pages.  12mo. 

A  New  Manual  of  General  History,  with  particular  attention  to  Ancient 
and  Modern  Civilization.  With  numerous  engravings  and  colored  maps.  685 
pages.  12mo.  Also,  in  two  parts.  Part  I.  ANCIENT  HISTORY:  300  pages. 
Part  II.  MODERN  HISTORY:  385  pages. 

A  School  History  of  England.  Illustrated  with  numerous  engravings  and 
with  colored  maps  showing  the  geographical  changes  in  the  country  at  different 
periods.  427  pages.  12mo. 

A  School  History  of  France.  Illustrated  with  numerous  engravings, 
colored  and  uncolored  maps.  378  pages.  12mo. 

A  History  of  Rome.  Amply  illustrated  with  maps,  plans,  and  engravings. 
554  pages.  By  R.  F.  LETGHTON,  Ph.D.  (Lips.). 

The  Historical  Reader,  embracing  selections  in  prose  and  verse,  from  stand 
ard  writers  of  Ancient  and  Modern  History;  with  a  Vocabulary  of  Difficult 
Words,  and  Biographical  and  Geographical  Indexes.  544  pages.  12mo. 

The  United  States  Reader,  embracing  selections  from  eminent  American 
historians,  orators,  statesmen,  and  poets,  with  explanatory  observations,  notes, 
etc.  Arranged  so  as  to  form  a  Class-manual  of  United  States  History.  Illus 
trated  with  colored  historical  maps.  420  pages.  12mo. 

MAT^TARD,  MERRILL,  &  CO., 

PUBLISHERS, 
29,  31,  and  33  EAST  NINETEENTH  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


14  DAY  USE 

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